A European probe to comet Halley

A European probe to comet Halley is proposed. The probe's model payload consists of 8 scientific instruments, viz. neutral, ion and dust impact mass spectrometers, magnetometer, medium energy ion and electron analyzer, camera, dust impact detectors and plasma wave experiment. Fly-by of the comet Halley nucleus will take place on November 28th, 1985, at about 500 km miss distance. The main spacecraft serves as relay link to transmit the observed data to Earth. As probe, a modified ISEE 2 design is proposed. Because of the cometary dust hazard expected in the coma a heavy dust shield (27 kg) is required, consisting of a thin front sheet and a 3 layer rear sheet. The probe is spin-stabilized (12 rpm), has no active attitude and orbit control capability and uses battery power only to provide about 1000 Wh for a measuring phase. A despun antenna transmits up to 20 kbit/s, in X-band. The total probe mass is estimated at 250 kg. The 3 model development programme should start in mid 1981 with Phase B.     

Charges on dust particles

We discuss the potential (charge) on dust particles in various environments. We first consider the classical case of a single isolated dust particle. In conditions which apply to planetary dust rings, the exact value of the dust potential depends critically on several effects (e.g. secondary electron emission, photoelectric efficiency) which are not well known for small dust particles of relevant material and surface conditions. In dust clouds of high dust densities the classical approach fails to give the correct value of the dust potential due to the neglect of collective effects. In terms of an ordering parameter P = a_μN_d0/n₀ (dust radius in microns × cloud dust density/exterior plasma density) the collective effects on the dust potential become apparent at P ～ 10^?6. For increasing values of P the collective effects increase, whence the dust potentials decrease and eventually approach zero.     

Effects of adiabaticity and non-adiabaticity of dust charge fluctuation on the propagation of the dust ion acoustic waves in inhomogeneous dusty plasma

A theoretical investigation has been made for adiabatic positive and negative dust charge fluctuations on the propagation of dust-ion acoustic waves (DIAWs) in a weakly inhomogeneous, collisionless, unmagnetized dusty plasmas consisting of cold positive ions, stationary positively and negatively charged dust particles and isothermal electrons. The reductive perturbation method is employed to reduce the basic set of fluid equations to the variable coefficients Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Either compressive or rarefactive solitons are shown to exist depending on the critical value of the ion density, which in turn, depends on the inhomogeneous distribution of the ion. The dissipative effects of non-adiabatic dust charge variation has been studied which cause generation of dust ion acoustic shock waves governed by KdV-Burger (KdVB) equation. The results of the present investigation may be applicable to some dusty plasma environments, such as dusty plasma existing in polar mesosphere region.     

卫星上的VLF发射装置在海面上产生的场

星载的VLF/ELF发射装置用于对潜通讯时,天线是位于400km高度的电离层F层中的垂直线天线。在天线理想化为一个电偶极子,电离层理想化为一个均匀锐边界各向异性等离子体模型下,分析讨论了VLF发射装置在海面上产生的场。      

彗星环境中尘埃等离子体的电荷涨落和静电波动

本文分析了尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒的带电过程，给出了一套自洽的工流体方程组．运用这组方程研究了尘埃电荷的起伏涨落，得到了非磁化均匀尘埃等离子体中静电波动的色散关系．针对彗星空间环境中尘埃等离子体的特点，讨论了尘埃电荷的涨落对各种静电波动的影响．     

新型平面短路结构宽带振子天线的设计

提出了一种改进后的新型平面短路结构宽带振子天线.与普通振子天线相比,该天线的平面短路结构更利于与载体表面共形.通过对天线主要结构参数分析优化,这种新型天线,凭借着其独特的外形结构和阻抗加载技术,相比于同类天线不但实现了天线尺寸的小型化,而且有更好的带宽和辐射特性.软件仿真表明,该天线在超短波甚高频(VHF,Very High Frequency)工作频段(30~88MHz)内满足电压驻波比小于3,垂直极化,水平全向辐射,辐射强度在工作频段优于-10 dB,辐射增益平坦度在2 dB以内.计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,该天线在超短波通信系统中有较好的应用前景.     

空间尘埃等离子体中尘粒电荷的相关涨落对尘埃磁声波的影响

本文运用自洽的三流体方程组, 考虑了尘埃的充电过程, 得到均匀磁化尘埃等离子体中垂直于磁场传播的尘埃磁声波的色散关系, 结合空间环境讨论了尘埃电荷的相关涨落对尘埃磁声波的影响.      

