Towards validation of SCIAMACHY lunar occultation NO2 vertical profiles

Vertical profiles of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) have been retrieved from moderate resolution lunar occultation transmission spectra measured by Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) on board the European Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT). These measurements were taken over the high southern latitude of 50°–90° during the period of 2003–2005. To assess the accuracy of the retrieved NO₂ profiles, the SCIAMACHY nighttime NO₂ profiles were compared with NO₂ profiles retrieved from sunrise solar occultation spectra measured by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments II (SAGE II) using a photochemical correction model. The validation results show good agreement of SCIAMACHY lunar occultation NO₂ with scaled HALOE and SAGE II profiles. The relative mean differences (rmd) with scaled HALOE profiles are within −13% to +5% and standard deviations (rms) of the relative differences are within 3–19% between 25 and 38 km. The rmd and rms with scaled SAGE II NO₂ profiles are in the range of −9 to +7 and 10–17% respectively between 22 and 39 km.     

Comparison of OClO nadir measurements from SCIAMACHY and GOME

The scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography was launched successfully onboard ENVISAT on March 1, 2002. It observes the solar radiation transmitted and backscattered from the atmosphere and reflected from the ground in nadir, limb and occultation viewing modes. Chlorine dioxide (OClO), an important indicator for stratospheric chlorine activation, can be measured in the UV spectral range by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS).

First results of the DOAS retrieval of OClO slant column densities from the SCIAMACHY nadir measurements are presented and compared to measurements of the global ozone monitoring experiment (GOME), which has successfully measured OClO since 1995. While SCIAMACHY operates in the same orbit, it measures ≈30 min earlier than GOME and has an increased spatial resolution (30 × 60 km² compared to 40 × 320 km² for GOME).     

135.6nm夜气辉峰值电子密度反演算法及误差

根据夜间135.6nm大气辉光光强与F₂层峰值电子密度N_mF₂平方成正比的物理机制,在前期夜间135.6nm气辉辐射激发模型研究的基础上建立了峰值电子密度的反演算法,把全球经纬度分成若干格点,每个格点的电离层及中性成分信息分别由IRI2000和MSISE90提供,将电离层及中性成分廓线输入夜气辉辐射激发模型,计算每个格点135.6nm气辉的辐射强度,然后将各个格点的135.6nm气辉辐射强度与电离层廓线输入的N_mF₂平方拟合得到气辉强度与N_mF₂的转换因子.利用此方法可获得不同地方时、季节和太阳活动周期的转换因子组成查算表,进而根据实际探测的135.6nm气辉辐射强度反演相应时空的N_mF₂.最后对该算法的反演误差进行了综合分析,为该算法适用的时空特性提供重要理论支撑.      

中国不同地区剩余臭氧及臭氧探空订正因子

根据中国不同地点臭氧探空数据，研究气球炸点臭氧浓度定值（CMR）法、卫星（SBUV和MLS）纬向平均法确定的剩余臭氧Ω_res及其对订正因子C_ref的影响，同时检验臭氧垂直分布对C_ref的贡献.结果显示: CMR法对气球炸点高度依赖性明显，且易高估Ω_res使C_ref整体低于100%；卫星纬向平均Ω_res对气球炸点高度不敏感，但在中国东部的臭氧总量高值区或青藏高原及低纬度臭氧低值地区，Ω_res呈现近10DU以上低值，这是经向臭氧总量及其垂直分布差异在卫星遥感数据上的反映.地面到100hPa的对流层臭氧（Ω_tro），100~10hPa的平流层臭氧（Ω_str）以及10hPa以上的Ω_res对C_ref贡献平均分别为（16±3.4）%，（65±2.3）%，（19±3.3）%.表明基于C_ref评估或订正探空仪平流层臭氧测值时，需考虑对流层臭氧及确定Ω_res方法的影响.卫星纬向平均法，特别是近似实测的SBUV臭氧廓线的值适用于确定Ω_res.      

