利用色质谱方法检测卫星真空热试验污染物成分

在真空热试验过程中进行了污染物的采集及成分分析试验。利用污染采集板收集污染物,丙酮溶液洗脱污染物,气相色谱-质谱联用方法对污染物进行成分分析。确定了整星热试验和太阳电池翼热试验中的主要污染物成分为硅氧烷和邻苯二甲酸酯,热试验中污染物甲基苯基硅氧烷可能来源于粘结剂。     

基于IP网络的测试研究

为实现IP语音测试的专项研究,介绍了基于VOIP(Voice over IP IP语言)的信令及语音测试相关技术实现方案,系统硬件及功能实现框图。对IP语音测试平台的硬件设计方法及语音质量测试(VQT),信令流及媒体流的测试模型进行了研究。     

GTEM电磁敏感度测试系统的研制

90年代以来,GTEM以其独特的优越性在电磁兼容测试领域中得到了广泛的应用。许多先进国家的军用工业标准均推荐采用此项技术。文中给出了一套适合我航天型号电磁兼容测试要求的GTEM电磁敏感度测试系统。该测试系统由GTEM、双定向耦合器、功率计、功率放大器、射频开关矩阵、信号源、计算机组成。其工作原理是,按照辐射电磁敏感度的测试要求,系统应在试样所在区域产生幅度和频率均已知的连续波电磁场,当系统集成完成后,只需调整GTEM端口的馈入信号功率、频率以及试样安放的位置,即可在试样所在区域产生测试所需的连续波电磁场。系统测控软件兼顾系统的安全性及可操作性,采用人机对话的方式,在WINDOWS3.1环境下运行。该系统测试操作直观简便,测试过程安全可靠。     

VXI总线测试系统及其总线控制方法

讨论了VXI总线测试系统设计的一般步骤 ,同时对VXI总线系统的几种控制方式进行了比较。在工程中 ,系统控制方法的选择必须根据被测对象的测试需求、数据传输速度及系统体积等因素综合考虑确定     

现代测试技术：智能测试

从智能及智能测试的概念出发,阐述了人工智能、现代建模方法及其在智能测试中的使用。简单介绍了其他新技术及个人仪器在智能测试中的应用,指出了它们的发展对实现智能测试的影响。     

LIP与PTB真空计量标准的比对

1987～1989年,采用我国生产的DL-2型热阴极电离规为传递规,分别对LIP的新型标准压缩式真空计标准装置与PTB的静态膨胀标准装置进行了两轮比对。比对中,使用He、Ar、N_2三种气体。比对结果,最大偏差为1.48％,DL-2规的重复性为+0.49％(PTB)和-0.88％(LIP)。LIP从美国MKS公司购买的SRG-2规,在PTB进行了校准。运到我国后,LIP进行了认真的校准。双方的数据偏差小于013％。     

羰基镍粉中铜、锰、钴含量的连续测试技术

建立了一种用AIR-C2H2火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测试镉镍电池羰基镍粉中铜、锰、钴含量,介绍了铜、锰、钴最佳测试条件,同时对样品硝化处理条件及在测试样品中的干扰因素进行了综合考虑。该方法具有很好的精密度和准确度,具有操作简便、时间快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、容易掌握等特点。铜、锰、钴含量的相对标准偏差均小于1.0%（n=6）。标准加入回收率均在97.0%-99.0%范围内。适用于镉镍电池羰基镍粉中含有较多共同被测离子铜、锰、钴的生产现场控制分析和样品系统分析。     

脉冲多普勒主动引导头自动化单元测试系统

叙述了脉冲多普勒主动导引头自动化单元测试系统的研制及其工作原理.实践表明,该测试系统能够自动设置导引头和测试设备的各种状态,自动完成各种复杂的测试过程,实时显示关键参数曲线,并自动生成记录文件;而且还能自动记录产品各部分的加电时间和过程,使导引头的调试和测试过程大大简化.该系统具有以下特点①模拟信号的延迟、多普勒频率、功率和噪声,且全部实现程序控制.采用晶振、分频等数字电路形成的多普勒频率、脉冲延迟,其准确度高、稳定性好,易和计算机联系.性能指标先进,使用非常方便.②模拟信号具有宽带特点,对不同点频的导引头,频率范围都可覆盖.③目标信号模拟器嵌入微处理器和接口电路,地面测试计算机通过RS-422接口和模拟器交换信息,并控制测试设备的工作状态,完成自动化测试.④控制台按特定程序加电,设有多项自动保护功能.     

