一种高效利用天基激光能量清除空间碎片的方法

针对日益增长的空间碎片污染太空环境问题,建立了天基激光能量清除空间碎片的降轨模型。重点讨论了速度增量与空间碎片速度的夹角对近地点高度降低的影响,并考虑到天基平台与空间碎片作用距离的影响,从能量利用率的角度出发,提出了能量分配系数（CEA）的概念。基于CEA,设计出关于脉冲激光能量分配的策略,并与脉冲激光能量平均方式清除空间碎片的方式进行对比分析,说明了脉冲激光能量分配策略的有效性,提高了天基激光能量利用能力,达到了高效清除空间碎片的目的。     

地基激光清除空间碎片的策略

空间碎片的清除策略是实现地基激光主动清除厘米级空间碎片的关键技术之一.为了制定有效的清除策略,首先对在碎片轨道不同位置上速度分量的变化对其新轨道近地点高度的影响进行了研究,指明了3种不同速度分量变化的降轨效果的差异;然后结合地基激光的几何和物理特性,推导了确定有效变轨区域的约束条件;最后据此提出了地基激光以连续脉冲变轨方式清除空间碎片的通用策略,并通过仿真实验,实现了利用地基激光清除空间碎片的目的,也验证了该清除策略的有效性.     

空间碎片能量转化利用技术

针对目前空间碎片问题,提出空间碎片发动机概念,立足于使用捕获到的空间碎片,转化为发动机可用的推进剂。在完成碎片清理目标的同时,获得可持续的动力来源,延长清理器的工作寿命。针对空间碎片制粉的方法进行研究,提出使用球磨仪对金属样本进行研磨。使用转刀式粉碎机对非金属材料进行粉碎。通过实验发现,多数粉末粒径达到微米量级。针对空间碎片粉末推进方式进行研究,提出使用静电加速推进方式对粉末进行加速。空间碎片发动机虽然起源于空间碎片清理任务,但是可持续的推进剂供应,也将为小行星探测等任务提供更好的思路。     

空间碎片消旋柔性冲击末端设计与分析

根据机械冲击式主动消旋方法的特点,设计了变压力柔性冲击末端.考虑到变压力柔性末端的流固耦合作用,通过分析内部气体压力对末端刚度的影响,确定了压力阈值并展开优化设计.对柔性冲击末端与空间碎片之间的碰撞力进行了理论分析与实验研究,建立了柔性末端与空间碎片碰撞的接触模型,设计了冲击与测量实验系统,修正了摩擦模型,通过冲击实验验证模型与实验结果吻合较好,法向碰撞力和切向摩擦力模型计算误差分别小于6.7%和6.9%.研究表明变压力柔性末端设计合理有效,满足空间碎片消旋要求,对发展空间碎片捕获方法具有重要指导意义.     

卫星发射对空间碎片环境影响分析

未来航天发射情况直接影响空间碎片环境,必须对其进行合理规划,以维护外空长期可持续发展.利用中国自主建立的空间碎片长期演化模型（SOLEM）,结合蒙特卡洛方法,量化分析了空间物体发射数量、发射质量、发射面积等因子对未来空间碎片环境的影响,进一步研究了大型星座造成的未来空间物体碰撞次数和碎片数量的增加.仿真结果可为合理规划未来的航天发射规模提供理论依据.     

空间碎片云演变过程的阶段划分

根据碎片云从破碎点开始向空间扩散过程中碎片密度和形状的变化规律,以几何形状和起主要作用的因素为特征,定义了球形、椭球形、绳形、螺旋线形、全方位弥漫直至球壳形六个演变阶段.论述了在各个阶段的主要特征和对演变过程起主要作用的因素.总结了与演变过程相关的轨道运动理论和研究方法,分析了各个阶段演变的动力学原理.在球形阶段起主要作用的是分离速度;椭球形阶段可以利用线性化相对运动方程进行分析;绳形与螺旋线形在几何上有质变,但都有结点和结线,并可以利用速度增量理论分析和解释其存在的原因.轨道摄动力消除了结点和结线,导致碎片云的全方位弥漫,并最终使碎片云趋于球壳形.推导和罗列了各阶段转换标志点时刻的计算公式,利用计算机仿真的方法,给出了近地轨道各个阶段碎片云分布示意图,验证了演变过程阶段划分的合理性.     

