Analytic estimation and numerical modeling of actively cooled thermal protection systems with nickel alloys

Actively cooled thermal protection system has great influence on the engine of a hypersonic vehicle, and it is significant to obtain the thermal and stress distribution in the system. So an analytic estimation and numerical modeling are performed in this paper to investigate the behavior of an actively cooled thermal protection system. The analytic estimation is based on the electric analogy method and finite element analysis（FEA） is applied to the numerical simulation. Temperature and stress distributions are obtained for the actively cooled channel walls with three kinds of nickel alloys with or with no thermal barrier coating（TBC）. The temperature of the channel wall with coating has no obvious difference from the one with no coating, but the stress with coating on the channel wall is much smaller than that with no coating. Inconel X-750 has the best characteristics among the three Ni-based materials due to its higher thermal conductivity, lower elasticity module and greater allowable stress. Analytic estimation and numerical modeling results are compared with each other and a reasonable agreement is obtained.     

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis(PDA). A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element(FE) model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress(strain) distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.     

Convergence Analysis of the Numerical Solution for Cathode Design of Aero-engine Blades in Electrochemical Machining

As a main difficult problem encountered in electrochemical machining （ECM）, the cathode design is tackled, at present, with various numerical analysis methods such as finite difference, finite element and boundary element methods. Among them, the finite element method presents more flexibility to deal with the irregularly shaped workpieces. However, it is very difficult to ensure the convergence of finite element numerical approach. This paper proposes an accurate model and a finite element numerical approach of cathode design based on the potential distribution in inter-electrode gap. In order to ensure the convergence of finite element numerical approach and increase the accuracy in cathode design, the cathode shape should be iterated to eliminate the design errors in computational process. Several experiments are conducted to verify the machining accuracy of the designed cathode. The experimental results have proven perfect convergence and good computing accuracy of the proposed finite element numerical approach by the high surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the machined blades.     

基于自适应分层元的复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤分析(英文)

On the basis ofa 2D 4-node Mindlin shell element method, a novel self-adapting delamination finite element method is presented, which is developed to model the delamination damage of composite laminates. In the method, the sublaminate elements are generated automatically when the delamination damage occurs or extends. Thus, the complex process and state of delamination damage can be simulated practically with high efficiency for both analysis and modeling. Based on the self-adapting delamination method, linear dynamic finite element damage analysis is performed to simulate the low-velocity impact damage process of three types of mixed woven composite laminates. Taking the frictional force among sublaminations during delaminating and the transverse normal stress into account, the analytical results are consistent with those of the experimental data.     

Thermal–structure coupling analysis and multi-objective optimization of motor rotor in MSPMSM

With the high speed, the rotor of magnetically suspended permanent magnet synchronous motor(MSPMSM) suffers great thermal stress and mechanical stress resulting from the temperature rise problem caused by rotor losses, which leads to instability and inefficiency.In this paper, the mechanical–temperature field coupling analysis is conducted to analyze the relationship between the temperature field and structure, and multi-objective optimization of a rotor is performed to improve the design reliability and efficiency. Firstly, the temperature field is calculated by the 2 D finite element model of MSPMSM and the method of applying the 2 D temperature result to the 3 D finite element model of the motor rotor equivalently is proposed. Then the thermal–structure coupling analysis is processed through mathematic method and finite element method(FEM),in which the 3 D finite element model is established precisely in a way and approaches the practical operation state further. Moreover, the impact produced by the temperature and structure on the mechanical strength is analyzed in detail. Finally, the optimization mathematical model of the motor rotor is established with Sequential Quadratic Programming-NLPQL selected in the optimization scheme. Through optimization, the strength of the components in the motor rotor increases obviously and satisfies the design requirement, which to a great extend enhances the service life of the MSPMSM rotor.     

Determination of thermal expansion coefficients for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

In the present work, the coefficients of thermal expansion（CTEs） of unidirectional（UD）fiber-reinforced composites are studied. First, an attempt is made to propose a model to predict both longitudinal and transverse CTEs of UD composites by means of thermo-elastic mechanics analysis. The proposed model is supposed to be a concentric cylinder with a transversely isotropic fiber embedded in an isotropic matrix, and it is subjected to a uniform temperature change. Then a concise and explicit formula is offered for each CTE. Finally, some finite element（FE） models are created by a finite element program MSC. Patran according to different material systems and fiber volume fractions. In addition, the available experimental data and results of other analytical solutions of CTEs are presented. Comparisons are made among the results of the cylinder model,the finite element method（FEM）, experiments, and other solutions, which show that the predicted CTEs by the new model are in good agreement with the experimental data. In particular, transverse CTEs generally offer better agreements than those predicted by most of other solutions.     

Non-Fourier heat conduction analysis of a 2-D plate with inner cracks at arbitrary direction angles

This paper investigates the problem of a 2-D plate containing internal cracks at arbitrary angles to the heating surface under thermal shock. The finite difference method is applied to solve the temperature distribution and a difference scheme of the oblique crack is developed. For the first time, a non-Fourier heat transfer analysis method of a 2-D plate with inner cracks at arbitrary direction angles is established. Specifically, for a strip with an inner crack paralleling to the surface,numer...     

