有机硅热控涂层在模拟空间环境下的原位性能

研究了热控涂层在地面模拟空间环境下的性能变化：原位测定了紫外、电子辐照过程中热控涂层的性能变化；考察了K2SiO3包覆ZnO情况对涂层性能的影响；用扫描电镜（SEM）对辐照前后涂层表面微观形貌的变化进行了观察。结果表明，无论是缩合型的硅树脂还是加成型硅橡胶，在加入ZnO填料后，耐紫外辐照的能力都有明显的提高；不同种类涂层在真空紫外辐照作用下表现出不同规律。硅酸钾包覆ZnO对于有机硅树脂和加成型硅橡胶作基料的热控涂层影响也不同。加成型硅橡胶制备得到的热控涂层有非常优异的抗电子辐照性能。     

高吸收、高辐射有机黑漆涂层

为制得高太阳光吸收率(α_s)、高红外辐射率(ε_n)的涂层,作者系统地研究了有机硅聚合物、有机氟聚合物、环氧树脂和聚氨酯等十多种有机材料的ε_n值;还研究了由高色素碳黑、氢黑和空氢黑等十几种颜料所制成涂层的α_s及ε_n值。此外,在涂层中加入消光剂硬脂酸铝和白碳黑制得了一些涂层,有的涂层外观呈平绒布状。在波长235-2597nm范围内的α_s在0.93—0.95之间。在327K下的ε_n值为0.96-0.97之间。对涂层在373-77K的突变性能、耐真空紫外辐照性能和耐粒子辐照性能,文中一一做了介绍。性能试验证明:这些涂层在空间或地面都可使用,性能上达到了用美3M-101-C10Velvet黑漆做成涂层的性能,是一些较好的抗反射、高辐射涂层。     

热控涂层紫外辐照试验方法的研究

几种有机热控涂层在真空下进行模拟太阳紫外辐照的试验。在真空条件和大气条件下测试涂层性能的变化,以比较热控涂层在进行紫外辐照时,原位测试和非原位测试的差异。     

实验室模拟真空紫外辐照设备

人造卫星温控涂层研制中必须建立真空紫外辐照模拟设备.我组实验室制造的设备用旋片式机械真空泵、油扩散泵和在真空室前再加液空冷阱造成系统10~(-6)乇真空,选用GGZ-300高压汞灯作光源,光源和试件都放在真空室中.该设备具有简便实用的优点.另外还可以用于其它一些宇航材料的模拟真空紫外辐照试验,如人造卫星上的太阳电池和结构材料等.测量温控涂层在真空紫外辐照前后的太阳吸收率和热辐射率,根据它们的变化确定材料受辐射的影响.文中列出经真空紫外辐照不同阶段的五种不同温控涂层性能变化数据.     

低能质子对卫星热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响

空间低能质子由于沉积能量在表层对卫星外露热控涂层太阳吸收率参数有较大影响,文章首次对地球同步轨道卫星6种热控涂层进行低能质子辐照试验研究,试件是S781有机白漆、SR107-ZK有机白漆、ACR-1有机白漆、OSR二次表面镜、F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜。试验采用能量48keV的质子,在真空条件下累积辐照360h,累计注量达到2×10~(15)p/cm~2。在辐照过程中原位测量热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数。这些热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数都有不同程度的明显上升。其中,有机白漆类热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数上升最快,其次是塑料薄膜类热控涂层(F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜),最稳定的是玻璃类热控涂层(OSR二次表面镜)。对试验前后试件的SEM分析和XPS分析表明,热控涂层中的颜料结构和聚合物结构在辐照下发生变化,形成不饱和链发色团和色心,使原来透明聚合物和高反射的颜料对太阳光产生吸收,从而引起热控涂层太阳吸收率参数上升。     

防静电白色热控涂层的空间环境性能试验

通过在氧化锌晶格中掺入重金属离子，得到具有防静电功能的白色颜料，再以丙烯酸树脂为粘合剂制备出空间飞行器外表面用的ACR－1防静电白色热控涂层；研究了空间环境效应（包括紫外辐照，电子和质子辐照）对该热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响并与有机硅白色热控涂层进行了比较，地面模拟空间环境试验研究结果证明，ACR－1防静电白色热控涂层具有良好的空间稳定性。     