一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差估算方法

GNSS不同频点间的码伪距作差会引入信号的差分码偏差(DCB),包括GNSS卫星及地面接收机的DCB.本文提出一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差参数估算方法,首先由电离层文件参数作线性插值,计算出电离层延迟误差.之后对IGS站观测文件进行加权最小二乘法估计,得到GPS卫星和地面GNSS接收机的L1C频点和L2P频点间码偏...     

Using the MIR bands in vegetation indices for the estimation of grassland biophysical parameters from satellite remote sensing in the Alps region of Trentino (Italy)

Development of new methods for estimating biophysical parameters can be considered one of the most important targets for the improvement of grassland parameters estimation at full canopy cover. In fact, accurate assessment methods of biophysical characteristics of vegetation are needed in order to avoid the uncertainties of carbon terrestrial sinks.

Remote sensing is a valid tool for scaling up ecosystem measurements towards landscape levels serving a wide range of applications, many of them being related to carbon-cycle models. The aim of this study was to test the suitability of satellite platform sensors in estimating grassland biophysical parameters such as LAI, biomass, phytomass, and Green herbage ratio (GR). Also, we wanted to compare some of the most common NIR and red/green-based vegetation indices with ones that also make use of the MIR band, in relation to their ability to predict grassland biophysical parameters.

Ground-truth measurements were taken on July 2003 and 2004 on the Monte Bondone plateau (Italian Alps, Trento district) in grasslands varying in land use and management intensities. From satellite platforms, an IRS-1C-LISS III image (18/07/2003; 25 m resolution in the visible-NIR and 70 m resolution in the MIR) and a SPOT 5 image (27/07/2004, 10 m resolution in the visible-NIR and MIR) were used.

LAI, biomass, and phytomass measurements showed logarithmic relationships with the investigated NIR and red/green-based indices. GreenNDVI showed the highest R² values (0.59, IRS 2003; 0.60, SPOT 2004). Index saturation occurred above approximately 100–150 g m⁻² of biomass (LAI 1.5–2). On the other hand, GR relationships were shown to be linear. MIR-based indices performed better than NIR and red/green-based ones in estimating biophysical variables, with no saturation effect. Biomass showed a linear regression with Canopy Index (MIR/green ratio) and with the Normalised Canopy Index (NCI) calculated as a normalised difference between MIR and green bands (IRS: R² = 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. SPOT: R² = 0.63 and 0.64). Similar correlations could also be found for LAI and phytomass, and GR predictability was shown to be higher than NDVI and GreenNDVI. According to these results obtained in the investigated areas, phytomass, biomass, LAI, and GR are linearly correlated with the investigated MIR band indices and as a result, these parameters could be estimated from the adopted satellite platforms with limited saturation problems.     

一种NRLMSISE-00模型太阳辐射校正方法

根据空间天气的状态,调整大气模型的相关输入参数能够减小模型的计算误差.通过对比CHAMP卫星在轨大气密度探测数据与NRLMSISE-00模式的计算结果发现,通过调整F_10.7的输入,使轨道大气密度积分的模式计算结果与探测结果之间的误差达到最小,此时的F_10.7被称为理想F_10.7输入（F*）.进一步的分析发现,F*与太阳紫外辐射MgII指数存在很好的相关性,因此可以选择其他的太阳紫外辐射代理参数取代F_10.7,从而减小模型计算误差.本文采用神经网络技术,建立新的太阳紫外辐射代理参量F_euv与MgII,F_10.7等的对应模型,能够根据当日参数值计算F_euv.研究结果表明,新的代理参数能够有效减小NRLMSISE-00的计算误差.      

