两相流乳化型细水雾喷嘴雾化特性研究

为了研究消防领域细水雾灭火系统的关键部件--细水雾喷嘴的雾化结构形式,以空气和水为介质,利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对两相流乳化型细水雾喷嘴的雾化特性进行了详细的研究.分析了该型喷嘴的工作特点,研究了不同供水压力、供气压力及气液比对喷嘴雾化特性的影响,为细水雾灭火系统及其喷嘴的设计方法和检验标准提供了依据.试验结果表明:该结构喷嘴的雾化性能完全满足细水雾灭火系统的性能要求.     

喷嘴雾化研究

本文概括本试验室所完成的喷嘴雾化研究成果,重点放在最近几年来在国际学术性刊物上和国际学术会议上发表的研究文章,包括基础性的研究,如液滴尺寸分布、液雾特性随喷嘴下游空间的变化、初始雾化的研究;应用性的研究,如高反压下的喷嘴雾化、超音速气流中的雾化等;也包括激光测雾技术的研究。     

气泡雾化喷嘴水平喷射的雾化特性研究

研究了水平喷射、端面注气方式的气泡雾化喷嘴结构及工作参数对雾化及流场特性的影响.试验全部在常温常压下进行,液体采用水,雾化气为压缩空气.用2D PDA测量了液雾的平均直径尺寸分布和速度分布.液体喷射压力变化范围200~600 kPa,气液比变化范围4%~10%左右.试验研究了端面注气方式下,注气孔孔径及数目、混合管长度、液体流动状态及工作参数对雾化特性的影响.结果表明,水平喷射的气泡喷嘴,注气孔的尺寸及数目均对雾化特性产生影响;混合段存在一最佳值范围,在此范围内,喷嘴可获得高的雾化质量;液体旋转流动对雾化特性无显著影响,但可影响两相流动中气泡的分布.     

气泡雾化喷嘴的试验研究

进行了组不同结构形式的气泡雾化喷嘴的试验研究，初步试验结果表明：这种新型喷嘴对液体介质粘度不敏感，在小气液比条件下获得了很好的雾化效果，雾化性能明显优于从国外引进的某些空气雾化喷嘴，该成果已于１９９３年２月７日被授予中华人民共和国实用型专利。     

空气雾化喷咀的雾化研究

本文对空气雾化喷嘴的喷雾特性(即雾化细度及雾化尺寸分布指数)进行了试验研究。研究的喷嘴包括三种主喷口面积;三种供液槽道面积;二种副油路旋流器的扭角。研究参数包括,气/液比r、空气流速、轴向距离和主、副油路同时打开时的相互作用。 试验表明:液雾质量中间直径(MMD)与[1 (r)~(-1)]~(0.5)以及V_a~(-0.8)成正比例。在同样空气流速下雾化尺寸分布指数n随气/液比的增大而增大;在同样气/液比下,随空气流速增大而降低。主副油路同时工作时的相互影响将改善空气雾化喷嘴的雾化细度,同时也引起雾化尺寸分布指数的减小。对所试验的喷嘴,完成雾化的距离大致在30mm;雾化尺寸分布指数随轴向距离而增大。 本试验的结果为空气雾化喷嘴的设计和发展提供了非常有用的试验依据。     

空间环境对漫反射板的影响

光学系统在空间环境条件下的衰变对卫星遥感仪器探测精度有重要影响．漫反射板是星载光学遥感仪器辐射定标的重要工具．本文通过对ＡＤＥＯＳ／ＴＯＭＳ和Ｅａｒｔｈ Ｐｒｏｂｅ／ＴＯＭＳ仪器馒反射板漫反射率衰变特性的比较，分析研究了原子氧和太阳紫外辐射对漫反射板的影晌．结果表明，太阳紫外辐照和原子氧剥蚀引起的漫反射板反射率衰变系数分别为０．０００４９／ｈ和１．２ × １０－１７ｃｍ２，但在卫星入轨初期，太阳紫外辐照的影响可增加约４倍．     

空气雾化喷嘴后方燃油浓度分布的研究

本文通过用于一短环形高压燃烧室上的空气雾化喷嘴的研制,进行了大量实验,分别研究了雾化空气速度、燃烧室压力、气液比、介质种类和几种不同构造参数的喷嘴结构对空气雾化喷嘴喷雾锥角与后方燃油浓度分布的影响,对高压下空气雾化喷嘴后方燃油浓度分布研究这一新课题做了有益的探索。     

内混音速空气雾化重油喷嘴的试验研究

在横向气流中直射喷嘴雾化研究及超音速气流中喷嘴雾化研究的基础上,针对工业窑炉中烧嘴以重油(通常为油渣)工作的问题,设计和试验研究了内混音速气流两次空气雾化重油喷嘴,从原理上解决了喷嘴雾化细度(燃烧完全)和火焰长度(刚性)之间的矛盾。文中得出合理选择这种喷嘴的结构形式、几何尺寸以及混合腔压力,同时得出很好的雾化细度以及要求的火焰长度。结果表明,混合腔压力与供气压力之比应在0.60～0.70之间,所需压缩空气的压力为0.4MPa,所设计的喷嘴已投入使用。     

大气阻力摄动计算方法及误差分析

探索了大气阻力摄动精密计算方法，以提高卫星空间位置的预报精度。根据大气阻力摄动的基本原理，给出两种摄动计算方法，即半分析半数值方法和数值积分方法。选用三种高层大气模型：ＣＩＲＡ－１９８６、ＣＩＲＡ－１９７２和ＤＴＭ模型，分批 太阳活动中高年水平（Ｆ１０．７取为１５０，２００，２５０）和１０％－２０％的模型误差引起卫星空间位置的误差δＰ。结果显示：（１）太阳活动Ｆ１０．７的大小对δＰ的影响明显，在同     

简单直射式喷嘴在均匀横向气流中喷雾特性的试验研究

本文对简单直射式喷嘴在均匀横向气流中,喷雾特性随空气速度、喷嘴压降和喷孔直径的变化进行了试验研究。在均匀流场中,试验结果表明这些影响因素是相关的。在经验关系式中,这些项的指数不是常数。根据大量的试验数据,推导出索太尔平均直径的经验关系式如下: SMD∞Va~(-1.59-0.0044ΔP_f-0.1d)·ΔP_f~(-0.13-0.025d+0.34Mα)·d~(0.36-0.55Mα-0.0032ΔP_f) 对于小孔径喷嘴,尺寸分布指数N(R-R分布)随着空气速度的增加,先减小到某一最小值后,又开始增大,而对于大孔径喷嘴,N值随空气速度增加而不断下降。随着孔径和喷嘴压降的增加,N值总是下降的。 试验证明,简单直射式喷嘴在横向气流中的雾化特性是压力露化特性(在低空气流速时)和空气雾化特性(在高速气流流速时)的综合。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.