基于Lamb波气体传感器的数据采集仪

Lamb波气体传感器因其具有高灵敏度、低损耗、多模式特性,在气体传感领域中展示出十分广阔的工业应用前景。然而,迄今为止,Lamb波气体传感器尚处于实验室基础研究阶段,其测试是基于网络分析仪,需人工读取测试结果并计算,不能实现自动获取被测参数,这在很大程度上限制了传感器的实际应用。针对现有测试技术的不足,研制了一种针对Lamb波气体传感器的数据采集仪。利用直接数字频率合成技术和嵌入式技术获取传感器的幅频特性和相频特性,通过多峰值快速搜索算法提取各个模式的最大峰值信息,并对传感器进行了各个模式下的扫频测试实验和算法验证实验。实验结果表明,采集仪能准确获得传感器的频率特性数据,并能实现一定频率范围内多个峰值信息的获取。再结合气体测量的相关模型,可直接输出参数测量结果,实现气体参数的自动检测。     

专用测试设备校准技术方案

针对专用测试设备校准难的问题 ,分析了专用测试设备的特点和校准途径 ,提出了专用测试设备校准技术管理平台的解决方案 ,归纳了几种常用的校准方法     

铷吸收半导体激光稳频光波长标准研究

介绍了用铷吸收光谱法对半导体激光器进行稳频,通过对包括半导体激光驱动源、稳频器、吸收室、光路等系统的优化设计,达到具有高信噪比微分误差信号,从而大大提高了半导体激光器稳频锁定灵敏度和长期稳定性。采用文中介绍的方法建立的光波长标准系统,其波长的测量重复性、稳定性可满足当前和将来很长一段时间光波长计校准的需要。     

New instrumentation for optical measuring of oxygen in gas or dissolved in liquids.

The optical oxygen sensor is a novel device for the determination of oxygen in gases or dissolved in liquids. It is based on the measurement principle of fluorescence quenching, which is completely different from that of polarographic oxygen sensors (today the most widespread devices of oxygen detection). The new instrument offers features and advantages, which render it not only a realistic alternative, but, for specific applications, make it superior to existing electrochemical methods. The system is based on low-cost semiconductor devices (light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, low-cost analogue and digital components) and new LED-compatible oxygen-sensitive membranes. The flow cell of the instrument may be thermostatted and the sensor can be calibrated by a simple two-point calibration procedure. The optical oxygen sensor is particularly suitable for measuring dissolved oxygen in respirometry, since no oxygen is consumed by the device and the signal is independent of sample flowrate or stirring speed. Typical fields of application are monitoring of oxygen in ground and drinking water, in process control in bioreactors and in breath gas and blood gas analysis.     

An assessment of semi-analytical models based on the absorption coefficient in retrieving the chlorophyll-a concentration from a reservoir

Monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in inland waters is crucial for water quality management, since Chl-a is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and, thus, for ecological health of a water environment. Chl-a concentration can be retrieved through the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of a water system, which, in turn, can be remotely sensed obtained. Quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA), originally developed for ocean waters, can also retrieve IOPs for inland waters after re-parameterizations. This study is aimed at assessing the performance of sixteen schemes composed by QAA original and re-parameterized versions followed by models that use absorption coefficients as inputs for estimating Chl-a concentration in Ibitinga reservoir, located at Tietê River cascading system, São Paulo State, Brazil. It was verified that only QAA_V5 based schemes were able to obtain reasonable estimates for image data and that by four models tested presented similar and acceptable results for QAA_V5 outputs. The best model were applied to a Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) image. Light absorption in the reservoir showed to be dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and wide spatial and temporal variability of optical and water quality properties was observed.     