Interactions of solar wind plasma with dust grains: Effects of strong plasma anisotropy

In this paper we re-examined the fundamental physics of charging of a dust particle in the moon environment by tenuous anisotropic solar wind plasma. The majority of work on dusty (complex) plasmas is largely concerns with laboratory plasmas, in which charging process of dust grains is very fast, thus making practical the working concept of dynamically equilibrium floating potential and grain charge. However, solar wind plasma parameters are considerably different at the moon orbit, and we found the characteristic charging time of lunar dust grains to be considerably longer, ranging from 3 to 4.6 min for micron size particles, and up to 7.6 h for 10-nm grains, depending on the value of plasma streaming velocity. These findings make it clear that the transient stage of charging process is important in the moon environment, and equilibrium floating potential and grain charge could be considered as long time asymptotic values. For this reason we re-formulated the moon dust charging process as an inherently time-dependent problem and derived the time-dependent charging equation for the grain potential for general case of anisotropic solar wind plasma. Using the results of our kinetics analysis we found that the distribution of charge density over grain surface submerged into solar wind plasma is highly anisotropic, thus making the OML model, which is based on the assumption of isotropic distribution of surface charge density, not applicable to the grain charging problem by the solar wind plasma.     

Physical properties of cometary dust: Relation of DIDSY data to grain properties

The Dust Impact Detection System (DIDSY) for the Giotto Halley Mission consists of two types of sensors for the detection of cometary dust particles: two impact plasma sensors and five piezo-electric momentum sensors. One sensor of each type is covered by a penetration film. A 1 μm thick aluminum film covers an impact plasma sensor. One momentum sensor is mounted onto the rear shield behind the 1 mm front shield made from aluminum. The parameters measured are the total charge released upon impact and the amplitude of the acoustic signal generated by the impact. Both quantities depend on the mass and speed of the impacting particles. At the impact speed of 68 km/sec the mass of cometary dust particles can be determined in the mass range from 10⁻¹⁷ g to 10⁻³ g. From the difference in the countrates measured by the sensors with and without penetration film the average bulk density of dust particles of masses 10⁻¹⁴ g and 10⁻⁶ g can be determined. With appropriate calibration an accuracy of a factor of 2 for both the mass and density determination can be obtained.     

宇宙磁单极子的曲率辐射

本文对磁单极子在宇宙空间中所产生的曲率辐射进行了仔细研究.表明, 宇宙等离子体对这种辐射起着抑制作用.      

双麦克斯韦分布下极区中层尘埃粒子带电研究

在大功率微波照射下，极区中层夏季回波（PMSE）会立刻消失，该现象被称为极区中层加热现象.在大功率微波照射极区中层时，电子在微波电场加速下产生的定向运动速度与热运动速度可以比拟，极区中层的尘埃等离子体服从双麦克斯韦分布.基于双麦克斯韦分布下尘埃粒子充电理论给出极区中层尘埃粒子的电荷分布，比较了大功率微波对极区中层加热前和加热时，尘埃粒子电荷以及极区中层电子浓度的变化.结果表明，采用大功率微波装置加热极区中层会影响电子对尘埃粒子的充电进而导致电子浓度变化，这对解释极区中层加热现象具有重要意义.      

一种宽频带振子天线

介绍一种宽频带振子天线,它由旋转对称的导体组成,表面形状沿天线轴线方向是按锥面、球台面、圆筒振子顺序光滑连接而成,在中心用50?Ω同轴电缆馈电. 假定天线表面上等效电流的变化仅沿着导体轴向的表面切线方向,用矩量法计算电流分布,选取三角函数为展开函数和权函数. 用一个例子,给出计算的天线输入阻抗、辐射方向图、方向性系数以及输入驻波比随频率的变化,发现所研究的天线具有满意的宽频带特性.     

半球型介质加载的单极子天线的全波分析

对轴对称柱坐标的时域有限差分方法进行了详细的讨论 ,并将完全匹配层吸收边界条件推广到圆柱坐标系。使用时域有限差分方法对半球型介质加载的单极子天线进行了全波分析 ,给出了其S参数曲线和输入阻抗的数值计算结果 ,并与文献结果进行了比较 ,吻合较好。     

FDTD-PWS法用于分析毫米波透镜天线焦面场

提出一种新的节省计算空间的FDTD-PWS混合算法,并应用于透镜天线的焦面场分析.首先采用FDTD(Finite-Difference Time-Domain)求解得到聚焦透镜天线的口面场的幅度和相位分布,再通过PWS(Plane Wave Spectrum)外推至焦平面,求解得出焦面场分布.根据天线场分布的对称性,将PEC(Perfect Electric Conductor)和PMC(Perfect Magnetic Conductor)边界应用于FDTD的仿真过程,使仿真模型缩减为原模型的1/4,进一步节省了计算空间.应用于毫米波聚焦透镜天线的焦面场仿真分析,并对其焦面场进行平面近场扫描测试,将仿真结果进行探头补偿后与实验数据作比较,证明该方法是精确和高效的.      

