Robust and adaptive actuator failure compensation designs for a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model

The actuator failure compensation problem is formulated for active vibration control of a rocket fairing structural-acoustic model with unknown actuator failures. Performance of a nominal optimal control scheme in the presence of actuator failures is studied to show the need of effective failure compensation. A robust control scheme and two adaptive control schemes are developed, which are able to ensure the closed-loop system signal boundedness in the presence of actuator failures whose failure pattern and values are unknown. The adaptive scheme for parameterizable failures ensures asymptotic stability despite failure uncertainties. Simulation results verified their failure compensation effectiveness.     

Multiple model adaptive estimation with filter spawning

Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) with filter spawning is used to detect and estimate partial actuator failures on the VISTA F-16. The truth model is a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation provided by Calspan and General Dynamics. The design models are chosen as 13-state linearized models, including first order actuator models. Actuator failures are incorporated into the truth model and design model assuming a "failure to free stream." Filter spawning is used to include additional filters with partial actuator failure hypotheses into the MMAE bank. The spawned filters are based on varying degrees of partial failures (in terms of effectiveness) associated with the complete-actuaton-failure hypothesis with the highest conditional probability of correctness at the current time. Thus, a blended estimate of the failure effectiveness is found using the filters' estimates based upon a no-failure hypothesis, a complete actuator failure hypothesis, and the spawned filters' partial-failure hypotheses. This yields substantial precision in effectiveness estimation, compared with what is possible without spawning additional filters, making partial failure adaptation a viable methodology.     

基于浴盆曲线故障率函数的FFOP预计方法

与传统可靠性指标中假设产品的随机失效不可避免不同,无故障工作期(FFOP)内产品不会发生任何故障(即零故障)。首先阐述了FFOP的概念内涵、与平均故障间隔时间(MTBF)的区别和联系,提出了一种FFOP的预计方法。该方法假设产品的故障率函数具有浴盆曲线特征、故障发生过程为泊松过程、产品具有固定的免维修工作期。然后以一种改进的Weibull分布函数描述具有浴盆曲线函数特征产品的故障率。基于泊松过程理论,给出了FFOP的预计算法、流程和仿真验证手段。最后以某型无人机舵机为案例对研究方法的可用性进行了验证。结果表明:FFOP与免维修工作期(MFOP)、置信度水平密切相关,及时维修的产品能够保证较长的FFOP。在工程应用时,FFOP的确定应综合考虑运行维护费用进行权衡。     

Sensor/actuator failure detection in the Vista F-16 by multiplemodel adaptive estimation

Multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) is applied to the Variable-In-flight Stability Test Aircraft (VISTA) F-16 flight control system at a low dynamic pressure flight condition (0.4 M at 20000 ft). Single actuator and sensor failures are addressed first, followed by dual actuator and sensor failures. The system is evaluated for complete or “hard” failures, partial or, “soft” failures, and combinations of hard and soft actuator and sensor failures. Residual monitoring is discussed for single and dual failure scenarios. Performance is enhanced by the application of a modified Bayesian form of MMAE, scalar residual monitoring to reduce ambiguities, automatic dithering where advantageous, and purposeful commands     

Design of passive fault-tolerant flight controller against actuator failures

The problem of designing passive fault-tolerant flight controller is addressed when the normal and faulty cases are prescribed. First of all, the considered fault and fault-free cases are formed by polytopes. As considering that the safety of a post-fault system is directly related to the maximum values of physical variables in the system, peak-to-peak gain is selected to represent the relationships among the amplitudes of actuator outputs, system outputs, and reference commands. Based on the parameter dependent Lyapunov and slack methods, the passive fault-tolerant flight controllers in the absence/presence of system uncertainty for actuator failure cases are designed, respectively. Case studies of an airplane under actuator failures are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant control for supersonic missiles with actuator failures under actuation redundancy

