基于系统科学的复杂系统软件生命周期模型研究

复杂系统的核心功能主要由软件实现，软件对复杂系统的可信性和质量有至关重要的影响.目前复杂系统软件的研制和管理主要采用基于一般系统工程的方法，未考虑复杂系统所具有的开放性、涌现性、自组织性等特征，存在一定局限性.为保证复杂系统软件的可信性和质量，基于复杂系统的主要特征，引入系统科学的方法及理论对现有方法进行扩展，并结合敏捷方法和知识工程等相关技术，建立了一种覆盖技术过程和技术管理过程并体现开发、验证、运行和维护等多维视角的软件生命周期模型，并同时提出了复杂软件分析设计要求.     

基于决策级数据融合的可靠性综合验证方法

可靠性验证试验是检验产品的可靠性水平是否达到要求而进行的试验,是一项重要的可靠性活动.价格昂贵或者可靠性水平较高的设备,按照经典的抽样方案进行试验,时间和费用几乎是不能承受的.为了解决上述实际问题,针对成功率的抽样检验方案,利用证据理论方法,研究了基于研制试验数据、可靠性评估结果和专家信息的基本可信度分配函数的构建方法,并给出了基于决策级数据融合的可靠性综合验证试验模型.同时,对可靠性综合验证模型的性质进行了讨论,确定了可靠性综合验证试验方案的存在性,并提出了方案的选取原则.模型可以广泛地利用研制信息,并可以统一给出基于不同分布类型和不同信息的可靠性综合验证试验方案.通过示例表明该方法可以利用各种研制信息,达到减少可靠性验证试验样本的目的.     

基于树模型机器学习方法的GNSS-R海面风速反演

GNSS-R是基于GNSS卫星反射信号的一种新技术.GNSS-R技术可以运用到海面风场反演中，传统的GNSS-R技术反演海面风场主要有波形匹配和经验函数两种方法，风速反演精度约为2m·s-1.波形匹配方法耗时多，计算量大；经验函数方法通常只使用少量物理观测量，会造成信息浪费，损失一定的反演精度.为了提高海面风速的反演精度，引入机器学习领域常用的树模型算法决策树、随机森林、GBDT等对海面风速进行预测.利用GNSS-R与ECMWF数据构成训练集和验证集，训练集用于模型学习，验证集用于检验模型的反演效果.实验结果显示，决策树和随机森林预测误差约为0.6m·s-1，GBDT等算法的预测误差约为2m·s-1，满足风速反演要求.与GNSS-R传统反演方法相比，机器学习树模型算法效果更好，在验证集上表现稳定且误差较小.因此，可以将机器学习树模型算法运用到海面风速反演中.      

星载软件无线电平台及其单粒子效应研究方法

结合国内外研究进展,介绍了软件无线电技术在星载设备中的应用,给出了一种星载软件无线电平台的结构.针对单粒子效应对星载软件无线电平台可靠性影响,提出了一种软件无线电平台对抗单粒子效应的设计与验证方法,并给出了针对该平台中FPGA和DSP的故障注入方法.这种抗单粒子效应的研究方法和故障注入方法代价低、设计灵活,在某卫星星载多用户扩频接收机的可靠性设计过程中得到了验证和实施,使低等级高性能器件在星载信号处理平台中的应用成为可能.      

双通道人-机控制系统中的驾驶员模型识别

针对驾驶员完成飞机纵向速度和俯仰角的跟踪任务,对双通道人-机系统中驾驶员描述函数的识别方法进行了系统的研究.通过驾驶员描述函数识别结果和线性相关性分析,提出了一种双通道控制时驾驶员描述函数识别的简化方法.将双通道人-机系统近似分解成两个单通道系统,并从理论和实验两方面验证了这种近似方法的可行性.该方法对双通道人-机控制系统中驾驶员模型建模技术以及用于人机系统的分析具有实用价值．     

基于扩展Petri网的除冰软件安全需求建模和验证

Petri网是形式化的系统建模方法,以严格的数学基础来保证系统的正确构建,但在支持复杂软件建模和自动化验证方面存在不足.扩展了Petri网的形式语义,区别定义了状态型和数值型库所,区别定义了变迁的激发和抑制状态,引入了无前置、一元和组合判断规则,同时根据形式化定义将模型自动转换为检验程序实施安全性验证.最后给出了以上方法在典型安全关键软件-除冰系统上的应用,过程和结果表明扩展的模型和方法增强了Petri网对复杂软件系统的建模能力,提高了软件的安全性,从模型到验证代码的自动转换解决了完善模型时人工修改相应代码的工作量和因此而引入人为错误的重复工作量的问题.     

基于响应面方法的印制电路板模型修正

近年来,基于响应面的优化分析技术被用于有限元模型修正.给出了基于响应面方法的印制电路板(PCB,Printed Circuit Board)模型修正过程.首先利用ANSYS计算PCB的前6阶模态频率并与模态试验结果进行相关性分析;然后分别利用有限元分析和模态试验的前3阶模态频率构造3个目标函数,再利用前6阶共振频率的残差平方和构造第4个目标函数,每个共振频率的权重相同;最后利用多目标函数遗传算法进行优化分析,使得4个目标函数最小化.给出了一个案例对上述的修正过程进行了阐述.分析结果表明,基于响应面的模型修正技术可用于改善PCB的有限元模型,且可利用已有的商业有限元软件直接进行分析,易于工程应用.      

基于随机相关的电子部件二元加速退化可靠性评估

针对加速应力下电子部件二元相关退化可靠性分析难题,提出一种基于随机相关的可靠性分析方法。采用考虑个体差异的Wiener过程模型建立边缘退化过程模型,并基于加速因子不变原则建立了模型参数与加速应力的关系;构建了基于Copula函数的随机相关模型,采用两阶段贝叶斯参数估计方法进行参数估计,综合运用散点图、偏差信息准则（DIC）值以及Kendall τ的非参数估计值等方法进行随机相关模型选择,并采用蒙特卡罗仿真方法进行可靠度计算。最后采用实例验证了所提方法有效性,为考虑个体差异的贮存可靠性评估提供了技术支撑。      

径向基过程神经元网络及其应用研究

提出了一种径向基过程神经元网络,该网络模型为3层前向结构,由输入层、径向基过程神经元隐层和输出层组成.输入层到隐层的变换是非线性的,隐层到输出层的变换是线性的.隐层神经元完成对过程式输入信息的模式匹配和对时间的聚合运算,输出层对输入模式作出响应.在输入空间中引入函数正交基,将输入函数在正交基下展开,利用基函数的正交性,简化聚合运算过程.给出了相应的学习算法,并以旋转机械故障诊断问题为例验证了模型和方法的有效性.      

基于固定优先级航天器任务分层调度研究

在航天器自主控制结构中, 采用分层结构构建系统, 实现不同分组的软件互不影响执行. 针对固定优先级调度模型, 通过对分区可调度性和分区设计问题进行研究, 仔细考察了任务最大响应时间迭代计算过程, 提出了一种更为精确的求解算法; 在固定优先级任务利用率上限的基础上, 给出了分区任务可设计的判定条件; 通过利用价值函数, 给出了分区参数解析模型, 在此基础上, 提出了一种局部最优的设计方法来实现整个处理器的分区设计, 通过具体实例对所提出的分区分析和设计方法进行了验证.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.