Strapdown Guidance Error Analysis

A crucial part of so-called ?strapdown? techniques for inertial guidance systems is the generation of the matrix of direction cosines relating the body axes to the reference axes. This is generally done by direct integration of a set of differential equations having the body angular velocities as inputs. This paper is devoted to an error analysis of two commonly used integration schemes, namely, direction cosines and quaternions. Scale, skew, and drift errors are defined, and the susceptibility of the integration schemes to these types of error is examined. It is concluded that the quaternion scheme offers an advantage because it intrinsically yields zero skew error. The paper is presented in two parts, for convenience.     

Analysis Strapdown Navigation Using Quaternions

A brief review of the theory of strapdown inertial navigation is presented in which the attitude of the sensor box with respect to inertial space is represented by the four-parameter quaternion vector. . A 4X4 matrix R is defined which aids in relating quaternions to direction cosines and facilitates interpretation of the equations for error propagation, which are also derived. In the interpretation, it is shown that the error in the quaternion vector causes aor-(correctable) scale factor error and an equivalent tilt vector error that propagates the same way as the platform tilt vector in a gimbaled system.     

刚体姿态仿真方法研究

首先论述了姿态描述的四种方法:欧拉角、欧拉轴旋转参数、方向余弦和四元数法,重点介绍了四元数法在飞行器运动学上的应用,它消除了欧拉方程的奇异性,计算效率也远远优于其他三种方法;最后讨论了数值仿真的方法及误差。     

Error analysis of quaternion transformations [inertial navigation]

Three transformation formulas that relate the quaternions to the direction cosine matrix used in strapdown inertial systems are derived. An error model associated with the computed direction cosine matrix is briefly discussed. Error analysis is fully evaluated analytically and tabulated for comparison. Transformation errors associated with these formulas are analyzed. The drift errors evaluated under constant angular velocity are shown to vary slightly among three different transformations. It is shown that the skew errors in three transformation schemes are not all intrinsically zero. The scale errors may differ largely by two orders of magnitude among transformation schemes. This may become a criteria for selection of altitude transformation schemes     

基于载荷当量安装误差的面齿轮振动特性

以面齿轮传动系统为研究对象,考虑载荷作用下面齿轮传动系统中支撑结构变形和轮齿弹性变形,通过将传动系统变形等效到面齿轮和直齿轮安装误差方向,建立包含当量安装误差的面齿轮多自由度耦合振动分析模型;采用4阶Runge-Kutta法求解了面齿轮传动系统运动微分方程,得到了当量安装误差对面齿轮振动加速度和法向动态啮合力的影响;开展了面齿轮动态特性测试试验,试验结果表明:偏置距误差和轴交角误差引起的面齿轮沿x方向振动加速度大于沿z方向振动加速度;偏置距误差对面齿轮x方向振动加速度的影响大于轴交角误差。      

Confidence Limits for the Pointing Error of Gimbaled Sensors

The confidence limits for the pointing error of a gimbaled sensor relative to an off-gimbal reference are derived in this paper. The various misalignment angles and errors that lead to discrepancies between the indicated and the actual pointing direction are discussed in detail. A mathematical model is developed from which the statistics of the pointing error are derived. The confidence limits are obtained for a variety of cases.     

Trigonometric Approximations for Bessel Functions

Bessel functions, used extensively in mathematical physics, electromagnetics, and communication-system theory, must often be approximated by appropriate formulas. The functions J?(x) and I?(x) for integer values of p are well approximated by the sum of a small number of circular and hyperbolic sines or cosines, respectively, when x is not too large, e.g., less than 10, and convenient expressions are obtained for their errors. These approximations are especially convenient for use on personal computers (PCs) and pocket calculators and in analytically evaluating integrals.     

