0.1m分辨率机载SAR孔径依赖性运动补偿方法

讨论了0.1m分辨率机载合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)运动补偿方案设计中的一个新问题.超高方位分辨率意味着长合成孔径和大相干积累角,条带模式下的回波数据中可能包含不可忽略的方位角度相关的残余运动误差.分析了这种运动误差孔径依赖性对机载SAR成像质量的影响,它将造成图像的几何失真和方位散焦.提出了一种基于子孔径数据处理的补偿方法,根据雷达瞬时照射时刻与多普勒频率之间的关联性对数据进行方位向上的分段和补偿,可以直接嵌入联合一阶运动补偿和二阶运动补偿的成像处理流程中.仿真结果表明此孔径依赖性运动补偿方法进一步改善了图像的聚焦质量.     

星载SAR全方位模糊特性及计算方法

常规的星载SAR模糊度计算方法是基于距离向一维方向图和方位向一维方向图,独立进行距离向模糊度和方位向模糊度分析.由于星载SAR对地观测是二维的,因此距离模糊度是全方位的,且真实的模糊能量仅来自于距离向模糊信号,方位向模糊是基于距离向模糊信号的基础上由于成像处理导致的模糊信号重组.为解决系统设计时预估分析的距离向模糊度值...     

GEO-UAV空天双基SAR二维分辨能力分析

收发平台分置于地球同步轨道（GEO）和无人机（UAV）的GEO-UAV空天双基合成孔径雷达（SAR）系统能够实现对重点观测区域高精度、高时相的观测，二维分辨能力为其重要的系统指标。针对GEO-UAV空天双基SAR的二维分辨能力进行了分析:首先，基于梯度法给出了空天双基SAR矢量化的二维分辨率的计算方法；其次，基于GEO-UAV空天双基SAR的构型计算了其距离分辨率、方位分辨率以及二维分辨矢量夹角；最后，基于系统的二维分辨能力提出了GEO-UAV空天双基SAR的构型设计准则，通过点目标仿真对该准则的有效性进行了验证。所提设计准则能够为GEO-UAV空天双基SAR的系统设计提供有力支撑。      

波束跃度对星载SAR滑聚模式成像影响分析

针对星载合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)滑动聚束模式方位向天线波束无法实现空间连续运动而引入虚假目标的问题,提出了波束跃度对成像质量影响的定量化分析方法.首先在方位向天线波束控制前提下,构建了星载SAR滑动聚束模式回波信号的数学模型.在此基础上,采用成对回波理论定性与定量化分析了波束跃度对成像质量的影响,尤其给出了天线最小波束跃度与虚假目标幅度和位置的定量映射关系,并讨论了不同波段下,虚假目标对分辨率、峰值旁瓣比、积分旁瓣比以及系统增益的影响,为系统顶层合理论证天线最小波束跃度指标提供了可靠的理论依据.通过计算机仿真实验验证了提出的理论分析方法的正确性.     

基于Hybrid-TOPS的星载SAR运动目标监视新模式

针对传统星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)模式下运动目标测速范围有限、精度低等问题,本文提出了一种基于Hybrid-TOPS的星载SAR运动目标监视新模式。首先,利用混合度因子对星载SAR成像模式进行定量化的描述。在此基础上,通过TOPS模式与逆TOPS模式的组合提出一种运动目标监视新模式,该模式不仅能实现对同一区域的多次观测,且具有方位向连续观测的能力。然后,利用新模式所获取的不同方位向观测角度下的SAR序贯图像,再结合图像配准和基于新模式的运动目标参数反演即完成目标方位向速度信息的精确提取。最后,仿真验证了新模式的有效性与运动信息提取的精确性。      

基于DEM的星载SAR图像模拟以及用于图像精校正

根据星载SAR的距离-多普勒成像原理对DEM的三维位置点进行成像几何位置的计算,然后根据经验公式给出了雷达后向散射系数的模拟方法。针对DEM格网间隔和SAR图像分辨率的不同,以及由于侧视成像雷达的特点而导致山区的迎坡和背坡模拟图像点密度不均匀等问题,采用了基于DEM格网点内插的算法。最后应用模拟的SAR图像和真实图像匹配来实现星载SAR图像的几何精校正处理。通过采用RADARSAT的实际图像进行了图像的模拟和几何校正,证明了方法的可行性。     