Aircraft undergoing actuator failures into under-actuation have been seldom studied in literature. Aiming at addressing actuator failures of Total Loss of Effectiveness (TLOE) as well as Partial Loss of Effectiveness (PLOE) resulting in different system actuations, reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is proposed for supersonic wingless missiles under actuation redundancy. The under-actuated system of TLOE failure patterns is solved by transformation to cascade systems through a ‘shape variable’. Meanwhile, actuator TLOE faults of different unknown failure patterns from proper actuation to under-actuation are accommodated by a reconfigurable adaptive law on a multiple-model basis. The backstepping technique with the Extended State Observer (ESO) method adopted as a basic strategy is applied to an established symmetric coupled missile system with actuator PLOE faults, modeling errors, and external disturbances. Additionally, the nonlinear saturation characteristics of actuators are settled by an auxiliary system with the Nussbaum function technique. The stability of the control system is analyzed and proven through Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations are implemented in the presences of aerodynamic uncertainties, gust disturbance, and actuator failures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with satisfactory tracking performance and actuator fault tolerance capacity.     

Reconfigurable NDI controller using inertial sensor failuredetection & isolation

A modified derivation of nonlinear dynamic inversion provides the theoretical underpinnings for a reconfigurable control law for aircraft that have suffered combinations of actuator failures, missing effector surfaces, and aerodynamic changes. The approach makes use of acceleration feedback to extract information pertaining to any aerodynamic change and thus does not require a complete aerodynamic model of the aircraft. The control law does require feedback of effector positions to accommodate actuator dynamics. Both accelerometer and rate gyro failure detection and isolation (FDI) systems are implemented, allowing up to three independent failures for each FDI system as long as they are in different axes. Nonlinear simulation results show that the FDI systems improve the robustness to accelerometer/rate gyro uncertainties. An advanced tailless aircraft model is used to demonstrate the concepts. The simulation includes accelerometer and rate gyro noise and bias, failures due to accelerometers, rate gyros, and actuators, and modeled missing surfaces that cause airplane aerodynamic changes     

基于多模型的飞控系统自适应重构技术研究

针对飞控系统执行器故障引起参数大范围跳变的问题,提出了一种基于多模型的自适应重构控制方法。建立了执行器故障参数模型,根据故障的特征模型设计一系列并行的辨识模型,采用固定模型与自适应模型相结合的方式,依据转换标准选择与当前飞机状态最匹配的辨识模型所对应的控制器。通过对某型飞机侧向控制系统进行仿真,表明在执行器严重受损的情况下,飞机仍能保持良好的性能。     

An MMAE failure detection system for the F-16

A multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithm is implemented with the fully nonlinear six-degree-of-motion, Simulation Rapid-Prototyping facility (SRF) VISTA F-16 software simulation tool. The algorithm is composed of a bank of Kalman filters modeled to match particular hypotheses of the real world. Each presumes a single failure in one of the flight-critical actuators, or sensors, and one presumes no failure. For dual failures, a hierarchical structure is used to keep the number of on-line filters to a minimum. The algorithm is demonstrated to be capable of identifying flight-critical aircraft actuator and sensor failures at a low dynamic pressure (20,000 ft, 0.4 Mach). Research includes single and dual complete failures. Tuning methods for accommodating model mismatch, including addition of discrete dynamics pseudonoise and measurement pseudonoise, are discussed and demonstrated. Scalar residuals within each filter are also examined and characterized for possible use as an additional failure declaration voter. An investigation of algorithm performance off the nominal design conditions is accomplished as a first step towards full flight envelope coverage     

基于NFTET的高超声速飞行器再入容错制导

针对以X-33为对象的三自由度高超声速飞行器,采用相邻可行轨迹存在定理(NFTET)设计了容错制导律以解决再入段执行器发生故障的轨迹重构问题。在标称情况下采用预测校正算法生成满足再入过程约束和终端约束要求的再入轨迹;当执行器发生故障时,飞行器气动参数、结构和舵面力矩都可能发生不可预测的变化,原先的轨迹不再满足制导要求,因此需要设计新型容错制导律。针对实际再入制导模型,基于NFTET设计容错制导算法对轨迹进行重构,得到满足故障情况下制导任务的可行轨迹。从仿真结果中可以看出,容错制导算法生成的新轨迹重新回到了约束范围之内,轨迹呈收敛趋势,使得高超声速飞行器从故障恢复到正常飞行状态,提高了飞行器的自主容错能力。     

