液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管实验研究

深低温环路热管是一种高效的深低温两相传热器件,未来可广泛应用于红外探测等空间项目的低温热控系统。为有效减小热管与热负荷间的接触热阻及热管的背向漏热,采用氧化锆作为毛细芯材料,研发了氮工质平板蒸发器环路热管,重点研究了热管的自启动特性、传热性能以及在间歇性热负荷下的运行情况。结果表明:在无辅助情况下,液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管自启动性能良好,可依靠工质扩散从室温迅速降温至液氮温区。环路热管能够在70~100 K温区稳定运行,热阻随运行温度和热负荷的上升而减小,最大传热功率为15 W,最小热阻为0.8 K/W。在蒸发器间歇性加热的情况下,环路热管可以保持温度稳定,热响应迅速,无需二次降温。液氮温区平板蒸发器环路热管有效满足了空间低温光学系统的热控制系统的热传输需求。      

大型航天器热管理系统集成分析

文章以虚拟的空间实验室为例 ,用数值模拟的方法 ,模拟了大型航天器热管理系统非稳态过程的温度等参数。热管理系统温度等参数的集成分析 ,为大型热管理系统设计提供了分析平台 ,为进一步的敏感性分析、优化设计、试验参数修正、参数置信度分析、鲁棒性设计奠定了分析基础 ,并作为能量系统的主要组成部分 ,为能量系统的能量平衡分析和电能 /热匹配分析提供有力支持。     

First-order feasibility analysis of a space suit radiator concept based on estimation of water mass sublimation using Apollo mission data

Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely.     

粒子激发X射线谱仪的热设计和热仿真计算

粒子激发X射线谱仪(APXS)安装在月面巡视器外部,利用巡视器的机动性和机械臂的灵活性,可以对月面有研究价值的月岩及月壤进行有针对性的探测.由于裸露在巡视器外部,月球复杂外热流会对APXS产生较大影响.鉴于此,需对APXS进行合理的热设计,以保证APXS的探测器和电子学器件工作在允许的温度范围内.提出了APXS的热设计方案,据此对APXS进行热仿真计算,计算结果得到了相应热平衡试验的较好验证.      

月球基地能源系统初步研究

建设月球基地、深入开展月球探测是后续深空探测发展的必然趋势,能源系统是维持月球基地正常工作的基本条件。结合月球基地能源需求和月面环境特点,确定了能源系统的基本要求;对比分析了各种能源类型的特点及应用前景,明确了初级阶段月球基地能源系统应以太阳能的利用为主要方式,核心技术是解决太阳能的高效存储问题;通过储能技术的分析,提出了热化学制氢结合氢氧燃料电池及光伏发电装置的能源系统方案,并对系统设计的关键技术进行了分析,相关内容可为月球基地的深入论证及其能源系统的具体设计提供借鉴。     

适用于月面高温环境的嫦娥三号地形地貌相机热设计

“嫦娥三号暠月面探测器上安装的地形地貌相机工作时直接暴露在月面高温环境下,受月表红外辐射影响很大,给热控设计带来很大难题。为解决设备工作时的高温问题,在外热流分析的基础上提出了以“最佳散热位置暠为核心的热控方案,设备处于“最佳散热位置暠时能够获得较好的初始温度和最快的降温速率;另外通过把散热面布置在月表红外辐射热流最小的位置并在除散热面以外的其他表面包覆多层隔热组件这两个措施,可以最大程度减小月表红外辐射的影响。地形地貌相机在轨开机工作前的各飞行阶段遥测数据均满足存储温度指标要求并且有较大余量;开机工作环拍一周的遥测数据满足工作温度指标要求并且与热分析结果符合较好,初始温度与遥测温度数据偏差为-1灡7曟,温升速率和降温速率偏差分别为14灡9%和16灡9%。这表明该热控方案正确可行,可为后续中国深空探测类似热控问题参考。     

