趋于临界马赫数的圆柱跨声速绕流特性分析

通过深化认识趋于临界马赫数Ma_cr的圆柱跨声速绕流特性,明确新型飞行器增升减阻设计的空气动力学理论依据。采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma_∞为0.75和0.85、雷诺数Re为2×10⁵的圆柱跨声速绕流。结果表明:当Ma_∞趋于临界马赫数(Ma_cr≈0.9)时,圆柱的阻力下降且升力系数振荡被抑制;通过力的分解,得知圆柱的阻力减小来自旋涡力的影响,而非可压缩性;圆柱的阻力减小与其背压上升有关;剪切层初始阶段的对流马赫数Ma_c随Ma_∞的增加而增大,而增长率相反,这使得剪切层更为稳定、柱体背压更高。此外,由于Ma_∞=0.85时边界层分离点处的激波和尾迹处的激波向下游推移,使得近尾迹处的湍流脉动减弱,进而导致柱体的表面压力振荡和升力系数振荡被抑制。     

三维侧压式进气道的减阻研究

为实现三维侧压式进气道的减阻,采用了数值模拟和来流马赫数Ma₀=5.3风洞试验相结合的方法研究了两种三维侧压式进气道,其中之一为基准进气道,其二是在基准进气道的基础上采用某些减阻措施的低阻进气道.结果表明:所采用的减阻措施是有效的,在Ma₀=5.3的条件下,进气道的压差阻力可以减少4.7%左右,摩擦阻力可以减少约4.9%,附加阻力可以转化为附加推力,总阻力可以减少4.7%左右.与此同时,进气道的总体性能也得到明显改善.      

Double-decoupled inverse design of natural laminar flow nacelle under transonic conditions

The inverse design based on the pressure distribution is an essential approach to realize the improvement of Natural Laminar Flow(NLF) performance for nacelles. However, the direct definition of target pressure distribution at design point is challenging for the dilemma to consider the constraints of shock wave and laminar flow at the same time. In addition, the universality of method will be limited when the inverse design is strongly coupled with the solver. Thus, a double-decoupled methodolog...     

采用上游扰动体被动控制减阻技术的实验研究

通过风洞测压和水洞流动显示实验,研究了不同直径的扰动体尾迹下圆柱的流动结构和气动特性。结果表明当扰动体和圆柱串列布置时,流动呈现出两种流动模式:空穴流动和尾流撞击模式。当圆柱处于空穴流动模式时,其阻力可以大幅度降低。当扰动体直径为圆柱直径1/2时,圆柱阻力最大降低98%。综合绕流结构和圆柱表面压力分布的变化,指出阻力减小的原因主要是扰动体对圆柱前体的保护作用以及对后体流动的干扰作用,其中后者占主导地位。随着扰动体直径的增加,扰动体对圆柱前体的减阻效果增加。     

斜、直圆柱绕流的CFD模拟

采用CFD软件CFX5.5对直圆柱和斜圆柱绕流进行数值模拟,计算了直、斜置圆柱的阻力系数、升力系数、周向平均压力系数及其脉动压力系数的均方根值,并与试验结果进行了比较.计算表明,斜圆柱绕流与直圆柱绕流有很大的差异:斜圆柱绕流的平均阻力系数减小,平均升力系数不等于零,升力系数的频域除包含有传统的卡门涡脱频率外,还包含有许多低频成份.     

航空发动机燃油雾化特性研究进展

从实验、理论和数值模拟三个方面对航空发动机内的燃油雾化问题研究进展进行了综述。实验方面,通过雾化实验,可定性分析喷注参数及环境条件等因素对雾化效果的影响,测量技术是影响实验精度的关键;雾化理论对液膜形状及破碎特性的预测值与实验还存在一定误差,复杂气动条件下的雾化理论还较为缺乏;雾化数值模拟可以获得不同形式燃油雾化的某些典型变化过程,复杂多过程、多因素影响的雾化模拟还较难开展。总体上看,航空发动机燃油雾化机理还未能完全揭示。     

基于被动控制的D型钝体减阻大涡模拟研究

钝体减阻在航空航天等多个领域内具有重要的应用潜力,也是重要的基础研究热点问题。为了精确捕捉流动控制的流动细节,并发展效果优良的流动控制减阻方案,论文围绕抽象出的D型钝体,采用大涡模拟方法,开展了被动控制减阻高精度数值模拟研究。首先基于前期研究成果,对D型钝体尾迹区剪切层附近放置一个光滑小圆柱的被动减阻方法开展了数值模拟,发现总阻力减小17.7%,与试验结果吻合很好,同时数值预测的速度场分布也与试验结果吻合良好。在此基础上,进一步提出了采用齿槽型表面结构的小圆柱对D型钝体尾迹区进行扰动,并开展了数值验证,发现总阻力减小21.4%,优于前期的减阻方法。最后研究了在三种雷诺数工况下两种小圆柱扰动情况下的减阻效果,均表现出良好的减阻效果,两种小圆柱扰动下总阻力最大降幅分别为19.6%和23.1%,同时基于大涡模拟计算结果对减阻流动机理进行了探讨。上述研究结果表明,通过进一步优化流场结构,可以得到更优的流动减阻方案。     

