2020 密集的火星探测计划

<正>2020年前后,是全球火星探测任务相对密集的一个时期。美国、欧洲、俄罗斯、中国都将独自或联合发射火星探测器。考虑到平均每两年才有一次从地球奔向火星的时间窗口,2020年前只有2018年5月适合发射火星探测器,之后便是2020年7月。因此,在这两个窗口内集中了6次发射、10个探测器,堪称人类有史以来探索火星最为密集的时期。"洞察""洞察"是一台火星着陆探测器,它原本打算在2016年发射,但是由于法国宇航局负责研制的主要载荷——地震分析仪在2015年总装时发生了漏气事故,只能推迟到下一个时间窗口,也     

国外火星探测发展态势分析

正2020年是火星探测任务发射大年,多项火星探测器发射升空,包括阿联酋的希望号(Hope)、中国的天问一号(Tianwen-1)和美国的"火星2020"(Mars 2020)。一直以来,火星探测都是空间探测的热点之一。自苏联1960年发射人类首个火星探测器、揭开火星探测的序幕开始,美国、俄罗斯、欧洲、日本和印度等航天国家/地区陆续开展了火星探测活动,取得了大量的探测成果和重大发现。近年来,韩国、阿联酋等国家也开始涉足空间探测领域,提出月球和火星探测计划。     

阿联酋希望号火星探测器

正阿联酋计划于2020年7月发射其首个火星探测器——希望号(Hope),这将是阿拉伯国家的首个深空探测器。希望号探测器将采用日本的H-2A运载火箭从日本种子岛航天中心发射,将于2021年到达火星开始探测活动,     

太空新航线

中国有望于2020年发射火星探测器中科院空间科学与应用研究中心刘振兴院士透露,目前该中心正在制定火星探测规划,预计到2020年中国有望发射自己的火星探测器,环绕火星进行探测。正在制定中的空间科学研究中长期规划包括空间物理、空间天文、行星探测研究和空间生命科学等多项内容,其中火星探测规划被列为“行星探测研究”的主要内容。预计不久后,包括火星探测计划在内的空间科学研究中长期规划将上报国家有关部门。刘振兴院士说,中国应从现在开始进行火星探测计划的预研。目前,国家自然科学基金委已将“地球空间环境与火星空间环境比较研究…     

美国“洞察”探测器发射,将为人类聆听火星之音

正2018年5月,时隔26个月之后火星探测窗口再度开启,延期2年的美国国家航空航天局(NASA)"洞察"(InSi ght)火星探测器发射升空,将实施首次"火星体检",对火星内部进行深入研究,包括火星地壳、地幔和地核。"洞察"是第一个从美国西海岸发射的深空探测器,此次发射还首次携带了立方体卫星——"火星立方一"(Mar CO)开展深空任务,任务对西海岸发射能力以及立方体卫星深空探测能力进行验证,将为未来     

下一波火星探测热谁唱主角

在美国凤凰号探测器拍摄了火星北极平原的大量宝贵图片并收集了一些样品后,其他国家或地区也不甘落后,正在积极规划、建造和发射新一代火星探测器,用于揭开这个红色星球的神秘面纱。在凤凰号探测器完成为期3个月的探测任务之后,美国航空航天局计划在2011年发射“火星科学实验室”（MSL）,以进一步探测火星表面。届时,“火星科学实验室”将成为着陆火星的个头最大的探测器。     

阿联酋首个火星探测任务分析

正北京时间2020年7月20日,阿联酋首个火星探测任务—"阿联酋火星任务"(EMM)起航,名为希望号(Hope)的火星探测器搭乘日本H-2A火箭发射升空。探测器计划于2021年2月,即阿联酋成立50周年抵达火星,将研究火星天气的每日变化和季节性变化,沙尘暴等低层大气中的天气事件,以及火星不同区域的天气变化。如果探测器成功抵达火星,阿联酋将成为首个访问火星的西亚国家。     

我国完成首次火星探测任务无线联试

正新闻:3月10日,我国首次火星探测任务无线联试在北京航天飞行控制中心圆满完成,充分验证了探测器与地面系统的接口匹配性和一致性,对各类方案、技术状态、软硬件系统进行了全面测试,为任务顺利开展打下了坚实基础。解读:每隔约26个月,地球与火星会运行至最近的位置,此时发射探测器将节省大量燃料。2020年将迎来火星探测活动的窗口期,按照计划,我国将执行首次火星探测任务。     