非理想均匀圆阵的波达方向和多普勒频率联合估计

针对均匀圆阵存在一般阵列误差 (如阵元的幅相误差和安装位置误差等 )的情况 ,提出了多个信号的波达方向和多普勒频率估计方法。直接利用均匀圆阵的阵列流形 ,采用波达矩阵法估计各个信号的多普勒频率。由一般阵列误差的统计特性构造加权矩阵 ,采用加权总体最小二乘法估计各个信号的波达方向。此方法具有鲁棒性强等特点。计算机仿真证明了此方法的有效性     

Error Reduction in HF Loop DF Systems

Techniques for reducing bearing errors in vertical loop HF direction finders for ionospherically propagated signals were evaluated in a dual-channel system. A main channel provides a bearing display from the output of a rotating loop; an auxiliary channel unblanks the bearing ng display when propagation conditions are favorable for minimum bearing error. Circuitry to provide optimum unblanking for a wide variety of signal and fade conditions is described. The results of an operational evaluation are presented and show that a large majority of the unblanked bearings can be restricted to ±15° of the great-circle bearing with average bearing errors of 10° or less. Operational comparison with a contemporary system shows that the dual-channel system performance is superior with a 2 to 1 reduction ion in bearing spreads, standard deviations, and RMS error.     

一种联合估计的有源校正高精度测向算法

针对存在系统误差的阵列模型,提出了一种有源标校下的联合估计测向算法。该算法把误差矩阵估计转化为误差系数估计,并采用到达角精确已知的源信号进行标校,在此基础上使用最小二乘法联合估计幅相不一致误差系数和互耦误差系数,最后使用结合误差矩阵的MUSIC算法测量信号的到达角。仿真表明,该算法仅需要3个标校源,其精度相比于无阵列误差情况下降0.05°,具有较好的工程可实现性。     

制导工具误差对导弹射击精度的影响分析

探讨了影响导弹射击精度的主要工具误差系数偏差,建立了导弹惯测组合输出仿真和误差补偿仿真的数学模型。在标准弹道基础上将建立的仿真模型加入导航计算过程,建立了惯测组合工具误差的干扰道模型,并计算分析了不同射向,射程下的工具差系数偏差对导弹薄点的影响,为进一步研究减小制导工具误差的途径打下了基础。     

线性极化敏感阵列的极化平滑算法及相干源参数估计

 研究了基于极化敏感阵列的相干信号参数估计问题。首先,提出一种利用均匀线性极化敏感阵列的新型极化平滑算法(ULAPSA),其能够处理更多相干信号的参数估计,且具有更小的计算量。然后,基于ULAPSA给出了波达方向（DOA）和极化参数估计的两种方法：第1种方法利用角度搜索得到信号的DOA估计,适应任何多分量的电磁矢量传感器阵列;第2种方法结合传播算子算法,无需奇异值分解和角度搜索,能够同时估计信号的DOA和极化参数。该方法适应完备的电磁矢量传感器、三偶极子或三磁环构成的矢量传感器。最后,通过仿真实验比较和分析了所提算法的性能。     

用球形滚刀滚切面齿轮的理论误差研究

提出了利用现有球形滚刀与改造滚齿机加工面齿轮的方案。推导了球形滚刀基本蜗杆螺旋面方程,建立了滚切面齿轮的坐标系统。通过对成形误差曲面的研究发现用现有球形滚刀加工面齿轮的理论造形误差很小,且远小于插齿成形误差。轮齿接触分析表明滚切得到的面齿轮与标准圆柱齿轮啮合轨迹的位置及方向与理论啮合轨迹基本一致,而滚切得到的面齿轮副传动误差为有利的抛物线形。该文的研究为面齿轮的加工找到了新方法,并为球形滚刀开辟了新用途。     

Error Analysis of the Optimal Antenna Array Processors

The optimal weights of an antenna array processor, which maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the absence of errors, are computed using the noise-alone matrix inverse (NAMI) and the steering vector in the look direction or the signal-plus-noise matrix inverse (SPNMI) and the steering vector. In practice the estimated steering vector as well as the estimated optimal weights are corrupted by random errors. This paper has analyzed the effects of these errors on the performance of the NAMI processor and the SPNMI processor by deriving analytic expressions for the output signal power, output noise power, output SNR, and the array gain as a function of the error variance. The treatment is for a general array configuration and no assumption about a particular array geometry is made.     

