振动与冲击传感器的温度响应校准

振动与冲击传感器的灵敏度(校准系数)、阻尼比和谐振频率均为温度的函数。灵敏度随温度变化的特性称之为温度响应。从分析目前传感器温度响应测试方法存在的问题入手,着重介绍了将激光测振应用于温响校准的实施方法、原理和校准装置的技术性能。     

扫频绝压校准装置的设计与实现

介绍了扫频绝压校准装置的设计与实现，该校准装置不仅能产生绝压正弦压力信号，还可以产生绝压扫频压力信号，可以在给定频率点对绝压传感器进行幅值灵敏度和相位的测量，也可直接测出绝压传感器在给定频率段的幅频特性曲线和相频特性曲线，校准装置的工作频率范围为（1～5000）Hz，工作压力范围为（1～200）kPa。     

振动与冲击传感器温度响应校准不确定度估算

当在温度响应校准装置上用振动与冲击传感器进行温度响应和温度频率响应测试时,其精度受随机误差和系统误差的影响。根据误差理论,并通过辅助实验,工程判断和对测量系统固有特性的分析,确定了各项误差,并计算出该系统的校准不确定度:激光绝对法——1％～3％;比较法——3％～5％。     

基于直线光路布局的纹影法测量火焰温度

测量火焰不同位置的温度对研究火焰结构具有重要意义.目前纹影法测量火焰温度多采用Z型布局的光路.为了在未来空间实验中将纹影法与其他光学方法集成开展多类型实验观测，摒弃了纹影法传统的Z型光路，采用直线型光路布局，针对光源、透镜、刀口切割量等因素对纹影系统灵敏度的影响开展研究，优化了直线型纹影系统.以蜡烛火焰为研究对象，对优化后的纹影系统进行标定，观测了其纹影图像，计算了蜡烛火焰中多处位置的火焰温度，并将计算结果与实测结果进行比较.结果表明，采用本研究设计的直线型纹影系统可以实现对火焰温度的精确测量.      

一种压力传感器温度响应校准装置

介绍用于测试压力传感器温度特性的YWZ—1型压力传感器温度响应校准装置。简述了该装置的各组成部分、数据采集系统及分析计算用的专用软件、装置的关键技术和为保证稳定可靠工作而采取的有力措施以及测量结果的数据处理方法。列举了两个应用实例,给出了相应的温度修正曲线方程。     

带温控系统的10kN·m扭矩标准装置研究

介绍了带温控系统的扭矩标准装置的结构、功能和设计原则，研究了带有温度控制系统的扭矩标准装置的电气性能,实现了扭矩传感器在实际变化温度下的扭矩量值校准，解决了静态恒温校准的扭矩传感器用于现场变温环境下的量传难题,为扭矩现场量值传递提供了可靠数据。     

贴片式压力传感器温度响应特性研究

在-50℃～100℃温度范围内对贴片式压力传感器温度响应特性进行校准,结果表明,贴片式压力传感器非线性、迟滞和重复性技术指标受温度影响变化不大,但是,与常温输出相比,其工作直线的截距和斜率发生了变化。因此,根据贴片式压力传感器实际工作温度进行校准是确保其输出精度的有效方法。     

振动校准现状及发展综述

介绍了振动传感器灵敏度的校准、国内外的现状、及发展趋势,并对几种先进的校准装置的工作原理、校准方法及校准不确定度进行了分析.     

压力传感器动态校准不确定度评定

压力传感器动态校准不确定度是表征其测量精度的重要指标.提出一种用于压力传感器动态校准不确定度评价的灰色方法.首先,使用正弦压力发生器产生标准的正弦压力信号驱动被校传感器,获取传感器特征输出;然后采用灰色关联分析处理传感器特征数据,得到权重数列;之后建立灰色模型并计算出各校准频率点的灰色偏度;最后采用加权最小二乘法去拟合以得到的工作频率范围内所有频率点的不确定数据,建立起被校压力传感器的动态校准不确定度模型.设置了幅值变化及不变两种情况下的实验验证方案,使用本文所提灰方法及黄方法分别对各方案下的数据进行处理;实验结果的对比表明:两种方案下所得动态校准不确定度曲线模型具有一致性;其中幅值变化情况下,两种方法在指定校准频率点所得校准不确定度的相对误差优于6%,在测试频率点相对误差也小于10%;幅值不变情况下,在大部分频率点处所得相对误差普遍小于5%,部分优于0.018%.实验分析证明,所提灰方法能很可靠地评估压力传感器动态校准不确定度.      