星载合成孔径雷达的一种新波形及其处理技术

分析研究了步进频率脉冲串信号在星载合成孔径雷达 (SAR)中应用时的多普勒效应 ,并提出了一种纵向距离合成高分辨成像时多普勒二次相位的补偿方法 ,从而消除了纵向距离分辨率的恶化和信噪比损失 ,同时还可以消除纵向距离向与方位向之间的多普勒耦合     

INS全温六方位速率标定及分段线性插值补偿

针对捷联惯性导航系统(INS, Inertial Navigation System)全温动态环境下测量误差问题,提出一种全温六方位正反速率标定及分段线性插值补偿方法.根据工作环境设定标定温度点,在每个恒温点设计六方位正反速率标定方案;采用分段线性插值算法实时补偿系统零偏和标度因数温度误差,提高了系统温度及动态环境下的测量精度.实验结果表明:采用该方法系统的车载和飞行实验纯惯性导航误差均值分别由1.501 n mile/h和5.811 n mile/h减小到0.393 n mile/h和0.68 1n mile/h,为进一步提高合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)成像分辨率奠定基础.     

月地双基SAR成像的快速后向投影算法研究

为了提高对全球变化的大尺度观测能力,月基对地观测的概念应运而生。由于月基单站合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）的双程传播会造成回波信噪比衰减,为此针对月地双基SAR工作模式展开研究。考虑到月、地、星复杂的相对运动为成像带来困难,根据月、地、星的几何关系建立平面直角回波模型。同时考虑到月球和卫星运行轨迹的弯曲性,分析模型误差,推导了精确的回波二维频谱表达式。在此基础上提出了一种基于快速后向投影的SAR成像算法,补偿了方位空变的模型误差,利用频域子孔径成像和频谱融合实现成像算法的快速化。通过分析可知月地双基SAR的理论回波信噪比与地月距离的平方成反比,与月基单站SAR相比有显著提升,最后通过X波段SAR仿真数据验证了文章算法处理月地双基SAR成像问题的效性。     

大气中子实时计算模式

为实时评估0~100km高度范围内的大气中子全球分布,对宇宙线在地磁场和大气中的传输过程进行了分析.利用蒙特卡罗方法工具包Geant4,预先计算不同能量的粒子在大气层中产生的次级粒子能谱分布,形成大气次级粒子数据库,并与相关模型进行对比,验证了该数据库的有效性和可靠性.以实测或预报的空间环境参数作为输入,计算同步轨道银河宇宙线和太阳质子事件能谱以及100km高度上的地磁垂直截止刚度,最终得到大气层顶上的粒子能谱.通过对大气次级粒子数据库的线性插值,实现1h分辨率的大气中子能谱和辐射剂量全球分布的实时计算.      

星载合成孔径雷达的分辨特性

较全面和详细地论述了星载合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）的分辨特性;导出了距离分辨率、方位分辨率和辐射分辨率的定量关系式;阐述了多种辐射分辨率定义的内涵,并对其错误概率进行了比较;介绍了ＳＡＲ图像的分辨体积和可懂度的概念,并且完成了ＳＡＲ图像分辨特性的方形等效。这些论述对于ＳＡＲ图像质量的评估和比较,以及系统参数的折衷设计具有重要意义。     

Characterisation of residual ionospheric errors in bending angles using GNSS RO end-to-end simulations

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is an innovative meteorological remote sensing technique for measuring atmospheric parameters such as refractivity, temperature, water vapour and pressure for the improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) and global climate monitoring (GCM). GNSS RO has many unique characteristics including global coverage, long-term stability of observations, as well as high accuracy and high vertical resolution of the derived atmospheric profiles. One of the main error sources in GNSS RO observations that significantly affect the accuracy of the derived atmospheric parameters in the stratosphere is the ionospheric error. In order to mitigate the effect of this error, the linear ionospheric correction approach for dual-frequency GNSS RO observations is commonly used. However, the residual ionospheric errors (RIEs) can be still significant, especially when large ionospheric disturbances occur and prevail such as during the periods of active space weather. In this study, the RIEs were investigated under different local time, propagation direction and solar activity conditions and their effects on RO bending angles are characterised using end-to-end simulations. A three-step simulation study was designed to investigate the characteristics of the RIEs through comparing the bending angles with and without the effects of the RIEs. This research forms an important step forward in improving the accuracy of the atmospheric profiles derived from the GNSS RO technique.     

