超声速弹头凹型光学头罩流动显示研究

在自行设计的Ma=3．8超声速风洞中,采用基于纳米技术的平面激光散射（NPLS）方法对超声速弹头凹型光学头罩流场进行了流动显示实验。高时空分辨率的NPLS图像再现了激波、膨胀波、边界层及尾迹等流场结构。观察到了边界层的产生、发展及转捩过程。通过对时间相关图像的分析,可以精确测定边界层内大尺度结构的几何特征和时间演化特征。     

超声速混合层转捩过程实验研究的进展

超声速湍流机理的实验研究是一件十分困难的工作.在2000年以来,本研究小组在低噪声超声速混合层风洞研究、超声速流动精细结构测量技术研究方面取得了重要进展,这给超声速混合层湍流精细结构的研究奠定了基础.为了研究超声速混合层及其气动光学问题,在研制的超声速混合层风洞中,主要以基于纳米技术的平面激光散射技术(Nano-trace Planar Laser Scattering,简称NPLS)为基础,研究了几种对流马赫数的超声速混合层从层流到湍流转捩过程K-H不稳定涡的空间结构,以及K-H不稳定涡的空间结构随着时间的发展过程.实验结果清晰地反映了湍流混合的不稳定性与转捩的精细结构,以及转捩过程的展向精细结构.     

NPLS技术及其在高速飞行器气动研究中的应用

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的超声速/高超声速流动受到了极大关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验研究提出了挑战。纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术（NPLS）是2005年由作者所在的研究团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够获得超声速三维流场的某个剖面的瞬态流动结构,并且具有较高的时空分辨率。目前,许多研究结果表明NPLS是研究超声速湍流的一项非常有效的技术。近年来,作者应用 NPLS 技术在超声速湍流研究中取得了较大的进展,并且基于NPLS开发了其它几种技术,比如基于 NPLS 的密度场测量技术（NPLS-DT）,能够获得超声速流动的密度场信息并还能进一步得到雷诺应力分布。本文介绍了NPLS技术并回顾了其在超声速边界层、激波/边界层相互作用等流动中的应用。由于能够获得雷诺压力和湍动能等统计量, NPLS技术有望在发展可压缩湍流模型的研究中发挥作用。     

来流边界层拟序结构对超声速混合层流场结构的影响研究

超声速混合层涉及可压缩湍流的根本问题,具有重要的应用背景。通过设计超声速混合层实验装置、应用新近提出的高分辨率NPLS测试技术,拍摄了来流边界层分别为层流和湍流流态下混合层的流向和展向流动图像。根据流动图像的特征,分析了混合层的流向与展向流场切面中拟序结构的成因;深入讨论了来流边界层中拟序涡结构与混合层涡结构的相互作用问题;比较了层流和湍流来流条件下混合层拟序结构的异同及其对混合效率的影响。结果表明：当来流边界层为湍流时,对应的混合层具有较高的混合效率。     

超声速湍流边界层与圆柱相互作用试验

在超声速风洞中开展了湍流边界层与圆柱相互作用流场研究,试验马赫数为3.4和3.8.圆柱安装在试验段底板上,安装位置的边界层为充分发展的湍流边界层,研究了圆柱直径和高度对流场结构和压力脉动的影响.采用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获取了流向和展向流场精细结构,激波系和马蹄涡结构均可清晰分辨.通过展向流场图像可...     

激波风洞边界层转捩测量技术及应用

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响。在高超声速飞行器研制中，迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。激波风洞作为高超声速气动热环境试验的主要地面模拟设备，是研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要设备。但激波风洞原有测量技术适用于工程型号试验，需要依据高超声速边界层转捩特点进行适应性改造和升级。依据高超声速边界层转捩过程中的热流、压力、密度等物理参数变化，发展了薄膜热流传感器测热技术、温敏热图测量技术、高频脉动压力测量技术、高清晰度纹影显示技术等适用于激波风洞的边界层转捩测量技术。并针对头部钝度0.05 mm的半锥角7°尖锥模型，在中国空气动力研究与发展中心Ø2 m激波风洞（FD-14A）马赫数10、单位雷诺数1.2×10⁷/m的流场条件下开展了边界层转捩试验。采用多种转捩测量技术同时进行测量，获得尖锥模型表面边界层转捩情况、边界层脉动压力频谱特征、边界层内清晰的第2模态波和湍流斑纹影图像，不同测量技术获取的试验结果可相互印证，线性稳定性理论分析结果与试验结果相吻合。     

高分辨率激波/边界层干扰时间演化过程分析

在超声速风洞中开展了湍流边界层与圆柱相互作用流场研究，试验马赫数为3.4和3.8。圆柱安装在试验段底板上，安装位置的边界层为充分发展的湍流边界层，研究了圆柱直径和高度对流场结构和压力脉动的影响。采用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获取了流向和展向流场精细结构，激波系和马蹄涡结构均可清晰分辨。通过展向流场图像可以发现干扰区内激波与湍流结构的相互作用具有明显的非定常性。采用动态压力传感器测量了圆柱前方相互作用区域的压力脉动特性，在激波足区域压力呈现11～38 kHz的宽频分布，推测主要由激波足与涡结构相互作用及滞止区涡结构的破碎引起。随着圆柱高度的增加，激波足附近测点对应的特征频率有所降低；上游测点则发现了0～3 kHz低频区能量的增强，这主要是由分离区引起的，表明在一定高度范围内高度的增加增强了流动分离。     