Design of Optical and Mechanical Structure for Lunar Simulator Based on Variable Shape and Adjustable Radiance

To simulate the different lunar phases and ensure continuous adjustability of the radiant brightness, a new broad spectrum light and frosted glass were applied and designed in the optical system for lunar simulator with the shapes and radiance being able to be adjusted. According to the engineering demand and index requirements of the optical system, three major design aspects are addressed, including the high reliability and maintainability for broad-spectrum light, heat dissipation in lunar simulator for long working hours, and bearing of the main frame under different working conditions. By designing a reasonable machine structure, and through the structure itself with the matrix arrangement of 48 axial flow fans, an effectively cooling air duct is established. Deformation and temperature were calculated by the finite element software ANSYS. The results showed that the displacement deformation reached 0.33mm and stress deformation reached 0.02MPa at the temperature of 20℃; when the main frame was in the temperature field between 20℃ and 65℃, the maximum displacement deformation reached 13.30mm and maximum stress deformation is 97.90MPa, and the amount of this deformation is very small in considering of the mechanical structure dimensions and weight of the lunar simulator.      

一种应用在航天探测器上的二氧化碳两相回路热控系统冷凝器的设计优化

阿尔法磁谱仪中的轨迹探测器是探测空间反物质的核心探测器,它工作于由超流液氦冷却的超导磁体的中心,其正常运作需要体积小、散热及温控能力强的热控系统的支持,以应对国际空间站上复杂的太空热流环境及真空、微重力等因素.介绍了利用SINDA/FLUINT模拟方法,对轨迹探测器的热控系统冷凝器进行设计优化.     

太阳电池阵极月轨道在轨热分析

以极月轨道上太阳电池阵作为研究对象,详细分析了该轨道上电池阵所得各外热流的确定方法.以此为基础,对太阳电池阵进行在轨温度数值模拟,得到月球轨道上电池阵所得外热流以及温度的周期分布.计算结果与地球卫星的相应数据进行比较,明确了月球轨道上电池阵所得外热流以及温度的周期分布特点,为月球卫星上太阳电池阵以及整个卫星的设计提供了有利的数据参考.      

座舱瞬态热载荷的计算与仿真

以我国新一代战斗机的研制为背景,提出了高精度的飞机座舱瞬态热载荷的计算与仿真方法.与传统的计算方法相比,通过联解传导-辐射-对流耦合的控制方程以求出蒙皮温度、座舱各壁面温度,同时考虑了透过舱盖、风挡等透明体的太阳辐射对舱内驾驶员、座椅及仪表盘这类内表面温度和舱内空气温度的影响.通过将座舱内外壁面和舱内空气作为一体联解方程组后,结合某飞行剖面求解了飞机座舱实时瞬态热载荷,并比较了采用本方法与传统方法对计算精度的影响.      

月球软着陆动力下降制导控制技术综述与展望

未来的月球着陆任务将着力于开发月球资源、建立月球基地,这些都离不开月球软着陆技术的支持;而要实现探测器在预选点安全精确地着陆,就离不开动力下降制导控制技术的支持。本文系统地总结了两种成功的月球软着陆及其制导方式,对已有的制导控制方案及其研究进展进行了详细的阐述和对比分析。以未来的月球采样返回和月球基地任务为潜在工程目标,对下一代的月球软着陆动力下降的制导控制及其所涉及的关键科学技术问题进行了比较全面的分析和展望。     

极月轨道上太阳电池阵外热流规律分析

准确的月球表面温度分布模型对于开展月球探测具有重要意义. 目前有关月球表面温 度模型还缺乏对完整月球表面温度分布的计算方法研究. 本文建立了一套计算完整月球表面温度的方法, 其中月球阳面温度采用Racca模型直接计算得到; 对于月球阴面, 将其沿纬度方向划分为若干区域, 每个区域的地表土壤采用一维非稳态热传导模型, 根据嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵在轨环月阶段的温度数据, 修正得到月球表面土壤导热系数、密度及比热容, 通过数值计算求解一维非稳态热传导方程, 得出任意时刻月球阴面表面温度随时间的变化. 嫦娥三号着陆器太阳电池阵环月阶段热分析结果与在轨温度符合较好, 初步说明本文建立的完整月球表面温度计算方法正确可行. 基于本文方法计算得到整个月球表面温度分布, 进一步研究了极月轨道太阳电池阵外热流变化规律.      

