气动谐振管内压力振荡数值计算

为了研究气动谐振管内的加热现象,采用二维轴对称Euler方程组和显式MacCormack格式对谐振管内的非定常振荡流场进行了数值模拟.针对不同压力的驱动气体进行了计算,得到了谐振管底端压力振荡时间历程以及谐振管内其它气动参数的变化规律,确认了谐振管内的压力振荡是由于激波和膨胀波交替进出谐振管引起的,而且与驱动气体的压力相关.计算所得的谐振管底端压力振荡曲线与实验结果相一致,表明了所采用的数值方法对分析谐振管内的振荡流动过程是适用的.     

环形喷嘴气动谐振加热性能

为了研究环形喷嘴的气动谐振加热性能,采用高精度高分辨率的NND格式差分求解二维轴对称雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,对环形喷嘴-谐振管系统气动谐振加热过程中谐振管内振荡流动过程进行了数值仿真,并对不同面积的环形喷嘴-谐振管系统进行了数值模拟.研究结果表明:环形喷嘴与圆喷嘴具有相似的谐振加热规律和流场特征,即利用环形喷嘴同样可在谐振管内产生强烈的高频激波振荡.随着环形喷嘴面积减小,每一个谐振周期中的谐振温升逐渐减小.而其能够产生强烈谐振的间距小于圆喷嘴-谐振管系统的间距,在小间距时可以在很宽的喷嘴入口压力范围内产生强烈的谐振,这为气动谐振点火器的结构小型化和工程实用性提供了理论依据.     

气动谐振加热效应的数值模拟

为研究谐振管内部的流动情况,建立了喷嘴-圆柱形谐振管系统的模型,利用二阶NND格式求解二维轴对称雷诺平均N-S方程,通过耦合求解传热方程在边界条件中考虑谐振管的传热,模拟气动谐振加热效应,得到了谐振管底部气体的压力与温度振荡曲线,计算结果与实验结果较为一致.结果表明,在约20 ms内即可完成对谐振管底部气体的谐振加热,且谐振管的传热是影响气动谐振加热温度的重要因素,在数值模拟中对其加以考虑可以提高计算准确性.      

垂直激波条件下能量粒子加速机制的模拟研究

在具有湍动的磁场和垂直激波条件下对大量测试粒子的轨迹进行了数值计算,研究了激波强度和粒子初始能量对于粒子穿越激波的平均能量变化的影响,分析了漂移加速(SDA)在不同条件下对粒子加速的贡献,并给出了一个与数值结果相符合的漂移加速理论公式△E=amvivup(1-1/s).结果表明,加入磁场湍流后,垂直激波条件下粒子仍主要受到漂移加速作用,而基于粒子引导中心的耗散漂移加速理论在此条件下失效.      

快速大时间步长熵条件格式的分辨率研究

提出了高分辨率快速大时间步长熵条件格式的构造方法.用激波管问题对一族熵条件格式进行研究.在精度、步长、限制器方面进行了详细的数值实验,研究了同样计算量下各种格式的表现品质.从理论上保证了大时间步长格式的无振荡性质,从具体的数值实验分析中确定了大时间步长格式的分辨率问题.      

脉冲爆震火箭发动机收敛扩张喷管数值模拟

排气喷管是脉冲爆震火箭发动机(PDRE)的重要部件,对提高发动机的推进性能起着重要的作用.应用特征线法给出一维CJ爆震波在理想爆震管内传播过程的解析解.对爆震波到达爆震管口后,发动机的非定常排气过程进行了二维轴对称数值模拟.数值模拟结果形象地反应了非定常流场的演变,详细讨论了激波和涡等的发展变化过程.所选用的收敛扩张喷管能够提高发动机性能达到18.24％.      