Infrared radiation characteristics of a hypersonic vehicle under time-varying angles of attack

Hypersonic vehicles emit strong infrared(IR) radiation signatures that can be treated as a detecting source for object identification and routine diagnosis. This paper is aimed at examining the intrinsic radiation characteristics of a Boost-Glide Vehicle(BGV) under the condition of various Angles of Attack(AOAs). A two-temperature model considering the thermal and chemical nonequilibrium effects is coupled with Navier-Stokes equations solved by the finite volume technique.A gas–solid conjunction heat transfer model is also added into the fluid solver to simulate the surface temperature of the vehicle. The radiative transfer equation is solved with Line of Sight(LOS)algorithm. The computational results for a Hypersonic Technology Vehicle-2(HTV-2) type vehicle show that radiances of the vehicle are strongly dependent on the surface temperature. The presence of AOA results in the significant difference of the surface temperature. Infrared radiation characteristics are also changed in intensity and spectral band due to the AOA. Simulations are performed with two time-varying AOAs. Transient results indicate that the variation of AOA does have a great effect on the infrared radiance and is closely related to observation angle, spectral band, angle size,angular velocity and time history.     

Numerical investigation of windage heating within shrouded rotor-stator cavity system with central inflow

The rotating disk surface temperature rise due to windage heating effect by numerically modeling the turbulent flow within a rotor-stator cavity which is available with a peripheral shroud and imposed through airflow was dealt with. The windage heating may be defined as viscous friction heating caused by relative velocity differences across the boundary layers between the fluid and the rotating disk surface. The kinetic energy dissipation process could transform the rotating shaft power into thermal heating. Commercial finite volume based solver, ANSYS/CFX was employed to numerically simulate this physical process by using the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. CFD results include the rotating disk surface temperature axial distribution and tangential velocity distribution of the fluid domain. The velocity difference between the result obtained by particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments and CFD simulation are within 5%. The adiabatic disk temperature rise can be calculated by the tangential velocity of disk and fluid in large gap ratio and turbulent parameter. CFD temperature distribution results and those estimated via velocity differences are within 10%.     

A new surface catalytic model for silica-based thermal protection material for hypersonic vehicles

Silica-based materials are widely employed in the thermal protection system for hypersonic vehicles, and the investigation of their catalytic characteristics is crucially important for accurate aerothermal heating prediction. By analyzing the disadvantages of Norman's high and low temperature models, this paper combines the two models and proposes an eight-reaction combined surface catalytic model to describe the catalysis between oxygen and silica surface. Given proper evaluation of the parameters according to many references, the recombination coefficient obtained shows good agreement with experimental data. The catalytic mechanisms between oxygen and silica surface are then analyzed. Results show that with the increase of the wall temperature, the dominant reaction contributing to catalytic coefficient varies from Langmuir–Hinshelwood(LH)recombination(TW 620 K) to Eley–Rideal(ER) replacement(620 K TW 1350 K), and then to O2desorption(TW 1350 K). The surface coverage of chemisorption areas varies evidently with the dominant reactions in the high temperature(HT) range, while the surface coverage of physisorption areas varies within quite low temperature(LT) range(TW 250 K). Recommended evaluation of partial parameters is also given.     

CVD-SiC反射镜制备过程中热应力变形的研究

采用CVD工艺在反应烧结碳化硅(RB-SiC)反射镜坯体上沉积了一层致密的碳化硅薄膜作为反射镜镜面.CVD-SiC和RB-SiC热物理性能上的差异引起的热残余应力和热变形,在很大程度上影响反射镜的质量,本文采用有限单元法计算了沉积过程中反射镜的温度场、应力场和热变形,采用X射线衍射方法测试了薄膜表面的残余应力.分析结果表明,薄膜存在较大的残余应力,包括热应力和本征应力,两者量值相当,热变形很小.     

激光冲击强化对加力燃烧室火焰探测器焊缝的影响

为了研究激光冲击强化(LSP)后加力燃烧室火焰探测器焊缝位置异常开裂原因,采用X射线衍射方法和金相方法对激光冲击强化效果进行分析,并利用扫描电子显微镜对断口进行了观察。在Abaqus有限元分析软件中建立了与观察到的焊缝缺陷相似的有限元模型,对焊缝缺陷的LSP处理及冲击波传播过程进行了模拟分析。试验结果表明:具有较好材料完整性的区域经LSP处理后,表面会预置较大残余压应力,同时表面金属晶粒得到细化,疲劳裂纹会在焊缝缺陷位置萌生和扩展。有限元分析结果表明:存在分层缺陷的焊缝经LSP强化后,冲击波会在分层缺陷处产生反射,造成分层位置发生开裂,形成裂纹源造成疲劳开裂。根据试验和仿真分析结果,为提升火焰探测器焊缝激光冲击抗疲劳效果,建议优化焊接工艺,提高焊接质量。     