Biomass Production System (BPS) plant growth unit.

The Biomass Production System (BPS) was developed under the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) program to meet science, biotechnology and commercial plant growth needs in the Space Station era. The BPS is equivalent in size to a double middeck locker, but uses its own custom enclosure with a slide out structure to which internal components mount. The BPS contains four internal growth chambers, each with a growing volume of more than 4 liters. Each of the growth chambers has active nutrient delivery, and independent control of temperature, humidity, lighting, and CO2 set-points. Temperature control is achieved using a thermoelectric heat exchanger system. Humidity control is achieved using a heat exchanger with a porous interface which can both humidify and dehumidify. The control software utilizes fuzzy logic for nonlinear, coupled temperature and humidity control. The fluorescent lighting system can be dimmed to provide a range of light levels. CO2 levels are controlled by injecting pure CO2 to the system based on input from an infrared gas analyzer. The unit currently does not scrub CO2, but has been designed to accept scrubber cartridges. In addition to providing environmental control, a number of features are included to facilitate science. The BPS chambers are sealed to allow CO2 and water vapor exchange measurements. The plant chambers can be removed to allow manipulation or sampling of specimens, and each chamber has gas/fluid sample ports. A video camera is provided for each chamber, and frame-grabs and complete environmental data for all science and hardware system sensors are stored on an internal hard drive. Data files can also be transferred to 3.5-inch disks using the front panel disk drive.     

FY-3D卫星高光谱温室气体监测仪热控设计及在轨验证

FY-3D卫星高光谱温室气体监测结构布局紧凑，在较小尺寸空间内布置有8个镜头组件、12台电子设备和3台电机。内热源数量众多，光学镜头控温精度要求高，热控功耗及散热面资源紧张，使热控系统设计难度较大。基于热管理、辐射间接热控、辐射冷却及结构热控协同优化设计等多种思路对监测仪热控系统进行设计，有效解决热控难题。入轨后监测仪历经了多个工况模式切换，在轨温度数据表明，所有工况模式下各部组件温度都满足指标要求，且光学镜头温度稳定度较高，在正常工作模式下，干涉仪关键件最大温度波动在±0.15℃以内，其他光学镜头组件最大温度波动在±0.45℃以内，且无论整轨待机模式还是正常工作模式，基于热管理的2组电子设备散热系统都无需消耗热控功耗，实现了多热源复杂机制下高精度控温及节能热设计。      

The ASTROCULTURE(TM) flight experiment series, validating technologies for growing plants in space.

A flight experiment, ASTROCULTURE(TM)-1 (ASC-1), to evaluate the operational characteristics and hardware performance of a porous tube nutrient delivery system (PTNDS) was flown on STS-50 as part of the U.S. Microgravity Laboratory-1 mission, 25 June to 9 July, 1992. This experiment is the first in a series of planned ASTROCULTURE(TM) flights to validate the performance of subsystems required to grow plants in microgravity environments. Results indicated that the PTNDS was capable of supplying water and nutrients to plants in microgravity and that its performance was similar in microgravity to that in 1g on Earth. The data demonstrated that water transfer rates through a rooting matrix are a function of pore size of the tubes, the degree of negative pressure on the 'supply' fluid, and the pressure differential between the 'supply' and 'recovery' fluid loops. A slightly greater transfer rate was seen in microgravity than in 1g, but differences were likely related to the presence of hydrostatic pressure effects at 1g. Thus, this system can be used to support plant growth in microgravity or in partial gravity as on a lunar or Mars base. Additional subsystems to be evaluated in the ASTROCULTURE(TM) flight series of experiments include lighting, humidity control and condensate recovery, temperature control, nutrient composition control, CO2 and O2 control, and gaseous contaminant control.     