多孔介质空心圆柱绕流的摄动解

本文主要讨论了绕多孔介质空心圆柱的有势流动问题。运用摄动方法,给出了速度势的四阶近似,然后得到了圆柱表面的无量纲的压力系数和阻力系数。结果发现在势流的情况下多孔介质圆柱受到附加阻力作用,并且在圆柱的喷射或吸收流体的特征速度与来流特征速度的比值是一个小量的时候,阻力系数与特征速度比成简单的线性关系。     

Aircraft with outboard horizontal stabilizers,history, current status,development potential

The potential of using outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to reduce aircraft drag, and hence improve fuel economy, was investigated historically, experimentally and theoretically. The feasibility of OHS configurations on the basis of the structural stress levels expected was also studied. The findings of the work showed that from simple, low Reynolds number, wind-tunnel tests, at a wing-chord-based Reynolds number of approximately 6×10⁴ and also from theoretical analyses for a higher Reynolds number of 9×10⁶, lift/drag (L/D) value increases in the region of 40–50% for wing and tail surfaces can be expected relative to corresponding values for conventional aircraft. When account is taken of fuselage and tail-support boom drag, the expected overall L/D increase is in the region of 30–35%. The analytical stress-level work showed that contrary to what, on a first thought basis, might be expected, there were no major stress problems. Flight tests at the University of Calgary, and by others elsewhere, employing radio-controlled, powered, model aircraft (i.e. UAVs) showed that aircraft of the OHS type were easily controlled in flight and were stable. An examination was made of additional areas that may contribute yet further to the development of the OHS concept.     

民用飞机ADHF构型升阻特性研究

采用计算流体力学方法,针对伴随扰流板下偏铰链襟翼典型二维多段翼进行数值模拟,研究了扰流板下偏对小襟翼起飞构型多段翼气动升阻特性的影响。结果表明:在所研究范围内,1)固定扰流板偏度及缝道,增大襟翼偏度,可明显提升多段翼升力,并增加1.13V_SR-1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;2)固定襟翼位置,增加扰流板偏度,可产生机翼弯度增大与缝隙量减小两个效果;3)机翼弯度增大,可提升多段翼小迎角下的升力,但最大升力影响有限,弯度增加效应可明显降低1.13V_SR ~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;4)在0.3%c~1.3%c范围内,减小缝隙量,各迎角下升力均随之下降,但减小缝隙量也可明显降低1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;5)固定襟翼,随着扰流板下偏,升力在小迎角下有所提升,进失速段呈现下降现象,而阻力在1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内可明显降低。     

高速气流冲击柱状泡沫多孔体的传热特性分析

采用流体/多孔区域一体化单区域算法,数值研究了高速绕流条件下前置于圆柱体前缘表面的柱状泡沫多孔体内部的传热特性。基于蒙特卡罗法考虑多孔域内的辐射热效应,分析了变化多孔区域长度和多孔阻力特性对模型激波阻力和前缘多孔区域气动热的影响。结果表明:在圆柱体前缘安置一定长度及带有适当阻力特性的泡沫多孔材料,可同时减小整体激波阻力并降低前缘表面的气动热效应。在模拟工况下,无量纲长度1.0、黏性阻力系数0.2×107m-2及惯性阻力系数200m-1的前缘泡沫多孔可减小激波阻力13.5%,降低约75%的前缘表面的平均气动热流密度。保持无量纲长度不变,减小泡沫多孔区域惯性阻力系数会降低激波阻力,但会略微增加前缘壁面气动热流密度。      

Viscous Crossflow Around a Rotating Circular Cylinder

Unsteady viscous crossflow around a rotating circular cylinder is studied in the laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The dependences of drag and lift coefficients of the cylinder on the rotation speed are obtained.     

