Window-Based and Rate-Based Transmission Control Mechanisms over Space-Internet Links

Space communications urgently need an effective transmission control mechanism. This paper presents an experimental, comparative analysis of window-based transmission control, rate-based transmission control, and a hybrid of the two over error-prone, congestion-free, high-latency, point-to-point space communication links simulated using the space-to-ground link simulation (SGLS) test-bed. The results revealed that the traffic shaping mechanism of rate-based transmission protocol is more effective than the bursting flow of window-based protocol over simulated space communication links with a high error rate and a long link delay. The window-based transmission mechanisms show performance degradation due to traffic bursts and frequent packet retransmissions caused by their acknowledgment (ACK)-clocked transmission control algorithms. Pure rate-control is always preferable to other mechanisms in the simulated congestion-free, error-prone, point-to-point, geostationary-Earth orbit (GEO)-space communication channels, and its advantages become more pronounced when the channel rates are asymmetric. The performance differences come from their different behavior in controlling data transmission.     

适于长传播时延无线网络的快速预约按需发送MAC协议

为解决无线网络中长传播时延所带来的信道资源利用率低的问题,提出一种基于快速预约按需发送(FRODT)的媒质接入控制(MAC)协议.该协议利用中心控制节点(CCN),在两个信道上安排各节点的分组预约和发送,保证了各节点可以在一帧中无碰撞地发送一个或多个业务分组,并且各节点通过一次握手预约即可完成整个通信会晤的业务分组发送...     

A feedback-retransmission based asynchronous frequency hopping MAC protocol for military aeronautical ad hoc networks

Attacking time-sensitive targets has rigid demands for the timeliness and reliability of information transmission, while typical Media Access Control (MAC) designed for this application works well only in very light-load scenarios; as a consequence, the performances of system throughput and channel utilization are degraded. For this problem, a feedback-retransmission based asynchronous FRequency hopping Media Access (FRMA) control protocol is proposed. Burst communication, asynchronous Frequency Hopping (FH), channel coding, and feedback retransmission are utilized in FRMA. With the mechanism of asynchronous FH, immediate packet transmission and multi-packet reception can be realized, and thus the timeliness is improved. Furthermore, reliability can be achieved via channel coding and feedback retransmission. With theories of queuing theory, Markov model, packets collision model, and discrete Laplace transformation, the formulas of packet success probability, system throughput, average packet end-to-end delay, and delay distribution are obtained. The approximation accuracy of theoretical derivation is verified by experimental results. Within a light-load network, the proposed FRMA has the ability of millisecond delay and 99% reliability as well as outperforms the non-feedback-retransmission based asynchronous frequency hopping media access control protocol.     

Distributive Demand-Assigned Packet Switching with Trailer Transmissions

In a packet satellite system using ALOHA type random access techniques, channels and on-board processing may be effectively used to provide significant gains in throughput, delay, and bandwidth efficiency. Motivated by this conjecture, a distributive demand-assigned packet broadcast system through a processing satellite with multiple request channels and user buffers is first presented. This scheme is shown to be able to achieve the above goals except, as any other demand type scheme, it also exhibits relatively poor delay performance at low traffic when compared with pure random access schemes. An extended scheme using trailer transmission to improve delay performance at low traffic is then introduced. Two techniques for handling trailer transmissions are studied and compared. Both are shown to provide lower packet delay at light trafric. lay at light traffic.     

Optimal acknowledgment frequency over asymmetric space-internet links

The acknowledgement (ACK) strategy of transmission control protocol (TCP) has been modified to delay the ACKs for a configurable period of time that is related to the round-trip time (RTT) to improve its performance in asymmetric links such as space communications. A general relationship between the asymmetric channel ratio and the optimal ACK frequency to achieve maximum throughput is not available. This paper studies the optimal ACK frequency with respect to the channel RTT to achieve the maximum throughput over various asymmetric, geo-stationary earth orbit (GEO)-satellite links using a test-bed. It is found that when the asymmetric channel ratio is as high as about 100/1, the optimal ACK frequency must be increased with an increase in asymmetric ratio to complement the impact of the reduction of ACK channel rate. As a rule of thumb, every two-fold increase in asymmetric ratio requires the optimal ACK frequency to be increased by one ACK per RTT. A regression model was built to reflect the relationship between the optimal ACK frequency and the asymmetric channel ratio and has been validated     

High Capacity: Low Delay Packet Broadcast Multiaccess

Demand assigned packet radio schemes using satellites can achieve high bandwidth utilizations but they generally exhibit relatively poor delay performance at low traffic when compared with random access schemes. A modified demand assigned scheme is proposed which improves delay performance at low traffic by allowing random access transmissions by users who are waiting for channel assignments. The proposed scheme provides low average delays at low traffic (comparable to slotted ALOHA) and bandwidth utilizations comparable to that of demand assigned schemes. The scheme has potential application in situations where the traffic loading tends to vary widely.     

