大型飞机穿越微下击暴流风场的实时仿真(英文)

为在飞行模拟器中高逼真度地模拟在扰动风场中的飞行,研究了大型飞机在起飞着陆阶段遭遇微下击暴流风切变的实时仿真。基于涡环和Rankine复合涡原理建立了参数化三维微下击暴流模型。通过涡环倾斜和多涡环叠加方法实现了各种复杂微下击暴流风场的模拟。基于Boeing747-100飞机建模数据,系统推导了含风切变影响的六自由度动力学模型,给出了扰动风下气动模型修正的一般方法。对该机遭遇微下击暴流时实施纵向和横侧改出分别进行了控制器设计与仿真。研究结果表明,建立的三维微下击暴流模型可扩展性强,可用于模拟实际复杂风场。含风切变影响的大型飞机动力学模型合理有效。针对飞机从不同位置穿越风场,可采用不同的改出策略。整个模型可应用于飞行模拟器的实时飞行仿真。     

Wind detection in a microcosm: Ship/aircraft environment sensors

One of the most demanding aspects of a Navy helicopter pilot's job is landing his aircraft on the flight deck of a pitching, rolling, heaving and yawing ship. The complex airwake velocity field associated with the ship and aircraft interface directly affects the pilot's ability to control the aircraft during takeoff, approach, hover, landing, and deck operations. Dynamic Interface (DI) testing is performed to define safe aircraft operational envelopes; however, not all conditions can be realized within the limited test period and asset/condition availability. In addition, exact wind conditions that affect the aircraft cannot be measured with existing wind sensors. These sensors measure wind in the ship's mast area which does not represent the wind flow field encountered by the aircraft. A means of non-intrusively measuring the appropriate wind data is required. This paper presents an overview of the unique aspects of the ship/aircraft interface, the overall naval DI environment and the sensor requirements for measuring this complex environment     

多轴多回路人机控制系统模型与仿真

针对驾驶员完成飞机机场下滑过程的多轴多回路控制任务,分析了人的控制行为特点,确定出驾驶员的信息反馈,形成了机系统的闭环控制结构,根据驾驶员对各控制回路的注意力分配和人机自适应规律性,选择相应的驾驶员模型形式并确定其参数,建立了多轴多回路的人机控制系统模型,最后,对风切变大气环境下驾驶员控制的飞机进场下滑过程进行了仿真计算,结果表明,所建立的人机控制系统模型是合理的,对飞行品质研究有参考价值。     

Multi-body dynamic system simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff

The flight safety is threatened by the special flight conditions and the low speed of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The aircraft carrier motion, aircraft dynamics, landing gears and wind field of sea state are comprehensively considered to dispose this multidiscipline intersection problem. According to the particular naval operating environment of the carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff, the integrated dynamic simulation models of multi-body system are developed, which involves the movement entities of the carrier, the aircraft and the landing gears, and involves takeoff instruction, control system and the deck wind disturbance. Based on Matlab/Simulink environment, the multi-body system simulation is realized. The validity of the model and the rationality of the result are verified by an example simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The simulation model and the software are suitable for the study of the multidiscipline intersection problems which are involved in the performance, flight quality and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff, the effects of landing gear loads, parameters of carrier deck, etc.     

大型水陆两栖飞机侧风起降的滑流影响分析

大型水陆两栖飞机AG600的动力装置为安装在机翼上的4台同向旋转涡轮螺旋桨发动机，针对1：15缩比模型带动力风洞试验显示的螺旋桨滑流对侧风起降状态的偏航力矩不稳定影响，对全机带动力风洞试验模型进行了大规模并行非定常数值计算，再现了风洞试验现象，通过流动机理分析明确其产生原因主要是左侧滑时右外翼分离和垂尾背鳍涡破裂，这些原因和数值模拟的准确性也为后期的风洞试验所证实。考虑到模型风洞试验中尺度限制造成的低雷诺数和高螺旋桨转速，为保证飞行安全，继续采用该非定常方法对全尺寸飞机真实侧风起降状态进行了详细数值分析和偏航稳定性评估。研究结果显示，在飞行雷诺数和螺旋桨转速下，相同侧风范围内风洞试验显示的流动不稳定因素基本消失，偏航稳定性允许的侧风范围明显增加。本研究实现了四发螺旋桨飞机起降状态横向气动特性的滑流影响非定常数值分析，建立了基于计算流体力学的风洞与飞行雷诺数效应的相互关系，进行了偏航稳定性的虚拟试飞评估，研究成果也为AG600飞机的首飞和飞行试验所验证。     