基于最大似然估计的远紫外遥感反演电离层电子密度算法

原子氧135.6 nm夜气辉主要由氧离子O+与电子的辐射复合反应生成,一些星载远紫外遥感观测任务证实135.6 nm夜气辉可用于反演电离层电子密度。针对远紫外临边遥感观测反演电离层电子密度,分析了135.6 nm夜气辉辐射强度与电子密度之间的非线型前向模型,基于离散反演理论设计了从夜间135.6 nm临边观测数据反演电子密度高度分布的反演算法,算法应用最大似然估计通过迭代求解电离层参数的最佳拟合值。通过仿真计算了TIMED卫星上全球紫外成像仪GUVI观测的反演结果,验证了本反演算法的可行性。对GUVI的实际观测数据进行反演,获得了电子密度高度分布。通过与GUVI数据的电离层参数对比分析得出,本文建立的反演模型使N_mF₂被高估,同时使h_mF₂被低估。对于不同的太阳活动强度,N_mF₂和 h_mF₂的系统误差分别在10%和5%以内,能较精确地获得电离层参数。精确获得电离层电子密度信息对于提高空间天气预报及电离层模型的修正具有重要意义。      

Cometary atmosphere (gas and dust)

There is important progress now in the identifications and measurements of primary (parent) molecules in the inner coma of Comet Halley. H₂O, CO₂ and CO are definitely in the list, CH and some complicate organic molecules are suspected. Gas production rate for water vapor is Q_H2O 10³⁰ s⁻¹. The bulk of data doesn't contradict to the Whipple model of nucleus (with clathrate modification). Pronounced spatial structure of gaseous flow in the coma was observed, but in general measured properties of neutral gas in the coma of Comet Halley are not very different from predicted. Situation for dust is different. In situ dust measurements show that size spectrum and optical properties of particles in coma are substantively declining from predicted on the base of groundbased photometry. However there are discrepancies between Vega and Giotto dust counter data. Dust in the inner coma didn't prevent the succesful imaging of nucleus by TV on Vega 1 and 2.     

曲靖地区电离层多参数变化特征

利用电波环境观测网曲靖站电离层垂直探测仪数据（2008－2018）,分析了该站电离层多参数（包括f_min,f₀E_s,h'E_s,f₀E,f₀F₁,f₀F₂,h'F,MUF(3000)F₂等）随太阳活动、季节、地方时的变化特征。结果表明,f_min,f₀E_s,h'E_s随太阳活动变化不明显,f₀E,f₀F₁,f₀F₂,h'F,MUF(3000)F₂与太阳活动变化具有相关性,f₀F₂经常发生日落增强现象,同时各自具有独立性;与拉萨、乌鲁木齐地区f₀F₂,h'F,f₀E_s变化特征对比,发现地方时与月份变化趋势相同,但是极值出现的位置有所不同,这可能与各地区的地理纬度和地形等因素有关;h'F夜间大于白天,在日出日落时段有突然上升现象,冬季的h'F一般都小于其他季节;MUF(3000)F₂与f₀F₂的变化特征相似,白天值高于夜晚值,春秋分季高于夏冬季,太阳活动高年日落后MUF(3000)F₂一直维持较高值并持续到03:00－04:00 LT。      

基于QAR数据的碳当量值适航符合性验证方法

为评估飞机碳排放水平并验证适航性，对国际民用航空组织最新的碳排放认证程序进行了研究。以比航程（SAR）和基准几何因子（RGF）组成的综合指标碳当量值作为评估适航性的度量，根据飞机最大起飞重量（MTOM）值选取试飞测量点，并确定对应的飞机碳当量值限制线。提出了一种基于快速存储记录器（QAR）数据的飞机碳当量水平快速评估方法，利用新服役飞机的QAR数据，使用多参数支持向量机回归（SVR）方法分别建立燃油消耗率和飞行速度相对于推力的修正关系，通过飞机总重换算求解3个飞行测量点条件下的SAR值，并计算碳当量值。使用一架B777-200新飞机的QAR数据进行实例分析，计算结果显示，该机型碳当量值为1.598 7，超出限制线20.5%。提出的基于QAR数据的碳当量值计算方法可以用于飞机碳排放水平的快速评估。      