气动辅助异面变轨在多碎片清除中的应用分析

碎片清除飞行器异面变轨需要消耗大量燃料.从气动辅助异面变轨优化设计及被清除碎片轨道高度差值、倾角差值等参数对变轨性能的影响出发,比较分析了优化气动辅助异面变轨与双脉冲霍曼轨道转移的燃料节约量,研究了不同轨道高度差对于实施气动辅助变轨燃料节约量的影响.当地球静止轨道（GEO）与低地轨道（LEO）间气动辅助变轨优化速度增量约为1.55km·s^-1、质量面积比172kg·m^-2、比冲310s、轨道倾角变化16°时,燃料节约率约为45%.对比研究了不同轨道高度差LEO轨道间实施气动辅助变轨的燃料节约情况.结果表明：随着轨道高度的增加,气动辅助优化效率逐渐降低;在相同高度轨道间实施异面变轨,随着轨道倾角的增加,气动辅助变轨燃料节约率先增大后减小,倾角改变量约为20°时,燃料节约率最大;当轨道倾角为5°时,采用气动辅助变轨和双脉冲变轨的燃料消耗量相同.     

空间碎片环境工程模式参数分析

为了评估空间碎片对航天器造成的危害 ,必须建立空间碎片环境工程模式。文章介绍了空间碎片环境的特点及其工程模式表征方法 ,并比较、分析了几种主要空间碎片环境工程模式的参数 ;从数学建模及风险评估应用的需求出发 ,提出了空间碎片环境工程模式参数的建议方案     

地基设备布站对空间碎片观测能力的影响分析

建立空间碎片地面观测站时,需要用数值仿真工具对其观测能力进行评估和分析.评估观测站能力的重要指标是测站设备对空间碎片的观测量和可观测频度.先进的设备指标和合适的测站位置能够大大提高观测能力.本文使用STK,PROOF等软件,对不同测站雷达和光学设备的观测能力(过境率和探测率)进行了数值仿真和比较分析,得到了一些初步结论,对于空间碎片监测网的设计有一定的参考作用.     

空间碎片的空间密度算法研究

由于空间碎片的影响, 空间环境日益恶劣,有必要建立空间碎片环境工程模型对空间碎片撞击航天器进行风险评估.本文研究了空间碎片环境模型中的重要环节, 即碎片的空间密度问题,在统计理论与椭圆轨道理论基础上,分析及推导了空间碎片在空间中的分布状况及空间密度,并得出了碎片空间密度的空间坐标函数解析表达式.同时对引入假设条件的合理性进行了讨论,并利用双行元数据对结论进行了验证, 利用本文方法得出的结果与双行元数据吻合.     

Active debris removal of multiple priority targets

Today’s space debris environment shows major concentrations of objects within distinct orbital regions for nearly all size regimes. The most critical region is found at orbital altitudes near 800 km with high declinations. Within this region many satellites are operated in so called sun-synchronous orbits (SSO). Among those, there are Earth observation, communication and weather satellites. Due to the orbital geometry in SSO, head-on encounters with relative velocities of about 15 km/s are most probable and would thus result in highly energetic collisions, which are often referred to as catastrophic collisions, leading to the complete fragmentation of the participating objects. So called feedback collisions can then be triggered by the newly generated fragments, thus leading to a further population increase in the affected orbital region. This effect is known as the Kessler syndrome.     

