计量测试与航天科技

随着科学技术的发展,计量测试技术已渗透到国民经济的各个领域,从科研生产到贸易结算、从医疗卫生到人身安全、从环境保护到衣食住行.可以形象地说没有计量,人们就如同"盲人"一样生活在一片漆黑世界里.航天作为高科技产业,对计量更有着很强的依赖性.无论是火箭还是导弹,无论是卫星还是飞船,计量工作作为研制生产不可分割的一部分,贯穿于设计、加工、总装、测试和发射的全过程,并为评定航天产品的综合水平提供权威的依据.未来航天领域新工艺、新材料、新器件的应用,载人飞行技术的发展,航天测控、发射技术的提高,都对计量测试技术提出更高的要求.回顾国外航天大国航天事业的发展,计量在保证产品质量方面发挥了不可低估的作用.我国的航天事业正处在一个新的发展阶段."科技要发展,计量须先行".计量工作应抓住机遇,以型号需求为牵引,扎扎实实地为型号服务,为我国航天事业的发展贡献更大力量.     

军工计量与市场营销

在军工计量行业快速发展的时代,计量已不仅仅具有国家法定性,它作为服务性行业同样具有市场竞争的社会性,因此,市场营销成为现代军工计量企业发展所需的重要学科。如何在当前形势下结合军工计量企业的实际情况,制定出具有军工计量特色的市场营销战略规划,是一个非常重要的问题。本文对现代军工计量企业的环境进行了分析,结合环境分析选择了相应的市场营销战略规划。     

重复锁定与释放功能机构研究状况及关键技术分析

综述了国内外锁定与释放功能机构的研究现状和发展状况, 并分析了各类型的锁定与释放功能机构及其锁定形式(包括节点类型与锁定方式). 着重分析了重复锁定与释放功能机构的关键技术, 包括设计影响要素、驱动、传动方式及执行机构特征, 为后续的方案设计和分析提供了依据.      

Project overview and highlights of Suisei and Sakigake

ISAS's (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science) project for the exploration of comet Halley consists of two spacecraft, Sakigake and Suisei, launched on 7 January 1985 and 18 August, respectively.

Sakigake passed the sunward side of the comet on 11 March 1986 with a miss distance of 6.99 million km. Three experiments, a plasma wave probe with dipole and search-coil antennae, a magnetometer with three axis ring core sensor on an extended boom and a four-grid Faraday cup attached to the inner side of the wall of the spacecraft, detected various phenomena caused by the comet at a distance as far as 7 million km.

The other spacecraft, Suisei, flew by the comet on its sunward side with a miss distance of 151 thousand km on 8 March 1986. It carried two experiments, an ultraviolet imager and an energy analyzer for ions. The UV imager was able to take the first image of the hydrogen cloud of comet Halley on 26 November 1985. With this experiment, the spin period of the cometary nucleus, location of jets, amount of water evaporation, distribution of hydrogen density inside cloud, etc. were clarified. The energy analyser experiment provided information on the intensive interaction between cometary and solar wind ions.     

Solar EUV and decimetric indices and thermospheric models

Data bases and limits of applicability of existing empirical thermospheric models are reviewed by using these models together with solar EUV irradiance data in studying the solar activity effect on composition, density and temperature. For two rather short aeronomy missions of the AEROS A and B satellites solar EUV indices as proposed by Schmidtke are used in comparison with the 10.7 cm solar flux F in determining the solar activity effect in in-situ composition measurements sampled by the same satellites at 250, 310 and 380 km altitude. No advantage of solar EUV indices over F could be determined.     

太阳跟踪定位技术及其应用研究

太阳跟踪定位技术广泛应用于能源、气象和航天等领域,系统全面地对相关方法进行分类和阐述,并对多孔复用、太阳光纤导入等较新应用进行了分析,最后总结了该领域内相关技术发展的瓶颈问题,展望了未来的研究方向.     

GPS中频信号和IMU信号模拟及验证

为了研究GPS/INS（Inertial Navigation System）组合导航方案和算法,设计了一种GPS中频信号和IMU（Inertial Measurement Unit）信号的软件模拟器.首先建立了载体的运动模型,然后介绍了信号的仿真方法.根据载体的运动产生IMU信号,载体的典型运动包括平飞运动、横滚运动、俯仰运动和偏航运动.建立了典型的干扰模型,包括欺骗式干扰和压制式干扰（窄带干扰、宽带干扰、连续波干扰和锯齿调频连续波干扰等4种）,实现了干扰环境下的场景模拟.GPS/INS组合导航软件接收机对模拟器输出的数据进行解算,结果表明：信号的仿真算法是正确的,模拟器可以为组合导航接收机提供有效的中频信号和IMU信号.     