LMXB luminosity function and connection to globular cluster in early type galaxies

We derive bias-corrected X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of LMXBs detected in 14 E and S0 galaxies observed with Chandra. After correcting for incompleteness, the individual XLFs are statistically consistent with a single power-law. A break at or near L_X,Eddington , as previously reported, is not required in any individual case. The combined XLF with a reduced error, however, suggests a possible break at L_X = 5 × 10³⁸ erg s⁻¹, which may be consistent with the Eddington luminosity of neutron stars with the largest possible mass (3 M), or of He-enriched neutron star binaries. We confirm that the total X-ray luminosity of LMXBs is correlated with the the near-IR luminosities, but the scatter exceeds that expected from measurement errors. The scatter in L_X(LMXB)/L_K appears to be correlated with the specific frequency of globular clusters, as reported earlier.

We cross-correlate X-ray binaries with globular clusters determined by ground-based optical and HST observations in 6 giant elliptical galaxies. With the largest sample reported so far (300 GC LMXBs with a 5:2 ratio between red and blue GCs), we compare their X-ray properties, such as X-ray hardness, XLF and L_X/L_B and find no statistically significance difference between different groups of LMXBs. Regardless of their association with GCs, both GC and field LMXBs appear to follow the radial profile of the optical halo light, rather than that of more extended GCs. This suggests that while metallicity is a primary factor in the formation of LMXBs in GCs, there may be a secondary factor (e.g., encounter rate) playing a non-negligible role.     

Interplanetary shocks and geomagnetic activity during solar maximum (2000) and solar minimum (1995–1996)

Plasma and magnetic field parameter variations through fast forward interplanetary shocks were correlated with the peak geomagnetic activity index Dst in a period from 0 to 3 days after the shock, during solar maximum (2000) and solar minimum (1995–1996). Solar wind speed (V) and total magnetic field (B_t) were the parameters with higher correlations with peak Dst index. The correlation coefficients were higher during solar minimum (r² = 56% for V and 39% for B_t) than during solar maximum (r² = 15% for V and 12% for B_t). A statistical distribution of geomagnetic activity levels following interplanetary shocks was obtained. It was observed that during solar maximum, 36% and 28% of interplanetary shocks were followed by intense (Dst  −100 nT) and moderate (−50  Dst < −100 nT) geomagnetic activity, whereas during solar minimum 13% and 33% of the shocks were followed by intense and moderate geomagnetic activity. It can be concluded that the upstream/downstream variations of V and B_t through the shocks were the parameters better correlated with geomagnetic activity level, and during solar maximum a higher relative number of interplanetary shocks can be followed by intense geomagnetic activity than during solar minimum. One can extrapolate, for forecasting goals, that during a whole solar cycle a shock has a probability of around 50% to be followed by intense/moderate geomagnetic activity.     

Estimation of vertically integrated water vapor in Hungary using MODIS imagery

Information about the amount and spatial structure of atmospheric water vapor is essential in understanding meteorology and the Earth environment. Space-borne remote sensing offers a relatively inexpensive method to estimate atmospheric water vapor in the form of integrated water vapor (IWV). The research activity reported in the present paper is based on the data acquired by the HRPT/MODIS (High Resolution Picture Transmission, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) receiving station established in Budapest (Hungary) by the Space Research Group of the Eötvös Loránd University. Integrated water vapor is estimated by the remotely sensed data of the MODIS instrument with different methods and also by the operational numerical weather prediction model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Radiosonde data are used to evaluate the accuracy of the different IWV fields though it has been pointed out that the in situ data also suffers from uncertainties. It was found that both the MODIS and the ECMWF based fields are of good accuracy. The satellite data represent finer scale spatial structures while the ECMWF data have a relatively poor spatial resolution. The high quality IWV fields have proved to be useful for radiative transfer studies such as the atmospheric correction of other satellite data from times different than the overpass times of satellites Terra/Aqua and the forecast times of the model data. For this purpose the temporal variability of IWV is scrutinized both using ECMWF and MODIS data. Taking advantage of Terra and Aqua overpasses, the mean rate of change of IWV estimated by the near infrared method was found to be 0.47 ± 0.45 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, while it was 0.13 ± 0.65 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ based on the infrared method. The numerical weather prediction model’s analysis data estimated −0.01 ± 0.13 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for the mean growth rate, while using forecast data it was 0.24 ± 0.18 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. MODIS data should be used when available for the estimation of the IWV in other studies. If no satellite data are available, or available data are only from one overpass, ECMWF based IWV can be used. In this case the analysis fields (or the satellite field) should be used for temporal extrapolation but the rate of change should be calculated from the forecast data due to its higher temporal resolution.     