基于力传感器的压力电测系统准静态校准方法研究

针对现有基于落锤装置的比对式准静态压力校准方法中存在的问题,提出了一种通过力传感器来校准压力电测系统的方法。阐述了力监测压力校准方法的原理,介绍了专用力传感器的设计思路,推导了力和压力的理论模型,在此基础上开展了多组校准试验,通过最小二乘法得出了力和压力的线性关系数学模型,并通过多组重复性试验对模型的稳定性进行了考核。试验结果表明,力峰值和压力峰值之间存在良好的线性关系,而且模型的稳定性较高,与现有的比对式准静态校准方法测得的压力峰值相比,模型的计算误差不超过0.95%,该方法可作为一种有效的压力校准方法。     

利用青海湖对FY—1C、FY—2B气象卫星热红外通道进行在轨辐射定标

介绍利用青海湖辐射校正场对FY－1C、FY2B气象卫星热红外通道进行在轨辐射定标，先用CE312野外热红外辐射计在水面测量水表辐亮度，再经大气订正传递到卫星入瞳处，大气订正包括大气吸收削弱和大气产生热发射影响，这两部分对卫星信号的贡献通过辐射传输模式MODTRAN37计算出来，同时进行CE312与卫星通道光谱响应匹配，最终得到卫星入瞳处的表观辐亮度，这个辐亮度与卫星通道的计数值得到该通道绝对定标系数。我们对两颗卫星进行了多次定标，结果表明利用青海湖进行的在轨定标与星上定标系数相差5％左右，相当于3K的亮温差。     

基于样条曲线插值的压力传感器的温度补偿

提出了基于三次样条曲线插值的温度补偿方法,用这种方法对测压范围为0.013 3×105~3.198 9×105 Pa,温度应用范围为-55~+80℃的高精度谐振筒压力传感器的实验标定结果进行了温度补偿.为加快标定过程,给出了传感器标定点数的减少方案.结果表明,在传感器的标定点数减少2/3的情况下,提出的温度补偿方法的综合误差为0.007 9%,约是基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的温度补偿方法的1/2,从而有效减少了传感器的标定成本和工作量.这对于解决高精度压力传感器的温度补偿问题具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值.      

一种薄膜热电堆热流传感器灵敏度系数的实验研究

为应对长时间、高频响、高热流密度条件下的热流密度测试要求，通过热沉体设计发展了一种新型热阻式薄膜热电堆热流传感器，并利用对比标定的方法、采用辐射标定方式确定各个此类型传感器的灵敏度系数。标定实验数据表明：该类型热流传感器的灵敏度系数与感应面温度相关，且在高于一定温度之上校正关系式不同于以往的线性关系而呈现出二次非线性关系。通过分析可知：呈现出二次非线性校正关系式的原因主要是依赖于温度的热阻层导热系数以及薄膜热电偶Seebeck 系数。实验数据以及分析结果为该类型热流传感器的标定和优化设计提供了参考，同时确保了该类型热流传感器在使用过程中获得准确、可靠的热流测试数据。     

Optical chemical sensors for environmental control and system management.

Several fiber optic based chemical sensors have been developed for use in plant growth systems and enclosed life support systems. Optical chemical sensors offer several distinct advantages in terms of sensitivity, calibration stability, immunity to biofouling and electrical interference, and ease of multiplexing sensors for multipoint/multiparameter analysis. Also, the ability to locate fiber optic sensors in close proximity to plant roots or leaves should improve the measurement reliability by obviating the need for handling and transport which can compromise sample integrity. Polestar Technologies and GEO-CENTERS have developed and tested many types of optical chemical sensors which utilize novel glass and polymeric materials as the sensor substrate. Analytes are detected using immobilized colorimetric indication systems or molecular recognition elements. Typically transduction is via wavelength specific absorption changes with multiwavelength detection for drift compensation. Sensors have been developed for solution pH, NH3, ethylene, CO2, and dissolved metal ions. In addition, unique PC-compatible optoelectronic interfaces, as well as distributed measurement systems, so that integrated detection systems are now available. In this paper recent efforts to develop sensors for critical nutrient ions are presented.     