微型探头-传感系统高频响应特性模型适应性

为了拓宽微型探头-传感系统的可用频带,满足高频压力信号的测量需求,需对系统的频率响应特性进行研究,并分析现有数学模型对不同结构微型探头-传感系统的适用性及预测精度。对5种典型结构的微型探头-传感系统进行了判定和划分,综述了现有微型探头-传感系统的频响预测模型、假设条件及模型修正方法。为对理论数学模型进行定量评价,计算得到了不同结构微型探头-传感系统的谐振频率、截止频率和工作频带（幅值误差±5%）,并与数值仿真和实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:对于引压管较短的谐振腔,利用Panton模型计算其谐振频率,误差可控制在1%以内;对于引压管较长及带有测压孔的结构,B-T模型的预测精度最高。对实验用微型探头-传感系统进行了优化设计,并用于超声速凝结自激振荡现象的研究。结果表明:优化的微型探头-传感系统频响特性可满足高频（约10 kHz）压力波动信号的动态测量需求。      

不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流流型及空隙率分布的数值模拟

基于VOF方法建立了不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流动的三维非稳态数学模型并进行了数值求解, 研究了10-4g₀, 0.17g₀, 0.38g₀, 1g₀ (g₀=9.8m·s-2)四种重力条件下水平管内气液两流型及变化规律, 比较了不同重力条件下管内截面空隙率的分布和波动规律. 研究结果表明, 该模型能够正确预测不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流的流型、截面空隙率和滑速比等重要参数; 同一气液两相表观速度工况下, 随着重力水平的升高, 气相更容易在水平管的上部积聚合并, 致使流型发生变化, 同时, 气液两相滑速比增大, 截面空隙率波动峰值的平均值下降, 波动频率降低; 而随着气液两相表观速度的增大, 两相混合工质内惯性力作用也随之增强, 这将削弱重力变化的影响.      

Roe格式中不同类型熵修正性能分析

针对Roe格式中较为流行的3类熵修正:Muller型、Harten-Yee型和Harten-Hyman型熵修正,从理论分析入手, 辅以Euler方程为控制方程的激波管问题,前台阶流动和运动激波的双马赫反射3个数值实验,对不同熵修正的性能做了深入研究,得出如下结论: Muller型和Harten-Yee型熵修正方法作用于激波和非物理的膨胀激波2种情况:激波情况下引入的数值耗散,能根本改善"Carbuncle"现象,膨胀激波时其数值粘性也足以使膨胀激波得以耗散;而类Harten-Hyman型熵修正只对膨胀过程起修正作用,对激波情况无效,不能改善"Carbuncle"现象,该类熵修正的数值粘性较小,不足以使膨胀过程正确求解;直接采用 δ 值代替特征值的特征值修正方法效果好于传统的特征值修正方法.     

喷管分离流动及其侧向载荷

利用商业软件CFX对某液体火箭大面积比喷管地面条件下的分离流动进行了三维数值模拟.计算获得了喷管入口总压从8MPa减小到1MPa时的流场参数分布和侧向力载荷情况.结果表明,随着入口总压的降低,喷管内流场会依次经历自由激波分离和受限激波分离两种分离激波模态.受限激波分离模态下喷管壁面压强具有较大波动,再附着点压强甚至高于环境压强.流动分离情况下,喷管将受到一定侧向载荷作用,载荷方向随机分布.入口总压为4MPa时计算得到的侧向载荷最大,实际侧向载荷峰值可能出现在自由激波分离与受限激波分离转换瞬间.     

Reevaluation of thermosphere heating by auroral electrons

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by precipitating auroral electrons. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly lower than previous determinations below 200 km altitude. The neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by the energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O₂ because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere. This paper also presents a new way of calculating the heating rate per ionization that can be used for efficient determination of the overall neutral gas heating for global thermosphere models. The heating rates are relatively insensitive to the neutral atmosphere when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations were performed with the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) model using a 2-stream auroral electron precipitation model. The heating rate calculations in this paper differ from previous heating rate calculations in the treatment of backscattered electrons to produce better agreement with observed flux spectra. This paper shows that more realistic model auroral electron spectra can be obtained by reflecting the up going flux back to the ionosphere at the upper boundary of the model. In this case, the neutral gas heating rates are 20%–25% higher than when the backscattered flux escapes from the ionosphere.     

Gas permeability and flow characterization of simulated lunar regolith

Recent discoveries of water ice trapped within lunar topsoil (regolith) have placed a new emphasis on the recovery and utilization of water for future space exploration. Upon heating the lunar ice to sublimation, the resulting water vapor could theoretically transmit through the lunar regolith, to be captured on the surface. As the permeability of lunar regolith is essential to this process, this paper seeks to experimentally determine the permeability and flow characteristics of various gas species through simulated lunar regolith (SLR). Two different types of SLR were compacted and placed into the permeability setup to measure the flow-rate of transmitted gas through the sample. Darcy’s permeability constant was calculated for each sample and gas combination, and flow characteristics were determined from the results. The results show that Darcy’s permeability constant varies with SLR compaction density, and identified no major difference in permeable flow between the several tested gas species. Between the two tested SLR types, JSC-1A was shown to be more permeable than NU-LHT under similar conditions. In addition, a transition zone was identified in the flow when the gas pressure differential across the sample was less than ∼40 kPa.     

