磁尾的平衡结构

考虑到等离子体片和等离子体幔的存在,我们从Vlasov方程出发得出一个自洽的二维磁尾平衡模式。在这个模式中,假设等离子体处于平衡状态,压强是各向同性的,还假设沿磁尾方向各种参数的变化率较垂直于等离子体片方向的变化率要小得多。晨昏方向的变化则完全忽略不计。这个模式体现出磁尾的一些主要结构要素:(ⅰ)高温等离子体组成的等离子片;(ⅱ)等离子体片中的闭合磁力线;(ⅲ)等离子体极其稀薄的磁尾瓣;(ⅳ)等离子体幔;(ⅴ)磁层顶;(ⅵ)张开的磁尾。讨论了等离子体幔的存在对磁尾平衡结构的影响,结论是等离子体幔的存在使磁尾的形状更趋于尾形,于是,至少部分克服了Birn模式的困难。      

磁尾瓣区的场向电流

本文利用ISEE-2卫星的磁场和粒子资料(电子:75keVδ<1300keV,质子:170keVp<400keV),发现在磁尾远离等离子片的尾瓣区,常常同时探测到粒子脉冲和横向磁场扰动,表明有场向电流片存在。电流片的积分强度在3.3—21mA/m之间,与Frank等在磁尾等离子片边界上测量到的场向片电流积分强度可相比较。电流片总是成双成对,电流片的强度与AE指数或亚暴的关系密切。和磁层其他区域不同,在磁尾瓣区,经常探测到△B_x和△B_y同时存在,且△B_x和△B_y可相比拟的情形,它们可以用运动的线电流或不均匀密度的电流片来解释。      

磁尾等离子体团型结构的数值模拟

考虑横越磁尾不同区域的数密度与离子温度的分布特点,取宁静磁尾温度、密度呈同样形态的非均匀分布,作为模拟计算的初态,对初始By为不同分布的3个算例作模拟计算．数值结果展示了3类磁结构的演化特征．考察磁尾中性片一个给定点的磁场变化,做出3个算例典型事件的磁场矢端图．它们从另一个侧面展示了磁尾通量绳型等离子体团、具有复杂闭合磁力线位形类似于“闭合环”的等离子体团,以及二维“磁岛”型等离子体团的特点．观测表明,多数磁尾等离子体团为具有强核心场的通量绳结构．通过跟踪一个通量绳型等离子体团的发展,作出等离子体团各方向速度与磁场强度随x演化的曲线．其中,vx与磁场强度|B|在近尾至中尾的计算值与Geotail卫星资料统计分析结果大致相符．此外,与Jin等取初始温度为均匀分布的计算结果相比,本文给出的通量绳型等离子体团,其内温度较高、密度较低,与资料分析结果的偏离也随之减小．     

关于磁尾高能粒子脉冲的一些特性

利用行星际监察卫星IMP-J取得的高能粒子探测数据(质子能档P4:230keV>E>160keV)与极光电激流指数AE作相关分析,在地心太阳磁层坐标下,按照Fairfield关于中性片对地心太阳磁层"赤道面"的偏离模式,把磁尾分成三个区域:中性片区域、低纬区域和高纬区域。结果表明:(1)高能粒子脉冲的平均强度在中性片区域最强,低纬次之,高纬最弱,表明高能粒子脉冲源区在中性片区域;(2)中性片附近,粒子脉冲和AE指数相关最好,达0.59,低纬次之,高纬几乎无相关,表明粒子脉冲与亚暴事件有关,它是磁尾中性片附近磁力线重联产生的感应电场加速的结果;(3)粒子加速区局限于中性片附近的薄层内,与国外结果完全一致。      

2001年9月15日Cluster卫星对电流片的观测研究

2001年9月15日0430-0515 UT期间,Cluster卫星多次穿越磁尾电流片.由FGM、CIS等仪器获得了电流片磁场,粒子速度等数据变化情况,并得到了磁尾高速流的两次明显反转.本文采用GSM坐标系.利用求磁场空间梯度张量的方法获得了越尾电流,其电流密度的峰值为28nA/m2.并对电流片在垂直方向上的摆动和在晨昏方向的波动现象进行了分析.数据显示此时电流片为薄电流片并有一个变薄的趋势,其厚度大约为0.2-0.3 Re.磁场重联时地向流与尾向流均超过了1000 km/s,并测得了电流片的法线方向和运动速度,从而得到了磁尾电流片的结构和运动情况.      