五分量激光测量装置的试验研究

所讨论的激光测量装置,可以同时测量~个移动轴的5个移动误差分量,即两个直线度分量和3个角位移分量。该装置测量线性误差和角位移误差的精度可分别达到1.5μm和0.5”以内。     

磁流变机床误差分析和加工工艺优化

首先通过实验分析不同工艺参数下对去除函数稳定性的影响,并进行了仿真分析,确定了机床的敏感方向;其次,对磁流变机床运动轴误差进行了测量,分析这些误差引起法线方向误差的大小;最后,实验验证采用较大的压深和补偿法线方向误差可以有效提高机床的加工精度.     

正六面体工装误差对光纤惯组加速度计零偏标定精度影响分析

研究了利用大理石平板正六面体工装对光纤惯组进行标定时,工装误差对标定精度的影响。首先建立了标定模型,设计了12位置法的标定方案与解算方法,其次分析了工装误差对标定影响的量化关系,并提出减小误差的标定解算方法,最后对理论分析结果进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明,当长宽高为400mm的工装平面度、垂直度、平行度误差均为0.04时,加速度计零偏的标定误差达到0.0001g,与工装误差角大小量级相当。用12位置二向法解算零偏可减小该误差影响。     

一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法

 针对单基地相关多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达中存在的阵列幅相误差问题进行了研究。给出了单基地相关MIMO雷达的阵列模型,并提出了一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法。利用发射正交信号对阵列接收信号进行匹配滤波,可分离得到类似传统阵列的"虚拟阵列",利用分时信源数据将该阵列中真实导向矢量中信源波达方向(DOA)引起的相位与幅相误差分离开,通过构造代价函数得到波达方向估计值,进而分别得到发射阵与接收阵的幅相误差的估计值,同时给出了误差引入量分析。最后通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。本文介绍的方法简单可行,适用于任意构型MIMO雷达的幅相误差估计。     

双基地聚束SAR运动误差分析

将三维坐标系引入运动误差分析,建立了对任意匀速直线航迹双基地聚束SAR运动误差统一、清晰的分析方法;在此三维坐标系下,推导出各种运动误差引起的相位误差的计算公式。推导基于一般的双基地聚束SAR回波模型,可适用于任意匀速直线航迹的双基地聚束SAR,并且将通常的单基地SAR的运动误差分析作为一种特例也涵盖在内。给出了位置误差、速度误差和加速度误差所造成的相位误差计算公式。从推导结果得出结论:位于不同平台的同一误差,引起的相位误差是不同的;在小场景假设下,双基地聚束SAR的运动误差是空不变的,与目标位置无关。计算机仿真验证了误差分析的正确性。     

Performance of phased-array antennas with mechanical errors

The performance of planar phase-array antennas with mechanical errors is investigated. Errors in array element positions as a result of structural distortions are considered as deterministic and predictable. Detailed calculations for two assumed modes of distortion reveal that their effects on antenna performance are the loss of peak response in the scan direction and the broadening of the mainlobe, while the far-out sidelobe structure remains relatively intact. For large antennas, performance improvement can be expected by suitable phase compensation. Performance of antennas with random errors in their element positions must be treated statistically. Expressions of average directivity and sidelobe level corresponding to arbitrary error magnitudes in element position, amplitude and phase of excitation as well as finite rate of failure of element modules were derived and verified by direct numerical calculations from the antenna directivity patterns. For a planar phased-array antenna typical for space-based radars, the standard deviation of element position errors must not exceed 1% of the operating wavelength in order to maintain a -10 dBi sidelobe level