氧化锌色素在真空紫外辐照下降解机理的研究

研究氧化锌色素在真空紫外辐照下的降解机理,目的是为设计在宽间环境下稳定的氧化锌热涂层提供理论依据。仔细研究了自由电子在氧化锌中的吸收特性及真空紫外辐照对氧化锌电导的贡献,认为真空紫外辐照引起氧化锌色素表面化学吸附氧的解析,同时在氧化锌色素表面产生大量的氧空位,氧空位提供了导带中的自由电子,自由电子在导带内跃迁吸收近红外光子引起氧化锌色素光学性能的退化。     

纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层的抗原子氧剥蚀性能

为了进一步提高有机硅涂层的抗原子氧剥蚀能力,采用经硅烷偶联剂处理的纳米ZnO微粒,在聚酰亚胺薄膜基材表面制备出纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层.通过原子氧地面模拟试验,研究了纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层的质量损失、表面形貌及化学成分的变化规律.结果表明:经表面处理的纳米ZnO微粒可以均匀分布在有机硅涂层中,有效消除有机硅树脂成膜过程中产生的微裂纹.经过原子氧辐照试验,没有保护涂层的聚酰亚胺基材的质量损失较大,而涂覆纳米ZnO-有机硅复合涂层具有良好的抗原子氧剥蚀性能,其质量损失和微观表面形貌变化很小,并且随着涂层中纳米ZnO含量的增加,其抗原子氧剥蚀的能力进一步增强.     

环氧共混树脂的光固化及其表面化学反应

研究了双酚A型环氧树脂与有机硅环氧树脂紫外光辐照共混改性的工艺条件,并采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱等分析手段对树脂改性效果和表面的物理和化学变化进行了研究.结果表明,采用二苯基碘鎓六氟磷酸盐为光引发剂,当质量分数为5％时,随着E-44含量的增加,共混树脂体系的光固化速度加快.当两者质量比为1∶ 2时,经15min的紫外光辐照后,共混树脂体系的凝胶率可达93％.X射线光电子能谱分析结果表明,在光固化的同时,试样的表面被紫外光辐照时产生的臭氧和原子氧部分氧化,转化为一层含C的氧化硅(SiO _{x )膜.}     

CeO_2含量对铈玻璃镜的光学性能和空间环境中稳定性的影响

含CeO_2玻璃在空间环境中具有良好的稳定性,因此已广泛应用于人造卫星第二表面镜温控涂层、硅太阳能电池防辐照保护片和某些光学部件。本文根据第二表面镜温控涂层的使用要求,系统地研究了镜玻璃的CeO_2添加量对镀铝铈玻璃镜的光学性能、抗电子、质子和真空紫外辐照性能的影响,为合理确定镜层玻璃的CeO_2含量提供依据。     

Recent developments in ultraviolet filters and coatings

A number of new high efficiency optical coatings have recently been developed at wavelengths in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet for use in space science experiments. The development of these coatings has resulted in the design and manufacture of wavelength selective filters used in reflectance at near normal incidence that have high VUV reflectance with little near-UV and visible reflectance. Very narrow band transmission filters are now available at wavelengths as short as 1500Å with bandwidths as narrow as 35–40Å. In addition, high efficiency anti-reflection coatings as well as neutral density filters are now available at many wavelengths in this region.Material limitations, more severe than those in the visible, place certain restrictions on the size, wavelength, and degree of selectivity that is achievable with present technology. A summary of the current commercial technology along with the material limitations is presented.     

真空紫外探测器关键参数校准装置

当前真空紫外空间探测技术迅猛发展,真空紫外载荷应用越来越广,其中的核心器件真空紫外探测器的特性校准变得越来越重要,针对国内真空紫外探测器关键参数校准能力缺失问题,研制了一套真空紫外探测器关键参数校准装置,实现光谱响应率、线性度等参数的校准。论述了真空紫外探测器光谱响应率、线性度参数的校准方法,介绍了校准装置的硬件组成、校准方法和软件功能,并对其进行了测量不确定度评定。测试结果证明表明,该校准装置可以对真空紫外探测器进行主要参数的校准,校准结果准确、有效。     

空间材料Kapton的真空紫外与 原子氧复合效应研究

对空间常用聚合物材料Kapton开展了真空紫外辐射及其与原子氧复合效应的地面模拟试验研究,总结了试验前后试样外观、质量、表面形貌、光学参数和表面成分的变化规律,并对反应机理作了初步的分析.结果表明:在原子氧的作用下,Kapton的剥蚀主要是碳氮等元素的氧化所致.而在真空紫外辐射的作用下,Kapton表面会交联形成大分子,从而提高了试样的抗原子氧剥蚀性能.但是,随着原子氧累积通量的增大,这层大分子会逐渐被剥蚀掉,而真空紫外辐射,对Kapton的原子氧效应试验结果没有影响.     