月球基地建设方案设想

随着月球探测的深入发展,国内外众多月球探测方案和月球开发计划均将月球基地建设作为一个重要目标。月球基地建设将服务于后续无人月球探测和载人登月探测任务。通过月球基地的功能和意义分析,对月球基地的选址约束、建设步骤和实施过程提出了初步构想,并针对典型的探测站/器进行了分析。在此基础上,根据我国运载能力,提出了月球基地方案构想,并对月球基地建设的若干关键问题进行了初步探讨,可为后续月球基地建设提供参考。     

Development of the heat flow measurement system by the LUNAR-A penetrators

Lunar heat flow experiment is planned by using two LUNAR-A penetrators which will be deployed on the near-side and far-side of the lunar surface in 2000. Each penetrator has seven absolute and eleven relative temperature sensors. Impact experiments for real-size penetrator models onto a lunar-regolith analogue target confirmed that the sensors and electronics used in the Lunar-A Heat Flow Experiment can survive the shock loading expected during penetration of the penetrator in a lunar regolith. The calibration experiment demonstrates that the temperature sensors have a resolution of 0.01 degrees and that the thermal conductivity device have 10 % accuracy. In order to determine the heat flow value, we need a good thermal model and numerical simulation for the penetrator and the regolith which in turn requires accurate measurements of thermal properties of the penetrator's components. The current numerical models indicate that we will be able to obtain the lunar heat flow values within 20 to 30 percents in precision with this method.     

电子设备吊舱瞬态热载荷分析与计算

瞬态热载荷的分析与计算是合理设计电子设备吊舱环境控制系统的基础.本文建立了吊舱动态热平衡方程与壁面导热方程,并使用有限差分方程求解吊舱瞬态热载荷.分析了飞行状态及吊舱热容量对吊舱瞬态温度的影响,提出了"蓄冷"节能的设计概念并据此合理地确定了吊舱环境控制系统的设计热载荷.     

可变直径轮月球探测车运动学建模与分析

针对月球探测的特殊要求,设计了具有滚动扭转转向特性的四轮直径可变月球探测车.通过对可变直径轮的原理进行分析,推导出车轮等效半径的公式.根据该月球探测车的结构特点,以闭链坐标变换和瞬时重合坐标法为基本工具,推导了四轮可变直径轮月球车基于三维地形环境的正、逆运动学模型,分析了相关的运动学特征,提出了运动学逆解的理论解法和实用解法.实用解法有效地降低了计算量.并提出了用车轮等效半径调整探测车辆俯仰角度的方法,提高了月球车的稳定性和通过性能.该研究结果为四轮月球探测车的结构分析与运动控制提供了有力的基础.      

一种基于可钻性在线辨识的月面钻进控制方法研究

钻取采样作为一种获取深层月壤的有效方式被应用于地外天体采样任务。不同于地面钻探,无人月面钻取采样面临诸多技术难点,例如遥操作信号延迟、探测器传感资源有限、缺乏采样点地质信息以及月壤力学特性复杂等。为保证采样任务高效可靠地执行,采样装置需充分利用有限的探测器硬件资源,依据钻进工况实时调整钻进工艺参数,对未知的钻进环境具有适应能力。提出一种基于可钻性在线辨识的月面钻进控制方法。利用可钻性指标综合评价当前对象的钻进难易程度,采用模式识别方法辨识钻进对象的可钻性等级并实时匹配最优的钻进工艺参数,从而实现钻进过程的智能控制。为验证所提出控制方法的有效性,开展了模拟月壤月岩交替布置的钻进试验研究。试验结果表明:该方法能够有效控制钻进负载。