萤火一号火星探测器轨道设计与科学探测事件分析

针对萤火一号火星探测器在2011年发射窗口的轨道进行初步设计.在此基础上,分析了萤火一号火星探测器绕火星飞行的轨道特性,预报其穿越火星弓激波和磁堆积区域、CCD相机拍照时刻,其与深空站进行星-地掩星试验和与俄罗斯Phobos-Grunt火星探测器进行星-星掩星试验的时刻.结果表明,萤火一号火星探测器在与俄罗斯Phobos-Grunt分离后一年的环火飞行时间里,存在大量的科学探测机会.     

火星探测 亮点纷呈

正2020年是中国航天活动的"大年",7月23日,天问一号火星探测器发射升空,开启了中国首次火星探测之旅。天问一号任务的目标是通过一次发射任务,实现火星环绕和着陆巡视,开展火星全球性和综合性探测,并对火星表面重点地区进行精细巡视勘查。天问一号是我国的首次火星探测任务,过程复杂,却又精彩纷呈。可是,在不同的阶段到底有哪些亮点值得关注?     

美国高轨天基态势感知技术发展与启示

太空是国家新边疆，太空活动是国家意志和战略意图的重要体现，是国家利益拓展的重要保障，太空安全已成为国家安全的重要组成部分.经略太空感知先行，空间态势感知是指获取和认知空间态势信息，包括空间目标监视和空间环境监测，是进一步开展空间操控和空间对抗的基础.本文首先梳理了美国空间态势感知领域相关条令的发展历程，介绍了美国高轨领域几个典型态势感知项目的实施情况，总结了其中4项关键技术，包括进入空间、自主运行、交会对接导航与控制和多角度立体成像技术.最后，本文从太空态势感知体系建立、天基自主感知系统、发展空间攻防对抗能力几个方面给出了发展建议.     

Proposal for a United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative

The United Nations Programme on Space Applications, implemented by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, promotes the benefits of space-based solutions for sustainable economic and social development. The Programme assists Member States of the United Nations to establish indigenous capacities for the use of space technology and its applications. In the past the Programme has primarily been focusing on the use of space applications and on basic space science activities. However, in recent years there has been a strong interest in a growing number of space-using countries to build space technology capacities, for example, the ability to develop and operate small satellites. In reaction to this development, the United Nations in cooperation with the International Academy of Astronautics has been organizing annual workshops on small satellites in the service of developing countries. Space technology related issues have also been addressed as part of various other activities of the Programme on Space Applications. Building on these experiences, the Office for Outer Space Affairs is now considering the launch of a new initiative, preliminarily titled the United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative (UNBSTI), to promote basic space technology development. The initiative would be implemented in the framework of the Programme on Space Applications and its aim would be to help building sustainable capacities for basic space technology education and development, thereby advancing the operational use of space technology and its applications.     

多语互译机译系统统一算法基础——差异函数

在基于语义语言理论的多语互译机器翻译系统中,为使用同一算法和程序方便地实现多种自然语言之间的互译,引入了"差异函数".该函数可将某语言功能在各种自然语言表示上的差异隐去,使翻译过程与具体的语言表示无关,从而使系统可以用统一的程序来处理那些功能相同、但在不同语言上处理方法不同的语言内容.以基数表示功能的处理差异为例,讨论了差异函数的作用及其在多种语言上的应用.      

The United States operational polar-orbiting satellite series,TIROS-N

The U.S. launched the first of its new series of polar-orbiting, operational satellites, named TIROS-N, on 13 October 1978. The second, named NOAA-A, was launched on 27 June 1979. Together they comprise the operational system since from an average altitude of 840 km two satellites are required to provide global coverage in the equatorial zone. Operational products for FGGE (atmospheric temperature profiles, sea surface temperature analysis, and other data) are discussed and compared with prior performance. New uses in support of oceanology (Service ARGOS) are described.     