Radiation synthesis of polymers in aqueous cyanides

Structures and properties of polymers isolated from the reaction mixtures obtained upon irradiation of dilute aqueous solutions of ammonium cyanide and HCN with gamma rays of ⁶⁰Co were studied. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical data it was concluded that two principal classes of polymers occur each of them having molecular weights that range from about 5000 to over 20000. In both types of polymers peptidic, urea-formaldehyde, and complex heterocyclic fragments are identified. In one type aliphatic fragments are more pronounced, while in the other heterocyclic structures predominate. The polymers interact with nucleic acid bases and some of them show catalytic properties as demonstrated by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate     

Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides at the Earth orbit in presence of Lunar soil.

Modern studies now favor the fact that extraterrestrial organic molecules served as an important source of biological important substances on the primitive Earth. It is presumed that these space-made organic molecules could be transported safely to the Earth surface being associated with mineral grains. It is important to test whether nucleotides synthesized in Earth orbit could be protected by lunar surface regolite. The phosphorylation of adenosine, uridine and thymidine has been studied with respect of their further transformations and degradation in presence of mineral bed. After retrieval, HPLC analysis is used to identify all the mononucleotides of certain nucleosides. It has been shown, that exposure of the investigated nucleosides as dry films in space conditions in the presence of Lunar soil increases the yield of synthesized nucleotides in 1.1-3.0 times as compared with the exposure of the same samples in absence of Lunar soil. To identify and evaluate the principal source of energy in open space responsible for nucleotide synthesis reaction laboratory experiments were performed. It has been shown, that vacuum ultra violet (VUV 145 nm) radiation promotes nucleotide synthesis more effectively than ultra violet (UV 254 nm) while the presence of Lunar soil increases reaction yield in 1.5-2.0 times. Formation of 5'-mononucleotides seemed to be the most effective reaction both in flight and in laboratory experiments. Protective action of lunar soil on synthesized nucleotides against UV radiation has been shown in open Space conditions.     

地球同步轨道长寿命卫星热控涂层太阳吸收率性能退化研究

文章介绍了15年地球同步轨道环境对卫星表面太阳吸收率性能影响的试验模拟研究，研究结果为长寿命卫星热设计及热控涂层选择和研制提供可靠依据；介绍自行研制的空间低能综合环境试验设备、太阳吸收率原位测试系统和空间低能综合环境模拟试验方法，并对航天器常用的S781白漆、SR107-ZK白漆、F46镀银和OSR二次表面镜热控材料进行空间低能综合环境模拟试验，获得了这些热控涂层在地球同步轨道15年期间太阳吸收率性能退化模拟数据，与已有的飞行试验数据进行对比研究，取得满意的结果。     

Organic solids produced from simple C/H/O/N ices by charged particles: applications to the outer solar system.

CH4, CO, and CO2 are all potential one-carbon molecular repositories in primitive icy objects. These molecules are all found in the Comet Halley coma, and are probable but, (except for CH4 detected on Triton and Pluto) undetected subsurface constituents in icy outer solar system objects. We have investigated the effects of charged particle irradiation by cold plasma discharge upon surfaces of H2O:CH4 clathrate having a 200:1 ratio, as well as upon ices composed of H2O plus C2H6 or C2H2 (sometimes plus NH3) which are also plausible constituents. These materials color and darken noticeably after a dose 10(9) - 10(10) erg cm-2, which is deposited rapidly (< or = 10(4) yr.) in solar system environments. The chromophore is a yellowish to tan organic material (a tholin) which we have studied by UV-VIS reflection and transmission, and IR transmission spectroscopy. Its yield, -1 C keV-1, implies substantial production of organic solids by the action of cosmic rays and radionuclides in cometary crusts and interiors, as well as rapid production in satellite surfaces. This material shows alkane bands which Chyba and Sagan have shown to well match the Halley infrared emission spectrum near 3.4 microns, and also bands due to aldehyde, alcohol and perhaps alkene/aromatic functional groups. We compare the IR spectral properties of these tholins with the spectra of others produced by irradiation of gases and ices containing simple hydrocarbons.