激光测距传感器光束矢向和零点位置标定方法

激光测距传感器常用于飞机壁板法向检测。为了解决激光测距传感器加工和安装误差导致的法向检测精度下降问题,提出和实施了一种利用几何数学模型和最小二乘法进行激光测距传感器光束矢向和零点位置标定的方法。首先,利用角度标定理论获取激光束与主轴进给方向的夹角。然后,借助激光跟踪仪建立坐标系,根据激光测距传感器射在与电主轴进给方向成不同夹角的平面上的测量值,利用几何数学模型计算出各激光点之间的相对坐标,运用最小二乘法拟合出激光束的空间方程,进而得到光束矢向和零点位置。最后,在航空制孔机器人平台上进行标定实验,并且根据标定结果进行了实验验证。实验结果证明:该方法能够较为准确地标定出激光测距传感器的光束矢向和零点位置,可使法向检测精度在0.18°内。      

Physical properties of cometary dust: Relation of DIDSY data to grain properties

The Dust Impact Detection System (DIDSY) for the Giotto Halley Mission consists of two types of sensors for the detection of cometary dust particles: two impact plasma sensors and five piezo-electric momentum sensors. One sensor of each type is covered by a penetration film. A 1 μm thick aluminum film covers an impact plasma sensor. One momentum sensor is mounted onto the rear shield behind the 1 mm front shield made from aluminum. The parameters measured are the total charge released upon impact and the amplitude of the acoustic signal generated by the impact. Both quantities depend on the mass and speed of the impacting particles. At the impact speed of 68 km/sec the mass of cometary dust particles can be determined in the mass range from 10⁻¹⁷ g to 10⁻³ g. From the difference in the countrates measured by the sensors with and without penetration film the average bulk density of dust particles of masses 10⁻¹⁴ g and 10⁻⁶ g can be determined. With appropriate calibration an accuracy of a factor of 2 for both the mass and density determination can be obtained.     

Sensor calibration impacts on dust detection based on MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands

Dust detection using remotely sensed measurements has been one of the challenging problems encountered by atmospheric scientists. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (T) and Aqua (A) platforms have been a versatile sensor for well over 21 and 18 years respectively, and have been extremely useful in the retrieval of aerosol information over the entire globe. The MODIS radiances from the Level 1B in general are expected to be within 5% accuracy in the reflective wavelengths and within 1% in the thermal emissive wavelengths. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of previously developed dust detection technique based on thermal emissive wavelengths, which correspond to MODIS bands 20, 29, 31, and 32 respectively. The Thermal Emissive Dust Index (TEDI) performed very comparably to the traditional Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) retrievals by MODIS reflective channels. Since the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) are well calibrated on-orbit using a BlackBody (BB) source, the calibration of these long wave infrared bands is quite robust. As A-MODIS continues to perform well beyond its designed lifetime of 6 years, the instrument has undergone various levels of degradation during its mission time. As a consequence, it is imperative to check the impacts of calibration on the higher-level retrievals. In this paper, we rigorously analyze the sensitivity of TEDI due to the impact of calibration by the afore-mentioned TEB. The perturbation of the dominant (linear) calibration term demonstrated the following: first, there was a correlation in the sensitivity of the TEDI due to the uncertainty in the linear calibration term. Based on a perturbation in the linear calibration term for all aforementioned bands over a range of ±5% yielded the TEDI sensitivity to vary from approximately ?3.2% to about ?3.6%. When considering the uncertainty in each individual band significant changes were observed. The least change was observed for the perturbation in the calibration of band 20 with the TEDI sensitivity and the largest sensitivity in TEDI was observed in the perturbation of band 31 calibration. Thus, in the case of TEDI, noticeable sensitivity due to calibration uncertainty was observed in bands 29, 31, and 32, reiterating the importance of the TEB calibration in these bands. Also, the dust detection scheme based on A-MODIS was successfully transferred to the follow-on sensors such as Suomi (SNPP) and NOAA 20 (N20) VIIRS. The results presented in this paper would be extremely helpful in understanding impacts of calibration on the higher-level products for both current and future missions based on the MODIS heritage. Finally, the work also identifies the importance of radiometric fidelity in maintaining the accuracy of the dust detection. Results presented will show drastic improvement of the Saharan dust detection after the reduction of the electronic crosstalk in the 8.5 µm channel of T-MODIS.