Comparison of OClO nadir measurements from SCIAMACHY and GOME

The scanning imaging absorption spectrometer for atmospheric chartography was launched successfully onboard ENVISAT on March 1, 2002. It observes the solar radiation transmitted and backscattered from the atmosphere and reflected from the ground in nadir, limb and occultation viewing modes. Chlorine dioxide (OClO), an important indicator for stratospheric chlorine activation, can be measured in the UV spectral range by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS).

First results of the DOAS retrieval of OClO slant column densities from the SCIAMACHY nadir measurements are presented and compared to measurements of the global ozone monitoring experiment (GOME), which has successfully measured OClO since 1995. While SCIAMACHY operates in the same orbit, it measures ≈30 min earlier than GOME and has an increased spatial resolution (30 × 60 km² compared to 40 × 320 km² for GOME).     

光窄带滤波器及其在光纤激光器中的应用

单频光纤激光器在光通讯和光传感领域具有广泛的应用前景.采用数值分析的方法求解了基于可饱和吸收体的光窄带滤波器耦合模方程,对影响光窄带滤波器输出响应特性的掺杂光纤的长度、吸收系数和输入泵浦功率进行了理论分析;通过实验验证了构成可饱和吸收体的掺杂光纤长度与光窄带滤波器响应带宽成反比的结论;将光窄带滤波器应用于光纤激光器中,获得了输出激光功率大于1mW,不跳模时间大于2h,线宽在百赫兹量级,2h内的功率不稳定度为0.02287％的单纵模激光输出.      

Study of fast atoms in molecular gas plasma via emission spectroscopy

Fast atoms are generated in reactions of ions with the molecular gas in laboratory and astrophysical plasma. In hydrogen they are observed in the emission spectra via Excessive line broadening. Energetic atoms also occur in astrophysical plasma in hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The proposal here is that low pressure discharges can be used to simulate the phenomena in certain space plasma. In this study, we have used a special configuration of the electrode system, to obtain energetic atoms in plasma of three types of diatomic gases (H₂, O₂, N₂). Emission spectroscopy was used to detect the atoms and measure their velocity. Energy analysis was performed to obtain atoms’ distributions and evaluate the mean energy of atoms. This was compared to the potential energy available from the electric field. The field acceleration model, previously established for hydrogen, was extended to nitrogen and oxygen. We suggest, that the same method of analysis can be applied for astrophysical plasma spectrum.     

微等离子体转化二氧化碳发射光谱诊断

火星大气层的主要成分为二氧化碳，如果能够利用低温等离子体方法高效分解二氧化碳，使其转化为氧气和一氧化碳加以利用，可以大幅降低航天员生命保障相关载荷长途运输的成本，进一步提高生命保障能力。低温等离子体放电过程中会产生大量活性组分，可以在数百度温度下实现二氧化碳的高效解离，是具有很大潜力的二氧化碳解离与转化方式。设计了一种尺度在亚毫米级、功率输入为数瓦的直流微槽等离子体反应器，可以在较低气体温度下实现二氧化碳分解。测量了反应器电流、功率等放电参数，采用发射光谱确定了体系中激发态组分，分析了激发态粒子谱线强度随输入电压、稀释气体比例等反应器工作参数变化，利用氮气分子振转谱带测量了等离子体放电区振动温度和气体温度。研究表明，添加氩、氦、氮气均可以增强二氧化碳的分解，添加氦气可以促进二氧化碳的电离过程。稀释气体激发态因具有高能量，可以通过潘宁解离通道增强二氧化碳分解。氦组分激发态的能量高于二氧化碳电离能，可以促进二氧化碳的电离反应。微等离子体内存在强烈的振动 平动非平衡现象：振动温度约为4400~4800K，而气体温度仅为450 ~600K，表明可以通过合理的放电和结构设计，定向将能量注入到振动态，从而进一步促进二氧化碳的振动解离。     