An adaptive strategy for active debris removal

Many parameters influence the evolution of the near-Earth debris population, including launch, solar, explosion and mitigation activities, as well as other future uncertainties such as advances in space technology or changes in social and economic drivers that effect the utilisation of space activities. These factors lead to uncertainty in the long-term debris population. This uncertainty makes it difficult to identify potential remediation strategies, involving active debris removal (ADR), that will perform effectively in all possible future cases. Strategies that cannot perform effectively, because of this uncertainty, risk either not achieving their intended purpose, or becoming a hindrance to the efforts of spacecraft manufactures and operators to address the challenges posed by space debris.     

Orbital debris–debris collision avoidance

We focus on preventing collisions between debris and debris, for which there is no current, effective mitigation strategy. We investigate the feasibility of using a medium-powered (5 kW) ground-based laser combined with a ground-based telescope to prevent collisions between debris objects in low-Earth orbit (LEO). The scheme utilizes photon pressure alone as a means to perturb the orbit of a debris object. Applied over multiple engagements, this alters the debris orbit sufficiently to reduce the risk of an upcoming conjunction. We employ standard assumptions for atmospheric conditions and the resulting beam propagation. Using case studies designed to represent the properties (e.g. area and mass) of the current debris population, we show that one could significantly reduce the risk of nearly half of all catastrophic collisions involving debris using only one such laser/telescope facility. We speculate on whether this could mitigate the debris fragmentation rate such that it falls below the natural debris re-entry rate due to atmospheric drag, and thus whether continuous long-term operation could entirely mitigate the Kessler syndrome in LEO, without need for relatively expensive active debris removal.     

An active debris removal parametric study for LEO environment remediation

Recent analyses on the instability of the orbital debris population in the low Earth orbit (LEO) region and the collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 have reignited interest in using active debris removal (ADR) to remediate the environment. There are, however, monumental technical, resource, operational, legal, and political challenges in making economically viable ADR a reality. Before a consensus on the need for ADR can be reached, a careful analysis of its effectiveness must be conducted. The goal is to demonstrate the need and feasibility of using ADR to better preserve the future environment and to explore different operational options to maximize the benefit-to-cost ratio. This paper describes a new sensitivity study on using ADR to stabilize the future LEO debris environment. The NASA long-term orbital debris evolutionary model, LEGEND, is used to quantify the effects of several key parameters, including target selection criteria/constraints and the starting epoch of ADR implementation. Additional analyses on potential ADR targets among the existing satellites and the benefits of collision avoidance maneuvers are also included.     

A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal

This paper introduces a mission concept for active removal of orbital debris based on the utilization of the CubeSat form factor. The CubeSat is deployed from a carrier spacecraft, known as a mothership, and is equipped with orbital and attitude control actuators to attach to the target debris, stabilize its attitude, and subsequently move the debris to a lower orbit where atmospheric drag is high enough for the bodies to burn up. The mass and orbit altitude of debris objects that are within the realms of the CubeSat’s propulsion capabilities are identified. The attitude control schemes for the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission are specified. The objective of the deorbiting maneuver is to decrease the semi-major axis of the debris orbit, at the fastest rate, from its initial value to a final value of about 6471?km (i.e., 100?km above Earth considering a circular orbit) via a continuous low-thrust orbital transfer. Two case studies are investigated to verify the performance of the deorbiter CubeSat during the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission. The baseline target debris used in the study are the decommissioned KOMPSAT-1 satellite and the Pegasus rocket body. The results show that the deorbiting times for the target debris are reduced significantly, from several decades to one or two years.     

一种高效的计算卫星轨道寿命的方法

关于在大气阻力作用下卫星生存寿命的估计 ,提出了一种高效的数值方法 ,称为微分 -积分法。它的实质是以轨道要素的平均变化率为基础的微分方程 ,而方程的右端包含定积分。与传统方法比较验证了此新方法的正确性 ,并且显示了它的极高效率。在诸如空间碎片减缓这种需要非常大量的计算卫星寿命的问题中 ,新方法的价值得到充分体现。