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron resonance heating in the VASIMR

Plasma physics has found an increasing range of practical industrial applications, including the development of electric spacecraft propulsion systems. One of these systems, the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR) engine, both applies several important physical processes occurring in the magnetosphere. These processes include the mechanisms involved in the ion acceleration and heating that occur in the Birkeland currents of an auroral arc system. Auroral current region processes that are simulated in VASIMR include lower hybrid heating, parallel electric field acceleration and ion cyclotron acceleration. This paper will focus on using a physics demonstration model VASIMR to study ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). The major purpose is to provide a VASIMR status report to the COSPAR community. The VASIMR uses a helicon antenna with up to 20 kW of power to generate plasma. This plasma is energized by an RF booster stage that uses left hand polarized slow mode waves launched from the high field side of the ion cyclotron resonance. The present setup for the booster uses 2–4 MHz waves with up to 20 kW of power. This process is similar to the ion cyclotron heating in tokamaks, but in the VASIMR the ions only pass through the resonance region once. The rapid absorption of ion cyclotron waves has been predicted in recent theoretical studies. These theoretical predictions have been supported with several independent measurements in this paper. The ICRH produced a substantial increase in ion velocity. Pitch angle distribution studies show that this increase takes place in the resonance region where the ion cyclotron frequency is equal to the frequency on the injected RF waves. Downstream of the resonance region the perpendicular velocity boost should be converted to axial flow velocity through the conservation of the first adiabatic invariant as the magnetic field decreases in the exhaust region of the VASIMR. In deuterium plasma, 80% efficient absorption of 20 kW of ICRH input power has been achieved. No evidence for power limiting instabilities in the exhaust beam has been observed.     

自由分子流微电热推力器流动模拟与性能预示

为了精确的预示自由分子流推力器(FMMR)在不同工质、工况下的性能,采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法模拟FMMR内气体流动,计算了不同工质气体、工作压强和加热温度条件下的FMMR推力、比冲等性能,分析了工质、工作压强和加热温度对FMMR性能的影响。计算和分析结果表明,工质气体的选择不影响FMMR的推力性能,但随着工质气体相对分子质量的减小,推力器比冲迅速增加;在总压50~500Pa,温度300~600K条件下,推力器的比冲随总压和加热温度的增大而增加,推力随加热温度增大而减小,随总压增大而增大。     

真空同心管套的热分析

真空同心管套涉及传导、辐射等传热方式,其中低压气体的热传导非常复杂,是分析问题的关键。对处于不同隔热措施的真空同心管套内辐射换热和气体导热予以准确的描述,建立了传热模型。并在考虑材料真空放气的情况下,计算了管套的当量导热系数。所用方法和技术可用于空间热物理等领域中类似问题。     

宽带固态噪声源自动校准系统

主要介绍宽带固态噪声源自动校准系统ＨＰ８５１２０Ａ的用途、系统组成，主要技术指标和基本工作原理。所编制的各种系统运算软件，适合固态源和气体放电管噪声源的校准运用。给出了校准系统的误差分析。     

新颖机动变轨化学火箭发动机头部研究

为研究轻型、可靠、环保的空间站机动变轨发动机,在氢/氧液体火箭发动机头部设计中引入了新型气动谐振点火技术.结合发动机推力室设计以及同轴氢氧谐振点火器研究,确定了用富燃的谐振点火火炬与剩余主体氧气再燃烧的发动机头部整体方案.通过对几种主氧喷嘴下发动机头部结构方案研究,选定了主氧喷嘴结构形式.针对发动机要求快速起动、点火响应时间短的关键技术,提出了几种研究实现途径,包括谐振加热装置的结构形式优化、参数匹配优化、材料改进以及点火组元进入时序研究等,以提高气动谐振装置的加热速度及点火能量集聚效率,最终实现了发动机起动时间达到0.2?s以内.