Dynamic and figure parameters of Venus and Mars

Parameters of the best-fitting tri-axial ellipsoids representing external equipotential surfaces of Venus and Mars have been determined from satellite data. The dynamic consequence of the equatorial flattening of Venus has been discussed from the point of view of the s.c. synodic resonance rotation. The major gravitational anomalies of Venus have been interpreted, space locations and magnitudes of anomalous masses determined and their contribution to the second zonal Stokes' constant in the gravitational potential computed. The conclusions were done: The figure of the aphroditoid is strange even if there is a relatively small polar flattening; an equatorial “disc” of Venus is enormous. Recent space data do not support hypothesis that the Earth controls the spin of Venus.     

Probing solar and stellar interior dynamics and dynamo

Solar and stellar activity is a result of complex interaction between magnetic field, turbulent convection and differential rotation in a star’s interior. Magnetic field is believed to be generated by a dynamo process in the convection zone. It emerges on the surface forming sunspots and starspots. Localization of the magnetic spots and their evolution with the activity cycle is determined by large-scale interior flows. Thus, the internal dynamics of the Sun and other stars hold the key to understanding the dynamo mechanism and activity cycles. Recently, significant progress has been made for modeling magnetohydrodynamics of the stellar interiors and probing the internal rotation and large-scale dynamics of the Sun by helioseismology. Also, asteroseismology is beginning to probe interiors of distant stars. I review key achievements and challenges in our quest to understand the basic mechanisms of solar and stellar activity.     

Operation and Application of A, B Satellites for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting

Environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation A and B satellites (HJ-1-A, B) are called "environment and disaster reduction satellites A and B' for short. The constellation adopts a 10:30 LT sun-synchronous circular orbit, with orbit altitude of 649 km. HJ-1-A and HJ-1-B are distributed with a phase difference of 180o in the same orbital plane, so as to enhance the time resolution of earth observation. The satellites have orbit maintenance capability, the lifetime is 3 years. Both satellites adopt CAST968 platforms. Two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras with resolution 30 m and width 700 km, a super-spectral imager with resolution 100 m and width 50 km as well as a data transmission subsystem of 120 Mbit/s are deployed on HJ-1-A, which also carries Ka communication testing equipment of Thailand. HJ-1-B has two wide-coverage multispectral CCD cameras (the same as satellite A), one infrared camera with resolution 150 m and width 720 km and a data transmission subsystem of 60 Mbit/s. The coverage period of the wide-coverage multispectral CCD camera is 48 hours. The revisit period of super-spectral imager is 96 hours and the coverage period of infrared camera is 96 hours.      

高光谱遥感成像技术的发展与展望

地表形态和目标特性是空间对地遥感的两个重要问题.经过近40年的发展，高光谱遥感技术已取得了巨大的进展，从数据获取、处理到应用都积累了大量成果.作为涉及多学科交叉的年轻学科，高光谱遥感技术的发展经历了一个以需求为导向，在发展中又不断探索完善需求的历程.高光谱成像仪作为获取目标图谱数据的重要仪器，其发展对于整个高光谱遥感的发展至关重要.本文分析了国内外不同类型高光谱成像仪的成像体制及应用案例，得出了近40年来高光谱成像仪发展历程所展现出的技术特点，结合当前发展现状，对未来高光谱成像仪的发展趋势，尤其是核心指标的提升和技术体制拓展进行了综合展望，以期为该领域的后续研究提供一些思路，同时为相关领域的科技规划提供参考.      

可靠性维修性保障性效能模型研究

分析了系统效能的定义及其影响因素,提出了可靠性维修性保障性效能的概念,定义了进行可靠性维修性保障性综合设计分析的一个新的参数ＲＭＳ效能ＥＲＭＳ,推导了在执行任务期间可修复和不可修复２类典型系统的ＥＲＭＳ表达式,给出了利用参数ＥＲＭＳ进行可靠性维修性保障性综合设计分析的步骤．     

可靠性维修性保障性效能模型研究

因素,提出了可靠性维修性保障性效能的概念,定义了进行可靠性维修性保障性综合设计分析的一个新的参数RMS效能E_RMS,推导了在执行任务期间可修复和不可修复2类典型系统的E_RMS表达式,给出了利用参数E_RMS进行可靠性维修性保障性综合设计分析的步骤.      