航空发动机叶片-机匣碰摩摩擦热效应仿真分析

为了分析航空发动机叶片-机匣碰摩摩擦热对叶片的影响,基于有限元法建立了叶片-机匣碰摩摩擦的热-结构直接耦合模型,分析了不同偏心距和转速对模型应力场和温度场的影响,并与未考虑摩擦热效应的碰摩模型进行对比。结果表明:当叶片与机匣之间发生摩擦时,需考虑材料参数随温度变化的影响;摩擦热主要分布在接触表面较小的区域,温度分布沿接触面向四周呈递减趋势,且温度梯度越来越小。并在该区域产生了较大的热应力;随着偏心距和转速的增大,叶片-机匣的摩擦热效应越发明显。在实际工程问题中,需考虑摩擦热效应对叶尖表面损伤的影响。     

热冲击后气膜冷却叶片结构强度流固热耦合仿真

研究了冷气流量对气孔周围热应力的影响，为气膜冷却叶片可靠性设计提供参考。改变气孔的孔径，并建立有限元模型，结合有限元/边界元理论，通过流固热三场耦合技术获得热冲击后的叶片最大温度、温度不均衡程度及最大热应力。研究表明:增加冷气量有利于改善叶片冷却效率降低叶片温度，但也会使叶片温度不均衡程度增加，加剧尾缘气孔内的热应力载荷；增加前缘气孔直径可提升66%的平均冷却效率，有利于减缓气孔内的热应力，增加尾缘气孔的直径对冷却效率及热应力的影响均较小。此外，数值计算结果与试验及解析解较为吻合，对于气膜冷却叶片结构设计具有参考价值。      

Thermomechanical coupling effect on characteristics of oxide film during ultrasonic vibration-assisted ELID grinding ZTA ceramics

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted ELID (UVA-ELID) grinding is utilized as a novel and highly efficient processing method for hard and brittle materials such as ceramics. In this study, the UVA-ELID grinding ZTA ceramics is employed to investigate the influence of thermomechanical loading on the characteristics of oxide film. Based on the fracture mechanics of material, the model of internal stress for oxide film damage is proposed. The thermomechanical loading is composed of mechanical force and the thermal stress generating from grinding temperature. The theoretical model is established for the mechanical force, thermal stress and internal stress respectively. Then the finite element analysis method is used to simulate the theoretical model. The mechanical force and grinding temperature is measured during the actual grinding test. During the grinding process, the effect of grinding wheel speed and grinding depth on the thermomechanical force and the characteristics of oxide film is analyzed. Compared with the conventional ELID (C-ELID) grinding, the mechanical force decreased by 25.6% and 22.4% with the increase of grinding wheel speed and grinding depth respectively, and the grinding temperature declined by 10.7% and 12.8% during the UVA-ELID grinding. The thermal stress in the latter decreased by 16.3% and 20.8% respectively, and internal stress reduced by 12.3% and 15.6%. It was experimentally found that the topographies of oxide layer on the surface of the wheel and the machined surface in the latter was better than that in the former. The results indicate that the action of ultrasonic vibration establish a significant effect on the processing. Subsequently, it should be well considered for future reference when processing the ZTA ceramics.     

基于热力耦合层合板雷击损伤特性分析

为研究复合材料层合板在雷电流作用下的烧蚀损伤力学特性,建立复合材料雷击热力耦合有限元分析模型,与文献实验结果对比验证模型的有效性。根据Hashin三维失效准则编写用户材料子程序,分别得出层合板雷击烧蚀区域周围出现的力学损伤、各层力学损伤分布以及首层在不同方向上的应力分布,分析得出层合板的烧蚀损伤随雷电流持续时间的变化规律。结果表明:由于存在较高的温度梯度,导致层合板出现较大的热膨胀应力,进而导致层合板内部产生各种力学损伤,即基体开裂、分层及纤维断裂;雷击电流施加时间、峰值电流与温度场均对层合板烧蚀面积产生较大的影响。     

含缺口[0/90]_(4s)碳/环氧复合材料层板的损伤扩展分析

 本文采用渗透剂增强的x射线照像法和非线性有限元法分析了含缺口[0/90]_4,碳/环氧复合材料层板中的损伤累积过程和损伤区的扩展。着重讨论了材料最终破坏以前的过程。理论分析和实验结果的比较表明:在宏观的范围内研究复合材料的损伤,合理地建立材料损伤发生后的应力-应变关系是十分重要的。     

TBC界面裂纹K因子的有限元求解方法

本文针对由陶瓷层和粘结层构成的热障涂层 (TBC)双层材料结构 ,探讨了应用裂纹面位移数据及 J积分计算分析陶瓷层 /粘结层界面裂纹应力强度因子的有限元方法。考虑了拉伸及热应力两种载荷情况。在传热分析时 ,考虑了界面裂纹对传热的影响。对于这类双材料界面裂纹 ,应力强度因子是 型和 型裂纹复合的 ,它包括应力强度因子的模和相位角。根据所得的结果比较 ,可以看出这两种方法的结果有较好的一致性