高分辨率激波/边界层干扰时间演化过程分析

采用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射（NPLS）技术,探索了流场超高帧频成像测试研究的试验系统,主要解决了多个单脉冲激光器并联后的稳定性和合束、阵列CCD相机的整体设计和布局以及测试系统的同步精确控制等问题,通过对系统的时序和分系统调试,实现了测试系统的精确控制。基于此系统,在单位雷诺数为6.30×10⁶/m的条件下,在马赫数为3.4的超声速低噪声风洞中开展了θ=20°激波发生器入射激波与来流壁面湍流边界层干扰相关试验研究。在试验条件下获得了序列连续时间相关的激波与湍流边界层干扰的瞬态流场精细结构图像,并分析了其流场结构的时空演化特性。     

超声速混合层在强迫振动下流场结构的实验研究

通过可控振动系统激励双喷管后的薄平板,采用基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射技术(NPLS)观测超声速混合层流场结构。控制薄平板的频率和振幅,结合边缘检测技术研究了超声速混合层大尺度结构的发展和演化规律。实验结果表明:强迫振动对超声速混合层流场结构以及混合效率有重要的影响。与无振动相比,强迫振动增强了混合层的三维特性,混合层的失稳位置提前;同时,强迫振动促进了上下两层流动的掺混,高频振动下混合层增长速度提高约50%,有效增强了混合。     

超声速压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰动力学模态分解

压缩拐角激波与边界层干扰问题广泛存在于高速飞行器的外部和内部流动中,其非定常复杂流场结构对飞行器气动性能影响显著。动力学模态分析将有助于进一步加深理解激波与边界层干扰流场不同特征频率对应的流动结构及动力学特性,为揭示其复杂流动机理提供参考。本文采用动态模态分解(DMD)方法对来流马赫数为2.9、24°压缩拐角内激波与超声速边界层干扰下的非定常流动进行了模态分析。评估了稀疏改进动态模态分解方法在压缩拐角流动中的适用性,研究了湍流干扰和转捩干扰下典型特征频率对应的动力学模态空间结构差异及其原因,分析了转捩边界层展向非均匀性对低频/高频模态动力学机制的影响规律。研究发现,湍流干扰与转捩干扰下拐角干扰区内均存在两类截然不同的动力学模态:低频模态和高频模态。低频模态结构集中在分离激波及分离泡剪切层的根部,表征为分离泡的大尺度膨胀和收缩运动;高频模态空间分布则以平均声速线附近正负交替结构为主,对应为边界层内不稳定波沿剪切层往下游的传播。转捩边界层的展向结构对低频模态运动特性影响明显,而对高频模态的影响则相对较小。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

Imaging of the Space-time Structure of a Vortex Generator in Supersonic Flow

The fine space-time structure of a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method in a quiet supersonic wind tunnel. The fine coherent structure at the symmetrical plane of the flow field around the VG is imaged with NPLS. The spatial structure and temporal evolution characteristics of the vortical structure are analyzed, which demonstrate periodic evolution and similar geometry, and the characteristics of rapid movement and slow change. Because the NPLS system yields the flow images at high temporal and spatial resolutions, from these images the position of a large scale structure can be extracted precisely. The position and velocity of the large scale structures can be evaluated with edge detection and correlation algorithms. The shocklet structures induced by vortices are imaged, from which the generation and development of shocklets are discussed in this paper.     

超声速混合层增长速度定量测量与比较

为研究超声速混合层增长速度,在自行设计的超声速湍流混合风洞中,分别采用常规连续光源与脉冲激光光源完成相应的纹影和NPLS实验。采用对比度调整和边缘检测方法对实验图片进行处理,得到了适合于定量测量混合层增长速度的图像。给出了相应的增长速度测量方法,并对相应的实验图像进行了定量测量与比较。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

超声速喷流混合流场大涡模拟

以光学窗口外冷喷流为研究背景，采用大涡模拟方法对后台阶外形切向喷流混合流场进行了研究。数值方法基于隐式亚格子模型，采用高精度WENO格式进行空间离散，并通过超声速平面混合层流动对数值方法进行了考核验证。喷流混合流场计算模型与试验一致，来流和喷流马赫数分别为3.4和2.5。数值模拟清晰地捕捉到了流场波系以及混合剪切层、壁面边界层等典型流场结构，并精细预测了混合层发生失稳、转捩及发展为充分发展湍流的时空发展过程。数值模拟得到的湍流大尺度结构的位置和形态与实验图像一致。通过对瞬时流场、统计平均流场和脉动参数的分析，揭示了流场结构特征及其时空演化规律，并获得了流场密度脉动特性。