Combining GPS and GLONASS for time and frequency transfer

Geodetic time and frequency transfer (TFT) consists in a comprehensive modeling of code and carrier phase observations from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in order to determine the synchronization errors between two remote clocks connected to GNSS receivers. Using either common view (CV), or Precise Point Positioning (PPP), current GNSS time transfer uses only GPS measurements. This study combines GPS and GLONASS observations in geodetic TFT in order to determine the added value of the GLONASS data in the results. Using the software Atomium, we demonstrate on one hand that using both constellations improves the solution for both CV and PPP results when analysing short data batches. In that case, there are not enough GPS code data to calibrate the solution, and additional GLONASS code data allows us to retrieve a correct absolute value for the solution. On the other hand, the CV results of frequency transfer are not significantly affected by adding GLONASS data, while in PPP the combination with GLONASS modifies the frequency transfer results, and in particular the daily frequency offset, with maximum differences of 150 ps between the TFT solutions obtained with GPS-only or GPS + GLONASS.     

Radiobiology and photobiology on Earth and in space: points of encounter and protection considerations.

All radiations originate in space, and the spectrum of radiations reaching the troposphere is limited only because of their range and absorption by the ozone layer above the atmosphere. Ultraviolet-C and the very heavy ions are therefore produced on earth only artificially, by special lamps and in accelerators. The range of biological effects of the different UV radiations and low and high LET radiations have been studied extensively, yet only recently new facts such as the production of DNA strand breaks by long wave UV light were established, adding to the various points of encounter existing between ionizing and nonionizing radiations. There are some similarities in radiation products, and the resulting effects of insult by radiation on biological systems very often are similar, if not the same. A common phenomenon that exists in all healthy biological cells is the ability to repair damage to DNA and thus either survive or mutate, and although the specific mechanisms of repair are somewhat different, the end result is the same. Recently a mechanism of improved radioprotection was found to involve an effect of certain radioprotective compounds on DNA repair. It is suggested that improved, and nontoxic, modes of protection may be offered by employing such compounds as biological response modifiers and natural substances. Further research is needed and is under way.     

车辆与二轮车预碰撞场景分析及其AEB优化

车辆自动紧急制动（AEB）系统的应用存在大量误识别和不合理决策的挑战，在典型场景下开展测试，可以有效提高AEB的适用性。对国内外相关研究进行分析，从12类车辆与二轮车预碰撞场景中提取AEB测试重点关注的2类涉及参与方转向的场景（场景S11和S12），建立2类典型场景下的Pre-scan模型和量化描述二轮车相对于车辆运动轨迹的数学模型，并对AEB的效用及改进方向进行定性和定量分析。结果表明：场景S11和S12中，二轮车在运动坐标系下的运动轨迹仅与车辆和二轮车速度比值相关；场景S11中，仅当车辆和二轮车速度比值取为(0.788 8,+∞)时，二轮车能够进入车辆AEB触发域，将AEB视场角从60°增大到90°，可有效改善AEB触发效果，速度比值范围从(0.788 8,+∞)增加至(0.203 3,+∞)；场景S12中，当二轮车和车辆速度比值取为(0,(?v+2.46)/9.64)时，车辆AEB具有较好的触发效果，将AEB触发宽度从1.5 m扩大至2 m时，对AEB触发效果的改善幅度不大。研究成果可为AEB系统的改进优化提供技术支撑。     

神舟八号飞船交会对接制导、导航与控制系统及其飞行结果评价

介绍神舟八号飞船交会对接制导、导航与控制系统的组成和工作原理,交会对接任务阶段划分,系统实现需关注的问题,以及神舟八号飞船与天宫一号目标飞行器首次交会对接飞行试验的结果和评价.     

CCSDS SCPS网络层与传输层协议分析与仿真验证

空间数据系统咨询委员会(CCSDS)针对空间通信的特点制定了空间通信协议标准SCPS(Space Communications Protocal Specification)。文章从CCSDS标准在中国空间技术的实际应用出发,对CCSDS SCPS协议中网络层协议(NP)和传输层协议(TP)进行研究,分析其特点和适用性,并与TCP/IP协议进行对比,最后设计演示验证系统对所提方案进行验证并得出结论:在空间通信环境下,采用SCPS协议后的性能优于采用TCP/IP协议。     

飞行器雷达隐身测试评估技术及发展

武器装备全面隐身化,隐身性能指标成为装备最重要的战技指标之一.隐身测试评估是实现装备隐身性能的关键指标和不可缺少的重要环节,涉及隐身装备从方案设计验证、研制方案筛选、部件和整机隐身效果评估、使用维护检定等全生命周期.综述了飞行器雷达隐身性能试验测试体系和测试评估方法,介绍了国内外典型的测试场及测量技术进展,详细分析了低散射诊断实验测试技术的最新成果,展望了飞行器隐身电磁特性测试技术未来发展趋势.