基于最小跳数的无线传感器网络跨层设计

传统的严格分层参考模型无法实现对无线传感器网络资源的有效管理和运用,跨层设计是提高网络整体性能的一种有效方法。针对无线传感器网络能量、计算资源、存储资源和带宽资源有限的特点,提出一种基于最小跳数的路由层和MAC层的跨层协议设计方案。MAC层和路由层通过共享sensor节点到sink节点的最小跳数信息,在MAC层建立时间梯度,解决多个节点共享无线信道的问题;并在路由层建立路由表,解决路由选择问题。仿真结果表明,该方案在降低网络能耗的同时,在降低传输延迟,提高数据投递率方面也取得了良好的性能。     

频率选择性衰落信道DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统航迹规划

无人机中继通信是实现远距离无线通信的一种重要技术手段，无人机的飞行航迹对无人机中继通信系统的链路传输可靠性存在显著的影响，在频率选择性衰落信道环境下研究了基于直序列码分多址（DS-CDMA）的无人机中继通信系统的航迹优化的问题。首先，给出了基于DS-CDMA的译码转发无人机中继通信系统的模型，并理论分析给出无人机中继通信系统的链路中断概率及平均误码率计算公式，以此为基础，基于链路中断概率最小化准则提出了中继无人机的航迹规划方法，最后通过仿真验证了所提出方法的正确性与有效性。研究表明：最大比值合并DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统可充分获取频率选择性衰落信道提供的分集增益，显著改善链路传输的可靠性。     

TCP协议在空间网络中的传输时延分析

探讨了为适应空间网络环境对TCP协议机制进行的一些改进，通过模拟实验，对协议改进方案的性能进行了分析和比较。实验结果表明：协议改进后能够减小时延，避免不必要的重传，提高了信道的利用率。     

基于OPNET的CSMA协议性能研究

CSMA协议是无线自组织网络MAC协议中的基本协议,研究其在不同网络条件下的通信性能,对于指导该协议在实际中的具体应用具有重要的作用.基于OPNET网络仿真软件,实现了CSMA协议,设计了不同网络条件下的仿真实验,研究了几个主要的网络参数对CSMA通信性能的影响,为实际网络条件下的CSMA协议性能评估提供参考.     

一种改进的多址接入协议

提出了一种改进的多址接入协议,详细介绍了该协议,并对其进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,与原协议相比,改进协议可以提供较高的信道吞吐量以及较低的平均报文时延、平均报文碰撞率和控制开销。     

低轨卫星可控式冗余分包遥测技术

随着卫星功能日趋复杂,遥测参数越来越多,处理要求越来越快,遥测设计面临越来越大的压力,必须拓展新的设计思路.本文讨论了一种低轨卫星可控式冗余分包遥测技术,更好地缓解遥测信道“瓶颈”,满足用户多样化的遥测需求,提高卫星遥测能力.该设计采用PCM（Pulse Code Modulation,脉冲编码调制）遥测和分包遥测相结合的方案,在信道资源有限,遥测参数庞大、用户需求多样的约束条件下,通过星载软件模式控制的方法实现了动态可编程遥测处理和遥测数传通道的冗余处理,提高了遥测信道的资源利用率、遥测设计的灵活性和系统的可靠性,该技术已成功应用于某在轨卫星,并被多颗在研卫星所采用.     

光纤通道在基于MIL-STD-1553的航空电子系统网络中的应用

光纤通道作为新一代的航空电子系统通信网络技术,具有传输速度高、延时低、传输距离远和可靠性高等特性,高达4G bps的数据传输带宽,为其上层通信协议提供了一种通用的高速率的数据传输通道。FC-1553作为光纤通道上层通信协议之一,对MIL-STD-1553通信协议具有完全的兼容性,它继承了传统MIL-STD-1553通信协议的基本特征,实现了向光纤通道链路层的映射,从而扩展了通信网络的结构,提高了网络的通信能力。本文首先介绍MIL-STD-1553和光纤通道的基本特性,然后描述在光纤通道中对1553通信协议的映射,最后,提出了基于光纤通道和MIL-STD-1553的航空电子系统通信网络结构。     

Relay selection in cooperative communication systems over continuous time-varying fading channel

In this paper, we study relay selection under outdated channel state information (CSI) in a decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative system. Unlike previous researches on cooperative commu-nication under outdated CSI, we consider that the channel varies continuously over time, i.e., the channel not only changes between relay selection and data transmission but also changes during data transmission. Thus the level of accuracy of the CSI used in relay selection degrades with data transmission. We first evaluate the packet error rate (PER) of the cooperative system under contin-uous time-varying fading channel, and find that the PER performance deteriorates more seriously under continuous time-varying fading channel than when the channel is assumed to be constant during data transmission. Then, we propose a repeated relay selection (RRS) strategy to improve the PER performance, in which the forwarded data is divided into multiple segments and relay is reselected before the transmission of each segment based on the updated CSI. Finally, we propose a combined relay selection (CRS) strategy which takes advantage of three different relay selection strategies to further mitigate the impact of outdated CSI.     