Field emission characteristics of gold dust grains

The space plasma environment usually contains charged dust grains. The grain charge is an important parameter determining its migration through the space, coagulation, formation of dust clouds and so on. The knowledge of its charge is thus one of the basic information we want to know. There are several emission processes leading to both positive and negative charges, among others photoemission, all kinds of secondary emissions, field emissions, etc. The present study is focused on a laboratory simulation of emissions caused by impacts by energetic ions. Our experiment is based on the Paul trap which gives us an opportunity to catch a single dust grain for several days inside the vacuum vessel and exposed it by electron/ion beams. This experimental approach allows us to separate an individual charging process. We have chosen spherically shaped gold grains and discussed the processes leading to the limitation of the grain charge. We suggested that the implantation of charging ions leads to deformations of the grain surface. The deformations enhance the local electric field strength that becomes sufficient for the field ionization.     

Cylindrical and spherical dust-electron-acoustic shock waves due to dust charge fluctuation

Cylindrical and spherical dust-electron-acoustic (DEA) shock waves propagating in a dusty plasma (containing cold inertial electrons, hot Maxwellian electrons, stationary and streaming ions, and charge fluctuating stationary dust) are theoretically investigated by reductive perturbation method. It is shown that the effect of the dust charge fluctuation introduces some new features in the nonlinear propagation of the DEA waves, particularly the dust charge fluctuation provides a source of dissipation, and is responsible for the formation of the DEA shock structures. It is also found that the basic features of the DEA nonlinear structures are significantly modified by the non-planar (viz. cylindrical and spherical) geometry, and that the height of the cylindrical DEA shock structures are larger than that of the planar DEA shock structures, but smaller than that of the spherical ones. The implications of these results in laboratory dusty plasmas are briefly discussed.     

基于JEC-FDTD算法的等离子体天线雷达散射截面计算

采用电流密度卷积FDTD算法(JEC-FDTD)计算了等离子体天线的散射特性, 分析了等离子体天线处于工作状态时等离子体参数(密度、碰撞频率)及天线外部约束腔体对天线雷达散射截面(RCS)的影响. 数值结果表明, 等离子体天线的RCS会随等离子体密度的减小及碰撞频率的增大而减小. 而约束腔体只有在高频段时才会对等离子体天线的RCS值产生较大的影响. 因此, 在不影响天线性能的情况下, 可以根据信号频率调节等离子体参数、选取合适的腔体材料以达到增强等离子体天线隐身性能的目的.      

Interplanetary medium – A dusty plasma

The average mass of dust per volume in space equals that of the solar wind so that the interplanetary medium should provide an obvious region to study dust plasma interactions. While dust collective behavior is typically not observed in the interplanetary medium, the dust component rather consists of isolated grains screened by and interacting with the plasma. Space measurements have revealed several phenomena possibly resulting from dust plasma interactions, but most of the dust plasma interactions are at present not quantified. Examples are the production of neutrals and pick-up ions from the dust, dust impact generated field variations at spacecraft and magnetic field variations possibly caused by solar wind interacting with dust trails. Since dust particles carry a surface charge, they are exposed to the Lorentz force in the interplanetary magnetic field and for grains of sub-micrometer sizes acceleration can be substantial.     

The Giotto mission to Halley''s comet

ESA's Giotto mission to Halley's comet is a fast flyby in March 1986, about four weeks after the comet's perihelion passage when it is most active. The scientific payload comprises 10 experiments with a total mass of about 60 kg: a camera for imaging the comet nucleus, three mass spectrometers for analysis of the elemental and isotopic composition of the cometary gas and dust environment, various dust impact detectors, a photopolarimeter for measurements of the coma brightness, and a set of plasma instruments for studies of the solar wind/comet interaction. In view of the high flyby velocity of 68 km/s the experiment active time is very short (only 4 hours) and all data are transmitted back to Earth in real time at a rate of 40 kbps. The Giotto spacecraft is spin-stabilised with a despun high gain parabolic dish antenna inclined at 44.3° to point at the Earth during the encounter while a specially designed dual-sheet bumper shield at the other end protects the spacecraft from being destroyed by hypervelocity dust impacts. The mission will probably end near the point of closest approach to the nucleus when the spacecraft attitude will be severely perturbed by impacting dust particles leading to a loss of the telecommunications link.     

复杂线束在双BCI耦合下的终端响应机理

高强度辐射场实验室环境下构建困难，应用双大电流注入(BCI)法替代辐照法进行抗扰度研究具有广阔的前景。针对当前双电流钳与线束耦合机理不清晰的问题，建立了双电流钳与线束耦合的精确解析模型。采用先分段后级联的方法对线束进行研究，首先在电流钳与线束的耦合区间建立π型等效电路模型，然后在电流钳与线束的非耦合区间基于传输线理论构建链路参数矩阵，最后将各区间级联为线束终端响应预测模型。基于有限积分法建立数值电磁仿真模型，比较解析模型与数值仿真模型对线束终端响应的预测结果，结果显示:二者对线束终端响应电压的求解结果有较好的一致性，MAPE为17%，进而验证了模型的有效性。应用模型分析电流钳与线束的相对位置对终端响应电压的影响，结果表明:低频段几乎无影响，超过100 MHz，线束终端响应电压的幅值与谐振点发生改变。