磁尾等离子体片对流对亚暴的影响

采用2(1/2)维全粒子电磁模拟方法研究了等离子体片中稳态对流及局地爆发高速流对磁层亚暴触发过程的影响.研究发现,地向瞬时局地高速流可触发磁场重联,导致储存于磁尾磁场能量的快速释放.但是,等离子体片稳态对流可抑制磁尾磁场重联过程.此项研究结果表明,局地爆发高速流能够触发磁层亚暴;而行星际磁场(IMF)持续南向时的稳态磁层对流期间,不易发生亚暴.      

地球磁尾的电场模式

地球磁层中的电场是磁层等离子体运动的主要驱动力。目前常用的磁层电场为均匀晨昏电场和投影电场。本文假定磁力线为电场的等位线，地球电离层电场看做磁层电场沿磁力线在电离层的投影。利用Tsyganenko磁场模式（T89），沿磁力线反电离层电场投影到磁尾，得到了一个新的磁层电场模式。文中对偶极磁场和T89磁场模式下的投影场作了比较，说明本模式突破了偶极磁场的局限，在磁层有更大的适用范围。     

火星拥有隐形磁尾

正美国航空航天局官网近日发布消息称,火星大气与挥发演化探测器(MAVEN)最新探测发现,火星拥有"隐形"的磁场尾巴(磁尾),且与太阳风相互作用而发生了扭曲。MAVEN项目科学家、美国航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心的吉娜·迪布拉西奥表示:"我们发现,火星的磁尾在太阳系中独一无二。它与在金星上发现的磁尾不同,因为金星本身没有磁场;也与     

ISEE卫星等离子体能谱图片处理与初步分析

本文利用图象分析的方法，将ＩＳＥＥ卫星的等离子体能谱图数值化，以便定量地分析ＩＳＥＥ卫星观测到的磁尾等离子体和磁场资料。以及研究磁尾中性片的纤维结构，对今后研究近地磁尾（２２个地球半径以内）各种空间动力学机制，电流结构体系等问题都有很重要的利用价值。     

行星际磁场B_y分量对磁尾场向电流的控制作用

利用Cluster卫星的磁场探测数据及ACE卫星的行星际磁场(IMF)探测数据,研究了IMF B_y分量(IMF|B_y|10nT)对磁尾等离子体片边界层(PSBL)区场向电流发生率和密度的影响.研究显示:与IMF B_y分量为负时进行比较,IMF B_y分量为正时场向电流的发生率更高,约55.6%;当IMF|B_y|4nT时场向电流发生率占总发生率的77.4%;场向电流发生率随IMF|B_y|的增大而增大,且具有很好的线性相关关系,当IMF B_y分量为正时,相关性更好;场向电流密度也随IMF|B_y|的增大而增大,同样具有很好的线性相关关系,当IMF B_y分量为正时,相关性更好.以上结果表明,IMF B_y分量对磁尾场向电流的产生和变化具有很强的控制作用,并且昏向IMF变化与场向电流变化的关系更加密切.     

Study of waves in the magnetotail region with cluster and DSP

The study of the neutral sheet is of fundamental importance in understanding the dynamics of the Earth’s magnetosphere. From the earliest observation of the magnetotail, it has been found that the neutral sheet frequently appears to be in motion due to changing solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activity. Multiple crossings of the neutral sheet by spacecraft have been attributed to a flapping motion of the neutral sheet in the north–south direction, a wavy profile either along the magnetotail or the dawn–dusk direction. Cluster observations have revealed that the flapping motions of the Earth’s magnetotail are of internal origin and that kink-like waves are emitted from the central part of the tail and propagate toward the tail flanks. This flapping motion is shown here to propagate at an angle of ∼45° with x_GSM. A possible assumption that the flapping could be created by a wake travelling away from a fast flow in the current sheet is rejected. Other waves in the magnetotail are found in the ULF range. One conjunction event between Cluster and DoubleStar TC1 is presented where all spacecraft show ULF wave activity at a period of approximately 5 min during fast Earthward flow. These waves are shown to be Kelvin–Helmholtz waves on the boundaries of the flow channel. Calculations show that the conversion of flow energy into magnetic energy through the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability can contribute to a significant part of flow breaking between Cluster and DoubleStar TC1.     

磁罗盘空间特性校准装置研究

磁罗盘在不同地磁场下使用的性能有差异,而常规手段只能对磁罗盘在实验室地磁场环境下的性能进行校准,所以其校准结果在实际使用中是有风险的。介绍一种磁罗盘空间特性校准装置,主要由地磁场复现系统和三轴无磁转台组成,地磁场复现系统可模拟地球上不同经纬度和不同离地高度的地磁场,配合作为角度标准器的三轴无磁转台,对磁罗盘在地球上不同地磁场下的性能进行校准,确保磁罗盘在不同空间使用时的量值准确可靠。     