舰载飞机逃逸复飞动力学特性研究

采用相关作用力方法，建立了考虑起落架变形运动影响下飞机在运动斜甲板上的着舰滑跑运动方程，综合研究了海浪，风，地效，航母摇荡运动和起落架伸缩运动等因素对飞机着舰脱挂后逃逸复飞特性的影响，为舰载飞机逃逸飞行特性提供了计算方法。     

舰载机着舰进近速度超出预期的影响因素研究

舰载机进近速度过大不仅会缩短机体疲劳寿命,而且会增加事故风险。通过分析得出,造成进近速度超出预期值的原因是飞行员为保证飞机沿固定下滑道下滑而对飞机的状态作出了调整。进一步分析得出,甲板风高于测试值是迫使飞机状态改变的直接因素,并利用统计数据分析验证了该结论的正确性;分析结果表明,甲板风增大的80%转化为进近速度的增加;提出以抬高基准角的方式应对大甲板风带来的进近速度的增加,以保证着舰安全。研究结论可应用于岸基模拟着舰训练中,可提高模拟训练和实际着舰的相似度,增强训练效果。     

微下冲气流对飞机着陆性能的影响

针对飞机在下滑着陆阶段穿越微下冲气流的问题,建立了微下冲气流影响下的飞机纵向运动数学模型。用数值方法计算了微下冲气流对空速、迎角和航迹的影响,结果表明,飞机在穿越微下冲气流时,空速、迎角、下滑航迹变化很明显,飞行员操纵和判断的难度会增大。特别是顺风阶段,航迹比正常偏低很多,对飞机的安全着陆影响很大。     

近舰区风场建模与着舰仿真分析

通过分析近舰区风场特点,建立了低空风场和舰尾流模型,对飞机的着舰过程进行了仿真分析。分析认为:近舰区风场影响了着舰航迹的稳定性,降低了飞机着舰的安全性和乘坐品质。为了验证模型的合理性,进行了飞行员在环的地面飞行模拟试验,分析了近舰区风场对飞机着舰过程和飞行员操纵特性的影响。试验结果表明,近舰区风场的存在显著增加了飞行员的滚转操纵负荷。     

风切变对飞机平飞特性的影响分析

利用对风切变的描述,建立微下冲气流工程化模型。随后根据建立起的风切变运动方程,对飞机穿越微下冲气流风场进行仿真,分析了风切变对飞机飞行性能的影响。     

飞机自动着陆纵向块对角控制器设计

在阐述了块对角控制理论和分析飞机运动特性的基础上,把飞机纵向运动方程转化为块对角非线性系统,并设计了飞机自动着陆纵向块对角控制器。仿真结果表明,该控制器能够控制飞机自动着陆,跟踪性能良好。     

A Hazard Analysis-based Approach to Improve the Landing Safety of a BWB Remotely Piloted Vehicle

The BUAA-BWB remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) designed by our research team encountered an unexpected landing safety problem in flight tests. It has obviously affected further research project for blended-wing-body (BWB) aircraft configuration characteristics. Searching for a safety improvement is an urgent requirement in the development work of the RPV. In view of the vehicle characteristics, a new systemic method called system-theoretic process analysis (STPA) has been tentatively applied to the hazardous factor analysis of the RPV flight test. An uncontrolled system behavior "path sagging phenomenon" is identified by implementing a three degrees of freedom simulation based on wind tunnel test data and establishing landing safety system dynamics archetype. To obtain higher safety design effectiveness and considering safety design precedence, a longitudinal "belly-flap" control surface is innovatively introduced and designed to eliminate hazards in landing. Finally, flight tests show that the unsafe factor has been correctly identified and the landing safety has been efficiently improved.     

鸭式布局飞机矢量喷流对地面效应影响的风洞试验

针对单发鸭式布局飞机，通过低速风洞试验，研究了矢量喷流对飞机地面效应的影响特性。研究结果表明：发动机喷流使得飞机的地面效应增强，升力系数增加，降低飞机起飞/降落时的飞行速度，缩短起降距离，从而改善飞机起降性能。发动机喷管上/下偏转时，矢量喷流对飞机上下表面气流诱导不对称，均使地面效应阻力系数增量减小。在此基础上，基于数值模拟结果对喷流与地面效应的相互作用机理进行了分析。     