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Various Plasma Actuator Configurations on Lift and Drag Coefficients of a Circular Cylinder Including the Effects of Electrodes

In this paper, the effects of the existence of plasma actuator electrodes and also various configurations of the actuator for controlling the flow field around a circular cylinder are experimentally investigated. The cylinder is made of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and considered as a dielectric barrier. Two electrodes are flush-mounted on the surface of the cylinder and are connected to a DC high voltage power supply for generation of electrical discharge. Pressure distribution results show that the existence of the electrodes and also the plasma are able to change the pressure distribution around the cylinder and consequently the lift and drag coefficients. It is found that the effect of the existence of the electrodes is comparable with the effect of plasma actuator in controlling the flow field around the cylinder and this effect is not reported by other researchers. Eventually it is concluded that the existence of the electrodes or any extra objects on the cylinder and also the existence of the plasma are capable of changing the flow field structure around the cylinder so that the behavior of the lift and drag coefficients of the cylinder will be changed significantly.     

均匀磁场中高超声速弱电离气体流动数值模拟

采用7组元化学模型并应用组分公式计算电导率,通过求解黏性MHD(magneto-hydro-dy-namics)方程组,研究了不同强度均匀磁场对三维钝头体高超声速绕流化学非平衡流动的影响.结果表明,随着磁场的增强,激波脱体距离逐渐增加;总阻力系数和壁面温度逐渐减小.在B_y=0.03 T磁场作用下,与无磁场的结果相比,化学非平衡流中的激波脱体距离增加约7%,总阻力系数减小约5%,局部壁面温度最大降低74%;而冻结流中的激波脱体距离增加约43%,总阻力系数减小约6.9%,局部壁面温度最大降低18%.      

吸气条件对圆柱非定常分离流影响的数值研究

本文根据二维可压非定常Ｎ－Ｓ方程，基于Ｂｅａｍ ａｎｄ Ｗａｒｍｉｇｎ及Ｓｔｅｇｅｒ的方法，在圆柱绕流出现周期分离后，施加吸气条件，研究气对于圆柱非定常绕流的影响，计算结果表明，在恰当地区域施加恰当的吸气条件，可以希望通过减小压差阻力来减小总阻力，吸气还有抑制尾迹中非对称流动的作用，从而使圆柱所受的垂直于来流方向的升力的变化幅度减小，变化频率减小，但是吸气会增加磨擦阻力，过份的吸气会导致摩阻增大太     

大尺度回转体脊状表面减阻试验

对表面光滑和有脊状结构的大尺度回转体模型在风洞中进行了变速度、变攻角试验,为脊状表面减阻技术的工程化应用提供了参考.对比分析发现:来流速度对脊状表面减阻效果有很大影响,减阻效果随速度增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在某一速度达到最佳,减阻效果提高20%;攻角对脊状表面减阻效果影响有限;脊状结构的存在对模型升力系数和俯仰力矩...     

Evaluation of wave drag reduction by flow control

An analytical expression is proposed to estimate the wave drag of an aerofoil equipped with shock control. The analysis extends the conventional approach for a single normal shock wave in the absence of control, based on the knowledge that all types of successful shock control on transonic aerofoils cause bifurcated λ-shock structures. The influence of surface curvature on the λ-shock structure has been taken into account. The extended method has been found to produce fairly good agreement with the results obtained by CFD methods while requiring negligible computational effort. This new formulation is expected to be beneficial in the industrial design process of transonic aerofoils and wings where a large number of computational simulations have to be performed.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴性能仿真分析

采用正交试验设计方法对富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴设计参数氧压降比、燃氧速度比、氧喷嘴出口壁厚进行组合,数值模拟单喷嘴燃烧室燃烧流场,研究喷嘴设计参数及参数之间的交互作用对燃烧性能和燃烧室热载性能的影响,评价指标为燃烧长度、燃烧室壁面平均燃气温度和喷注面板平均燃气温度.仿真结果表明,燃氧速度比对燃烧与热载有显著影响,氧压降比与氢氧燃氧速度比的交互作用影响明显,分析结果对气-气喷嘴试验设计有重要指导意义.      

Instability characteristics of a co-rotating wingtip vortex pair based on bi-global linear stability analysis

The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet. Then, the temporal bi-global Linear Stability Analysis (bi-global LSA) is performed on this nearly equal-strength co-rotating vortex pair, which is composed of an upper vortex (vortex-u) and a down vortex (vortex-d). The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by (ω_r, ω_i) contains two types of branches: discrete branch and continuous branch. The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch, of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane of ω_i > 0, indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable. By contrast, the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane of ω_i < 0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation. In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, Mode P_u and Mode P_d are the primary perturbation modes, which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n, respectively. Besides, the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d, and the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is also larger than that of Mode P_d. Moreover, the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56% percent in the corresponding branch, thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_u. By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_u and Mode P_d with streamwise wavenumbers, the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m = 5–6 is identified, which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u. This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.