Deramp range migration processing for space-borne spotlight synthetic aperture radar

The deramp range migration algorithm (DRMA) for space-borne spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is presented, which is based on the two-step algorithm and range migration algorithm. The presented algorithm combines the advantages of SPECAN algorithm and range migration algorithm. Firstly, the presented algorithm performs a bulk azimuth raw data compression to achieve a pixel spacing no larger than the expected azimuth resolution of the fully focused image. Therefore, the azimuth spectral folding phenomenon is overcome. Secondly, the residual and precise focusing of the synthetic aperture radar data is achieved by applying the range migration algorithm. The space-borne SAR focusing parameters’ computation is also described in the paper. At the end of this paper, results are presented which confirm the validity of the presented algorithm.     

机载SAR动目标成象研究

在分析机载合成孔径雷达运动目标成象特点的基础上，探讨了一种动目标成象的前置滤波方法，指出其存在的问题，提出了在前置滤波后进行参数估计的后处理形成，该方法基于时间－频率联合分析法，能得到运动目标的精细成象结果，计算机模拟验证了方法的有效性。     

Tomographic reconstruction of wet and total refractivity fields from GNSS receiver networks

One of the most attractive scientific issues in the use of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals, from a meteorological point of view, is the retrieval of high resolution tropospheric water vapour maps. The real-time (or quasi real-time) knowledge of such distributions could be very useful for several applications, from operative meteorology to atmospheric modelling. Moreover, the exploitation of wet refractivity field reconstruction techniques can be used for atmospheric delay compensation purposes and, as a very promising activity, it could be applied for example to calibrate SAR or Interferometric-SAR (In-SAR) observations for land remote sensing. This is in fact one of the objectives of the European Space Agency project METAWAVE (Mitigation of Electromagnetic Transmission errors induced by Atmospheric Water vapour Effects), in which several techniques are investigated and results were compared to identify a strategy to remove the contribution of water vapour induced propagation delays in In-SAR products. Within this project, the tomographic reconstruction of three dimensional wet refractivity fields from tropospheric delays observed by a local GNSS network (9 dual frequency GPS receivers) deployed over Como area (Italy), during 12–18 October, 2008, was performed. Despite limitations due to the network design, internal consistency tests prove the efficiency of the adopted tomographic approach: the rms of the difference between reconstructed and GNSS observed Zenith Wet Delays (ZWD) are in the order of 4 mm. A good agreement is also observed between our ZWDs and corresponding delays obtained by vertically integrating independent wet refractivity fields, taken by co-located meteorological analysis. Finally, during the observing period, reconstructed vertical wet refractivity profiles evolution reveals water vapour variations induced by simple cloud covering. Even if our main goal was to demonstrate the effectiveness in adopting tomographic reconstruction procedures for the evaluation of propagation delays inside water vapour fields, the actual water vapour vertical variability and its evolution with time is well reproduced, demonstrating also the effectiveness of the inferred 3D wet refractivity fields.     

基于CLEAN算法对一维综合孔径辐射计成像误差的校正

对于天线单元数较少的一维综合孔径微波辐射计，系统的采样基线数有限，导致辐射计对目标在空间频率域的采样产生截断，在成像结果中引起明显的吉布斯误差.实际应用中通常选择加窗函数来抑制吉布斯误差，但是加窗函数会降低辐射计系统的空间分辨率.为抑制一维综合孔径辐射计成像的吉布斯误差，提出了基于CLEAN算法的校正算法.针对目前已完成的8单元辐射计地面样机系统，通过仿真实验，验证了CLEAN算法对于抑制辐射计成像结果中吉布斯误差的有效性.      

An introduction to China FY3 radio occultation mission and its measurement simulation

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission for remote sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere will be performed by GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) instrument on China FengYun-3 (FY3) 02 series satellites, the first of which FY3-C will be launched in the year 2013. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and presents some results of measurement simulation. The key designed specifications of GNOS are also shown. The main objective of simulation is to provide scientific support for GNOS occultation mission on the FY3-C satellites. We used EGOPS software to simulate occultation measurements according to GNOS designed parameters. We analyzed the accuracy of retrieval profiles based on two typical occultation events occurring in China South–East area among total simulated events. Comparisons between the retrieval atmospheric profiles and background profiles show that GNOS occultation has high accuracy in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The sensitivities of refractivity to three types of instrumental error, i.e. Doppler biases, clock stability and local multipath, were analyzed. The results indicated that the Doppler biases introduced by along-ray velocity error and GNOS clock error were the primary error sources for FY3-C occultation mission.