The compatability of cloud tracked winds from the United States,European, and Japanese geostationary satellites

Overlap of coverage of the five geostationary satellites has allowed an intercomparison of the FGGE cloud tracked winds. No attempt was made during FGGE to standardize the cloud tracking techniques. In spite of this potential for differences between data sets, the compatability of the various cloud wind data sets was generally quite good. The vector magnitude differences between nearly co-located vectors showed similar cumulative frequency statistics for all data producers. A study of systematic biases which could affect a global wind analysis of any given synoptic period showed that image alignment errors caused less than 2 m s^?1 bias for all data producers except the NESS high level winds which had an average bias of slightly greater than 3 m s^?1. This appears to be caused by the manual alignment of images in the movie loops. Height bias studies showed the Japanese winds to be higher than other data producers by as much as 100 mb for both the high and low levels winds. Height biases appear to be caused by the differences in cloud wind height assignment procedures.     

The United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI)

Since 1991 the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs has been conducting a series of workshops on basic space science under its United Nations Programme on Space Applications. Up to 2004 the workshops focussed on capacity building efforts in basic space science, in particular for the benefit of developing countries. From 2005 onwards the workshops and their related activities contributed to the celebration of the International Heliophysical Year 2007. Together these activities and workshops constitute the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. This paper reflects on the achievements and outcomes of the Initiative and informs about considerations for its future evolution.     

Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education and ICG Information Centres affiliated to the United Nations

Based on resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly, Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education were established in India, Morocco, Nigeria, Brazil and Mexico. Simultaneously, education curricula were developed for the core disciplines of remote sensing, satellite communications, satellite meteorology, and space and atmospheric science. This paper provides a brief summary on the status of the operation of the regional centres with a view to use them as information centres of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), and draws attention to their educational activities.     

欧洲航天局2016年部长级会议:在"航天4.0"阶段实现欧洲航天一体化

12016年部长级会议的背景、目标与主要内容 背景 ESA部长级会议是ESA内部进行决策的一种形式,是ESA进行基础性决策和发展方向决策的会议,会议通常2年或3年召开一次.ESA部长级会议是其内部最重要的决策形式,会议期间所形成的决议确定了ESA的未来走向,对其发展具有决定意义.     

Space Debris Mitigation in France,Germany, Italy and United Kingdom

The Space systems today provide growing benefits to enhance the quality of humankind. However, as a by-product, the orbiting objects inevitably leaves some debris which after 50 years of space activities represent a concern for all space agencies and manufacturers and operators. Since last year no international agreement was in place to mitigate the growing population of space debris objects. The successful result obtained at UN-COPUOS in 2007 and available in the OOSA web site, now gives to the public, a set of voluntary international guidelines that could, if adopted by each space fairing Country, help in maintaining the present space environment. More further steps are necessary in the future to define a legal and normative framework. The paper will present the seven established UN Space Debris guidelines as well as examples of the minimum steps to be carried out at national level to enable the UN-COPUOS to start the discussion of the legal aspect associated with the space debris issue.     

Carbon monoxide spatial gradients over source regions as observed by SCIAMACHY: A case study for the United Kingdom

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important air pollutant whose emissions and atmospheric concentrations need to be monitored. The measurements of the SCIAMACHY instrument on ENVISAT are sensitive to CO concentration changes at all atmospheric altitude levels including the boundary layer. The SCIAMACHY CO measurements therefore contain information on CO emissions. Until now no studies have been published where the SCIAMACHY CO measurements have been used to quantify CO emissions by applying, for example, inverse modelling approaches. Here we report about a step in this direction. We have analysed three years of CO columns to investigate if spatial gradients resulting from United Kingdom (UK) CO emissions can be observed from space. The UK is an interesting target area because the UK is a relatively well isolated CO source region. On the other hand, the UK is not the easiest target as its emissions are only moderate and because the surrounding water has low reflectivity in the 2.3 μm spectral region used for CO retrieval. We determined horizontal CO gradients from seasonally and yearly averaged CO during 2003–2005 over the UK taking into account daily wind fields. We show that the measured CO longitudinal (downwind) gradients have the expected order of magnitude. The estimated 2σ error of the gradients depends on time period and applied filtering criteria (e.g., land only, cloud free) and is typically 10–20% of the total column. The gradients are barely statistically significant within the 2σ error margin. This is mainly because of the relatively high noise of the SCIAMACHY CO measurements in combination with a quite low number of measurements (∼100) mainly due to cloud cover.