古安第斯巨石建筑之谜

迄今为止，人们在安第斯山中相继发现了很多巨石建筑，姑且不说它们当时是干什么用的，就是从其建筑工艺和搬运技术而言，均超出了同时代技术能力的限度。作为其代表性的一例是在秘鲁安第斯山脉中耸立于奥亚迪坦布城堡遗址上的“6扇屏风岩”。     

焦面结构进展

电荷耦合器件(CCD)的集成化和高密度镶嵌红外(IR)探测器的成功已经打开了诸如红外焦面工艺这样一种新的技术领域。当焦面面阵的研制工作逐渐转变到生产阶段时,大焦面探测系统引用的新概念以及制造、测试和集成化中的复杂性都需要从单片电路的设计开始对焦面结构进行了解,本文对六种结构面的重要特征进行了简要的叙述,并指出了影响焦面结构的工艺和应用方面的限制。对一般焦面面临的主要问题进行了研究并对焦面结构工艺中的发展趋势进行了探索。     

超高频晶体滤波器的新进展

由于新刻蚀工艺(氩离子束技术)的出现,现在CEPE能提供一种用基模或低泛音模(即600MHz3次泛音)谐振器来扩大有效带宽的压电器件。从各种应用中得出的这一成果已经应用于新一代的电信系统。其特点与用一般谐振器研磨工艺在低频(即30MHz～50MHz)时所观测到的相类似。     

用于空间光学仪器的镜子的轻量化研究

对用于空间光学仪器的镜子实施轻量化工艺的必要性作了阐述,并对轻量化镜子的材料及结构的选择作了讨论。用有限元计算法对轻量化镜子在外力作用下的变形情况进行了计算分析。最后,文中还具体介绍了镜子实施轻量化技术后的结果。     

钛合金超塑性成形

本文简述了金属超塑性的意义与特征,介绍了形状复杂的钛合金壳体零件的试验装置及成形工艺。在成形试验装置的设计及高温密封技术上有所创新,方法简便,易行可靠。本文用不同的方法导出了成形压力的计算公式,指出了此公式在超塑性成形中应用时的局限性,并分析了σ_b—t和σ—t关系曲线。本文指出了钛合金板金件超塑性成形工艺在生产中的应用有其推广价值。     

动态工艺尺寸设计方法研究

工件的工艺尺寸在工艺过程中经常会超出许可的范围,但当这些超差工件仍有足够的加工余量时,通过修改其后续工艺路线（称为动态工艺路线）及工艺尺寸（称为动态工艺尺寸）仍有可能加工成成品,本文提出了一种在后续工艺路线确定后如何确定后续工艺尺寸的数学模型,并利用该模型成功了编制了动态工艺尺寸设计的软件,且用很多事例验证了该模型的正确性,该方法可以用于精密机械零件制造时的计算机辅助工艺过程设计及在线质量保证。     

二氧化碳甲烷化在载人航天器再生式环控生保系统中的应用

二氧化碳甲烷化（Sabatier反应）是载人航天再生式环控生保系统中空气质量管理的关键技术,也是焦炉气甲烷化和煤制天然气甲烷化流程中最后一级反应器主要进行的化学反应.化工行业中的二氧化碳甲烷化,尤其是针对高纯度二氧化碳的甲烷化技术,与载人航天用Sabatier技术既有共同点又存在差异.通过对Sabatier技术工艺、催化剂和关键设计的总结,对比分析应用于两个不同领域的二氧化碳甲烷化技术在工艺流程、催化剂和反应器方面的差异,借鉴工业二氧化碳甲烷化技术经验,提出载人航天用Sabatier技术可能的优化方向.      

基于实例的飞机板金工艺知识库的构建

为了配合航空工业进一步技术更新,以信息化技术提升传统的飞机板金成形工艺,根据航空工业飞机生产、型号预研、板金成形工艺手册、工艺实验等大量信息数据,以Oracle数据库作为后台的支撑数据库,应用面向对象的Visual C+ +.NET作为前台开发工具,研究开发了一套基于实例的飞机板金工艺知识库系统,该系统建立了统一的工艺实例信息模型,以工艺实例作为基本信息单元,涵盖大量的成形工艺、工装模具等数据信息,具有知识维护、知识匹配和知识修正等功能.本文还对该系统的体系结构、实现方法及关键技术进行了分析.      

看破“红尘”的欧洲神星ISO

经过多年努力,1995年11月16日欧空局终于用阿里安—44P运载火箭把自行研制的“红外空间观测器”(ISO)送上了轨道。这比原计划发射时间推迟了两年半,主要原因之一是为高风险科学飞行任务的技术检查制定新的标准。     

飞机板金成形数据库的开发

为了配合航空工业进一步技术更新,以信息化技术提升传统的飞机板金工艺,根据航空工业飞机生产、型号预研、板金工艺手册、工艺实验等大量数据信息,基于Sybase数据库管理系统,应用PowerBuilder开发软件,研究开发了一套集板材性能、成形工艺、机床设备、工装模具等数据资料的飞机板金成形数据库系统(Ashbase).对该系统在设计思想、总体结构、系统功能、数据表现等方面的设计与实现方法进行了分析.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.