The total ozone and UV solar radiation over Stara Zagora,Bulgaria

The results from direct ground-based solar UV irradiance measurements and the total ozone content (TOC) over Stara Zagora (42° 25′N, 25° 37′E), Bulgaria are presented. During the period 1999–2003 the TOC data show seasonal variations, typical for the middle latitudes – maximum in the spring and minimum in the autumn. The comparison between TOC ground-based data and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite-borne ones shows a seasonal dependence of the differences between them.A strong negative relationship between the total ozone and the 305 nm wavelength irradiance was found. The dependence between the two variables is significant (r = −0.62 ± 0.18) at 98% confidence level.The direct sun UV doses for some specific biological effects (erythema and eyes) are obtained. The estimation of the radiation amplification factor RAF shows that the ozone reduction by 1% increases the erythemal dose by 2.3%. The eye-damaging doses are more influenced by the TOC changes and in this case RAF = −2.7%.The amount of these biological doses depended on the solar altitude over the horizon. This dependence was not so strong when the total ozone content in the atmosphere was lower.     

Retrieval of vegetation equivalent water thickness from reflectance using genetic algorithm (GA)-partial least squares (PLS) regression

This study aimed to investigate the performance of genetic algorithms coupled with partial least squares (GA-PLS) modeling of spectral reflectance in retrieving equivalent water thickness (EWT) at leaf and canopy level. A genetic algorithm was used to identify a subset of spectral bands sensitive to the variation in EWT, and PLS was then applied to relate the identified bands to EWT values. GA-PLS was applied to leaf level reflectance available from LOPEX dataset, and canopy data includes reflectance simulated by a leaf radiative transfer model PROSPECT and a canopy radiative transfer model SAILH and acquired by airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS). The results indicate that GA-PLS has the capability of retrieving EWT from leaf and canopy reflectance, and achieved good estimation accuracy, i.e. low root mean square errors (RMSE) and high squared correlation coefficients (R²). For the retrieval at leaf level, the estimation accuracy can be as good as RMSE = 0.0019 g/cm² and R² = 0.939 or better. For the retrieval at canopy level, the model accuracy is RMSE = 0.0061 g/cm² and R² = 0.966 or better when PROSPECT-SAILH simulated reflectance was used; when AVIRIS image spectra were used, the model accuracy is RMSE = 0.0094 g/cm² and R² = 0.8734 for the calibration, and RMSE = 0.0132 g/cm² and R² = 0.7756 for the validation. These results from GA-PLS modeling support the conclusion that GA-PLS has the potential to be applied to AVIRIS, Hyperion and HyMap imagery for retrieving EWT. The selected bands for the AVIRIS datasets differ from those for the LOPEX and PROSPECT-SAILH simulated datasets, and this inconsistence of the selected bands for different datasets indicates that the GA-PLS method has the advantage of tuning the optimum bands for PLS regression and accommodating the effects of confounding factors.     