一种优先级区分的机载无线网络MAC层自适应退避算法

针对现有无线网络媒介接入控制(MAC)协议退避机制存在的竞争窗口(CW)易产生振荡、不能为紧急业务提供低时延QoS保障、难以区分服务类别等不足,提出了一种区分业务优先级的自适应退避(PAB)算法。该算法在二进制指数退避(BEB)算法的基础上,根据信道忙闲标识和业务优先级自适应选择相应退避阶段,通过参数设置可对不同优先级业务相邻退避阶段的前、后转移概率进行调整。利用二维马尔可夫链理论对PAB进行了建模分析,理论分析获得了饱和吞吐量和平均MAC时延的数学表达式,仿真实验结果表明:在机载无线网络(AN)环境下,PAB的性能相对BEB有了显著提升,可有效保障机载无线网络多业务类型的传输需求。     

Traffic class dependent routing in ISL networks

This work addresses traffic class dependent (TCD) routing, using different link-cost functions, in the intersatellite link (ISL) network of a nongeostationary packet-switched satellite communication system. Three different traffic classes are introduced, each with its particular optimisation criteria. Performance analysis of TCD routing, in terms of average packet delay and average data throughput of a particular traffic class, is evaluated for homogeneous and nonhomogeneous traffic scenarios using a specifically developed simulation model of the ISL network.     

航空电子多信道实时分组调度方法

 针对航空电子波分复用（WDM）网络,提出了一种新的多信道实时调度策略实时多信道加权轮转调度（RMWRR）,将多信道分成强实时信道组和尽力服务信道组,通过调整强实时信道组的权值分配和在尽力服务信道组进行权值补偿的方法,在满足强实时消息强实时约束的同时,提高了带宽利用率,可以适应动态消息的权值变化。对经过流量整形的非强实时消息,RMWRR在尽力服务信道组对其提供延迟上界。通过理论分析,推导了RMWRR的强实时调度条件和尽力服务延迟上界。仿真和算例分析验证了该调度策略的强实时约束下的低资源占用和非强实时下的低延迟特性。     

Satellite communication system integrated into terrestrial ISDN

This paper presents an advanced satellite communication system named DYANET II. This system uses satellite channels as subscriber lines for ISDN customers as well as trunk circuits for overflow traffic. The system can offer the same ISDN services to satellite customers as those available to terrestrial subscribers in terms of numbering, signaling, and charging systems as well as user-network interfaces. It can also set up satellite channels on a demand assignment basis to achieve efficient satellite channel utilization, and to connect customers by single-hop satellite connections. A compact, lightweight Earth station has been developed for remote customers and temporary demands such as exhibitions.     

舰载机飞行控制系统总线接口策略

对于舰载机集中式架构的飞控系统，由于外部设备、串行通信设备、ARINC659总线、处理软件等的运行频率各有差异，导致数据写入总线接口模块端（BIM）和控制与管理模块端（CPM）读取数据的速率不完全匹配，造成数据包丢失或数据包重复解析，数据传输可靠性得不到保证。对不同因素导致的读/写冲突问题进行详细的分析，分别针对数据包接收不完整和重复解析的问题给出相应的解决方案，设计了一种数据包格式并且提出数据缓冲方案。经试验验证，该方案能够保证数据包的完整性且避免了对数据包的重复解析，提升了软件的可靠性和运行效率。     

航空电子光纤通道高层轻量协议的研究

比较了航空电子环境FC(FC-AE)高层五种协议的特点、适用范围、通用性、技术支持性,说明FC轻量协议(FC-LP)适合航电通信的原因.论述了FC-LP的组成与特点:引入了FC节点访问标识和虚拟通道的概念,将通信模式确定为分布对等模式,增加了通道控制、信息传输流控、节点访问标识管理等协议流程,限定了FCP、FC物理层、FC仲裁环、FC交换接口标准功能的不同实现要求.总之,FC-LP通信协议具有高可靠、高效率、低延时的特点,能满足强时性和高可靠性飞机航空电子系统通信需求.