Direct radiative forcing from black carbon aerosols over urban environment

There is growing evidence that the earth’s climate is changing and will likely continue to change in the future. It is still debated whether these changes are due to natural variability of the climate system or a result of increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Black carbon (BC) has become the subject of interest for a variety of reasons. BC aerosol may cause environmental as well as harmful health effects in densely inhabited regions. BC is a strong absorber of radiation in the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum, where most of the solar energy is distributed. Black carbon is emitted into the atmosphere as a byproduct of all combustion processes, viz., vegetation burning, industrial effluents and motor vehicle exhausts, etc. In this paper, we present results from our measurements on black carbon aerosols, total aerosol mass concentration and aerosol optical depth over an urban environment namely Hyderabad during January to May, 2003. Diurnal variations of BC indicate high BC concentrations during 6:00–9:00 and 19:00–23:00 h. Weekday variations of BC concentrations increase gradually from Monday to Wednesday and gradually decrease from Thursday to Sunday. Analysis of traffic density along with meteorological parameters suggests that the primary determinant for BC concentration levels and patterns is traffic density. Seasonal variations of BC suggest that the BC concentrations are high during dry season compared to rainy season due to the scavenging by air. The fraction of BC to total mass concentration has been observed to be 7% during January to May. BC showed positive correlation with total mass concentration and aerosol optical depth at 500 nm. Radiative transfer calculations suggests that during January to May, diurnal averaged aerosol forcing at the surface is −33 Wm² and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) above 100 km it is observed to be +9 Wm⁻². The results have been discussed in detail in the paper.     

Optical oxygen sensor instrumentation based on the detection of luminescence lifetime.

Optical oxygen sensors are mainly based on the principle of luminescence quenching. In contrast to arready existing intensity-based systems, the measurement of the luminescence lifetime provides certain advantages, such as insensitivity to photobleaching or leaching of the dye, or changes in the intensity of excitation light. This facilitates the use of simple optical systems or optical fibres. A new family of oxygen-sensitive dyes, the porphyrin-ketones, has been introduced, which exhibits favorable spectral properties and decay times in the order of tens and hundreds of microseconds. This allows the use of simple optoelectronic circuitry and low-cost processing electronics. An optical oxygen sensor module has been developed with the dimensions of only 120 x 60 x 30 mm. The prototype is based on the measurement of the decay time of the luminophore by measuring the phase shift between the square-wave excitation and the detected square-wave of the emission coming from the sensor. The instrument is based on semiconductor devices (light-emitting diodes, photodiodes) and may be used for the detection of oxygen in gaseous or liquid samples. The measurement range of the device is from 0 to 200 hPa oxygen partial pressure with a resolution of < 1 hPa over the whole measurement range. The overall measurement accuracy of < +/- 1 hPa has been obtained for periods of 24 h of continuous measurement in a thermostatted environment. The sensor response times t90 are typically < 1 s for gases and 0.5 to 5 min for liquid samples.     

Structure and UV absorption of QCCs: carbonaceous dust analogues.

"Quenched Carbonaceous Composites (QCCs)" are carbonaceous interstellar dust analogues synthesized in the laboratory from a hydrocarbon plasma. We produced new types of carbonaceous condensates from the ejecta of plasma with mixtures of methane and hydrogen as source gases. We find that QCC with an absorbance peak at 220 nm is composed of onion-like spherules, and QCCs with an absorbance peak at 230-240 nm are composed of polyhedral particles. The onion-like QCC contains aromatic hydrogen bonds, and it shows the 3.3 and 11.4 micrometers absorption bands. The QCC with an absorbance peak at 230-240 nm is composed of ribbons with bent graphitic layers. This suggests that the carrier of the interstellar 220 nm extinction band might also be an emitter of the interstellar diffuse emission bands.