舰载机斜板滑跃起飞情况地面载荷

设置舰艏斜板以减少舰载机起飞滑跑距离、降低甲板风要求,从而实现无弹射系统情况下的短距起飞作业,这已在一些“蓝水”海军强国的航空母舰上得到了多年应用。给定航母起飞甲板长度和斜板曲线构型,飞机能否成功滑跃起飞取决于它的气动特性、最大起飞质量、发动机推力、出口速度和起落架强度。 本文提出了一种舰载机斜板滑跃起飞情况地面载荷的计算方法,也建立了完整的斜板曲线方程（曲线已经过飞机适配性优化）。文中还应用本方法计算了某双座多用途舰载教练机的滑跃起飞地面载荷。     

Robust Kalman filter design for predictive wind shear detection

Severe low-altitude wind shear is a threat to aviation safety. Newly developed airborne sensors measure the radial component of wind along a line directly in front of an aircraft. The authors use optimal estimation theory to define a detection algorithm to warn of hazardous wind shear from these sensors. To achieve robustness, a wind shear detection algorithm must distinguish threatening wind shear from less hazardous gustiness, despite variations in wind shear structure. Statistical analysis methods to refine wind shear detection algorithm robustness are presented. Computational methods predict the ability to warn of severe wind shear and avoid false warning. Comparative capability of the detection algorithm as a function of its design parameters is determined, identifying designs that provide robust detection of severe wind shear     

基于直接升力与动态逆的舰尾流抑制方法

在复杂的作战和着舰环境下,舰尾气流扰动是着舰误差的最主要来源之一。如果在着舰下滑阶段利用直接升力控制（DLC）的快速性和解耦性能力,可以极大地减轻飞行员着舰操纵负担并且提高着舰最后阶段对舰尾流的抑制能力。从航迹调节和姿态稳定的解耦角度出发,提出在非线性动态逆（NDI）控制框架下实现基于直接升力的着舰控制律方法,并通过建立含有舰尾流扰动的E-2C全量飞机仿真模型进行验证。结果表明：在非线性动态逆控制中引入直接升力的舰载机着舰控制律,可以实现在着舰下滑阶段姿态稳定的同时,通过直接升力快速解耦调节航迹误差,并且在引入舰尾流干扰的情况下,具有快速修正下滑倾角误差、抑制舰尾流干扰的能力,最终达到显著提高着舰精度的效果。     

大气扰动及其对飞行的影响

 大气紊流和风切变等现象会影响飞机的飞行品质,并且可能引起严重的飞行事故。本文简要回顾和评述了目前国外研究大气紊流和风切变问题的情况。包括近年来国外在低空大气扰动对飞行影响方面的研究,在改进数学模型、计算与分析方法以及研究与大气扰动有关的飞行品质规范等方面取得的进展。文中同时回顾了我国研究大气扰动对飞行的影响方面的情况。     

Application of Electronic Data Processing Airport Analysis in Airlines Operations and for Manufacturers

An analysis of the factors affecting aircraft takeoff and landing weights is presented. This analysis, made with the aid of a computer, considers all factors, including: type of aircraft; weight; temperature; wind; engines; payload; policies; limits; runway slope, conditions, and length; obstructions; and aircraft flap settings.     

面向机舰适配的舰载飞机起降特性分析

机舰适配性是舰载飞机总体设计的核心内容之一,通常包括性能适配和保障适配两部分,是舰载飞机总体设计特有的阶段;其内涵是指舰载飞机充分、高效利用航母的特性,使用其设备和装置的固有能力。以舰载飞机的使用环境为切入点,定义了有人驾驶陆基飞机改舰载机设计所需考虑的机舰适配的诸多方面;以滑跃起飞/拦阻着舰型舰载机为实例,突出性能适配,对滑跃起飞和拦阻着舰的过程进行物理分解,探求舰机以及环境参数对其性能的影响,建立了相关性能的计算方法,并结合国外典型航母的数据进行了计算分析,定量评估了甲板风对滑跃起飞和拦阻着舰的作用。同时,从保证着舰安全性的角度给出了建议的着舰方式、标准拦阻程序和安全逃逸的最短甲板长度需求。最后,给出了滑跃起飞/拦阻着舰飞机设计的关注点。     

IFSTA自主着舰控制律仿真研究

针对舰载机的自动着舰系统,以IESTA原型机K8飞机为研究对象建立了着舰环境模型,设计了自动着舰控制律,对在着舰阶段的控制作用及影响着舰精度的因素进行了分析和研究,并分别进行了数值仿真和半实物地面仿真验证.研究结果表明,为了使飞机成功完成着舰任务,需满足海况、大气扰动、控制系统带宽频率的最低要求.