风云三号C星GNOS北斗掩星电离层探测初步结果

利用风云三号卫星C星GNOS掩星探测仪电离层数据,分析了2013年10月FY-3C GNOS探测的北斗掩星电离层廓线分布,将2013年10月1日至2015年10月10日期间FY-3C GNOS观测的F₂层峰值电子密度（N_mF₂）与地面电离层测高仪观测结果进行对比,验证了FY-3C GNOS北斗电离层掩星的探测精度.结果表明,FY3-C GNOS北斗电离层掩星与电离层测高仪探测的N_mF₂数据相关系数为0.96,平均偏差为10.21%,标准差为19.61%.在不同情况下其数据精度有如下特征:白天精度高于夜晚;夏季精度高于分季,分季精度高于冬季;中纬地区精度高于低纬地区,低纬地区精度高于高纬地区; BDS倾斜同步轨道（IGSO）卫星精度高于同步轨道（GEO）卫星和中轨道（MEO）卫星.FY-3C GNOS北斗电离层掩星与国际上其他掩星电离层数据精度的一致性对GNSS掩星探测资料的综合利用具有重大意义.      

卡尔曼滤波和自相关分析方法短期预报电离层f0F2的比较

电离层参数f₀F₂的预报是电离层研究的一个重要方向.本文选取2011年北京、长春、青岛和苏州四个常规观测站的f₀F₂数据,分别采用卡尔曼滤波、自相关分析法和国际参考电离层模型（IRI）对f₀F₂实施短期预报（提前1h预报）,并通过与实际观测数据的对比,对三种方法预报f₀F₂的性能进行了比较.研究结果表明,在磁平静时期,采用卡尔曼滤波方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方误差为0.532MHz,相对误差8.11%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.47MHz和14.58%;采用自相关分析方法进行f₀F₂预报的均方根误差为0.967MHz,相对误差11.46%,比国际电离层参考模型的均方误差和相对误差分别降低1.035MHz和11.23%.比较结果说明二者对f₀F₂短期预报的精度相对于国际电离层参考模型均有大幅提升.对磁暴期间三种方法的预测性能做了进一步比较,试验结果表明卡尔曼滤波短期预报性能总体上优于自相关分析法,这为f₀F₂短期预报的方法选择提供了一定指导.      

Diagnosing the storm-time ring current and other magnetospheric plasma domains using relativistic electron data

Ring current ions and relativistic electrons simultaneously measured on board MOLNIYA-1 are analyzed in comparison with the ground-based magnetometer data for the period of a strong magnetic storm (|D_st|max≈230 nT). Injection of >500 keV electrons into the slot region (L≈3) near equatorial plane is occurred on time scale ≈1 hour, when, during the magnetic storm maximum, the extreme low-latitude position of auroral electrojets is reached and ring current becomes more symmetrical. Positions of both the ring current maximum and electron intensity maximum (L_max) are consistent to our previous result: |D_st|_max = 2.75 • 10⁴/L⁴_max. An extreme storm-time low-latitude position of the west electrojet center (for amplitudes of |D_st|_max up to 600 nT) is shown to be in a good consistence with this empirical dependence. It is supposed the trapped radiation boundary collapses down to L≈L_max in the course of the storm main phase.     

基于活动区面积统计的F10.7指数预报方法

太阳10.7cm射电流量（F_10.7）是反映太阳整体活动的重要指标,其主要源头是日面活动区.F_10.7指数与日面活动区具有显著的相关性,且不同面积的活动区与F_10.7并不遵循相同的线性关系.为进一步提高F_10.7预报的准确性,利用日面活动区面积与F_10.7的相关性,依据面积大小分类,提出F_10.7的预报公式并进行验证.采用2008-2018年SWPC （Space Weather Prediction Center）公布的活动区面积数据和CSWFC （Canadan Space Weather Forecast Center）公布的F_10.7实测数据计算预报公式系数,利用高年（2003年）和低年（1997年）的F_10.7预报验证其结果.研究结果表明,预报结果与实测值的相关系数分别为0.9318和0.9295,二者皆优于SWPC同时期的预报结果（相关系数分别为0.9186和0.8771）.本研究首次基于活动区的变化预测了F_10.7,提高了F_10.7预测的准确性.