磁罗盘空间特性校准装置研究

磁罗盘在不同地磁场下使用的性能有差异，而常规手段只能对磁罗盘在实验室地磁场环境下的性能进行校准，所[JP2]以其校准结果在实际使用中是有风险的。介绍一种磁罗盘空间特性校准装置，主要由地磁场复现系统和三轴无磁转台组成，地磁场复现系统可模拟地球上不同经纬度和不同离地高度的地磁场，配合作为角度标准器的三轴无磁转台，对磁罗盘在地球上不同地磁场下的性能进行校准，确保磁罗盘在不同空间使用时的量值准确可靠。     

磁层顶对磁层磁场的影响

太阳风与地磁场相互作用形成的磁层顶对磁层内磁场有重要影响。本文假定地磁场为偶极子,太阳风为理想导体,在太阳风与磁层的边界上满足磁场法向分量为零的边界条件。采用最小二乘法求得磁层顶电流在磁层内产生的磁场的球谐系数。从计算结果可以看出磁层顶对磁层磁场的影响。结果表明,向阳面的磁场、中性点、极光区的位置与形状与实际观测比较接近;磁尾磁场与实际观测相差较远,原因是没有加上磁尾片电流。文中还给出了太阳风与地磁轴交不同角度时的磁层磁场的计算结果。      

Circulation of energetic ions of terrestrial origin in the magnetosphere

Energetic ion composition measurements have now been performed from earth orbiting satellites for more than a decade. As early as 1972 we knew that energetic (keV) ions of terrestrial origin represented a non-negligible component of the storm time ring current. We have now assembled a significant body of knowledge concerning energetic ion composition throughout much of the earth's magnetosphere. We know that terrestrial ions are a common component of the hot equatorial magnetospheric plasma in the ring current and the plasma sheet out to ? 23 R_E. During periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity this component may become dominant. There is also clear evidence that the terrestrial component (specifically O⁺) is strongly dependent on solar cycle. Terrestrial ion source, transport, and acceleration regions have been identified in the polar auroral region, over the polar caps, in the magnetospheric boundary layers, and within the magnetotail lobes and plasma sheet boundary layer. Combining our present knowledge of these various magnetospheric ion populations, it is concluded that the primary terrestrial ion circulation pattern associated with enhanced geomagnetic activity involves direct injection from the auroral ion acceleration region into the plasma sheet boundary layer and central plasma sheet. The observed terrestrial component of the magnetospheric boundary layer and magnetotail lobes are inadequate to provide the required influx. They may, however, contribute significantly to the maintenence of the plasma sheet terrestrial ion population, particularly during periods of reduced geomagnetic activity. It is further concluded, on the basis of the relative energy distributions of H⁺ and O⁺ in the plasma sheet, that O⁺ probably contributes significantly to the ring current population at energies inaccessible to present ion composition instrumentation (? 30 keV).     

Plasma flow in the near and distant geomagnetic tail

Measurements of the bulk flow of plasma in the outer magnetosphere were first made a little over a decade ago with Los Alamos instruments on the Vela satellites. During the intervening years, as flow measurements have been made with improved instruments and by other satellites they have come to play a crucial role in the development of our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere. For example, they were the means of discovery of the magnetosphere's boundary layer and of plasma vortices within the plasma sheet. They were the essential ingredient in the identification of signatures of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. And they were indispensible in clarifying the complex phenomena in the magnetotail accompanying substorms and in showing that these phenomena are consistent with a substorm model involving magnetic reconnection at a near-earth neutral line. Most recently, magnetotail plasma flow measurements by the ISEE-3 satellite at distances as great as 230 R_E have been instrumental in fixing the average location of the “distant” neutral line at ～ 60 to 120 R_E and in identifying plasmoids (i.e., severed sections of the plasma sheet), released during substorms and escaping down-tail. This paper reviews the features of magnetotail plasma flow, describes the most recent observations, and discusses their implications for magnetospheric physics.     

地球自转对北极黄河站观测日侧极光弧运动的影响

利用北极黄河站全天空极光数据,采用AACGM模型,将日侧极光弧映射到地磁坐标系,定量计算地球自转导致的极光弧运动速度.对于任意一条极光弧,其偏斜角定义为极光弧方向与当地地磁东西方向的夹角.研究发现,地球自转产生的速度由极光弧离开天顶的距离和偏斜角决定,其中偏斜角的影响更为重要,其还决定速度的方向.在4年的观测数据中,提取超过40000张出现极光弧的图像,计算极光弧偏斜角.计算结果表明,日侧极光弧的偏斜角随磁地方时增大而逐渐减小,并在大约10:00MLT（磁地方时）附近发生反转.由于偏斜角的反转,地球自转产生的极光弧运动在晨侧多为极向运动,到午后多为赤道向运动.相比午前,午后的运动更为明显,最大速度可超过300m·-1.