基于Riccati方程的航空发动机鲁棒容错控制

采用状态反馈控制律,基于Riccati型方程,导出了对象模型存在参数摄动的航空发动机控制系统对传感器失效具有完整性的一个充分条件,并给出了使该充分条件得到满足的一种迭代计算方法。以某型双转子航空发动机为例进行了仿真设计,仿真计算结果表明上述方法有效、实用。对于执行器发生故障的情形,也给出了类似的结论。      

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.     

基于神经网络的超机动飞机自适应重构控制

 讨论了一种基于神经网络的超机动飞机直接自适应重构控制方法。飞机的基本控制律采用非线性动态逆方法设计,对于模型不准确和舵面故障等因素导致的逆误差采用神经网络进行在线补偿。通过仿真表明,在飞机发生舵面故障时,神经网络通过自适应地补偿逆误差,可以快速在线重构控制律,保持飞机稳定和一定的操纵品质。     

Multiple-model adaptive estimation using a residual correlationKalman filter bank

We propose a modified multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithm that uses the time correlation of the Kalman filter residuals, in place of their scaled magnitude, to assign conditional probabilities for each of the modeled hypotheses. This modified algorithm, denoted the residual correlation Kalman filter bank (RCKFB), uses the magnitude of an estimate of the correlation of the residual with a slightly modified version of the usual MMAE hypothesis testing algorithm to assign the conditional probabilities to the various hypotheses that are modeled in the Kalman filter bank within the MMAE. This concept is used to detect flight control actuator failures, where the existence of a single frequency sinusoid (which is highly time correlated) in the residual of an elemental filter within an MMAE is indicative of that filter having the wrong actuator failure status hypothesis. This technique results in a delay in detecting the flight control actuator failure because several samples of the residual must be collected before the residual correlation can be estimated. However, it allows a significant reduction of the amplitude of the required system inputs for exciting the various system modes to enhance identifiability, to the point where they may possibly be subliminal, so as not to be objectionable to the pilot and passengers     

不确定线性系统的鲁棒容错控制设计

 研究含结构参数扰动的不确定线性系统的鲁棒容错控制问题，即设计反馈控制器，使闭环系统对可允的参数扰动具有鲁棒性，同时对执行器或传感器失效具有完整性。基于修正的代数矩阵方程，给出了期望的鲁棒容错控制器的存在条件及其显式表示，并以设计实例说明文中设计方法的直接性与简单性     

自修复飞行控制系统舵面/作动器故障检测与隔离

讨论了控制舵面／作动器故障的类型及它们对系统的影响,给出了故障检测和隔离系统的结构和工作原理,特别讨论了检测和隔离具有相似特征的舵面缺损故障的检测滤波器算法。理论分析和仿真验证表明,这种方法可以快速准确地得到故障类型及其影响大小的信息。     

Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Aircraft Actuators using Fuzzy-Tuning IMM Filter

This paper proposes a new interacting multiple model (IMM) filter for actuator fault detection. Since each individual filter of the IMM filter uses the combined information of the estimation values from all the operating filters, it can effectively estimate system parameter variations, thereby it can diagnose the actuator damage with an unknown magnitude. In this study, to diagnose the actuator failure fast and accurately, fuzzy logic is used to tune a transition probability among multiple models. This makes the fault detection process smooth and reduces the possibility of false fault detection. Also, a discrete fault tolerant command tracker is derived to cope with actuator damages. To validate the performance of the proposed fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) algorithm, numerical simulations are performed for a high performance aircraft system.     

合成射流流场数值模拟及激励器参数分析

建立了将合成射流激励器腔体、出口喉道及外部受控流场作为单连域计算处理的全流场计算模型———X L模型,并进行了二维数值计算。基于数值计算获得的激励器出口数度分布,对合成射流激励器结构参数及驱动因素对合成射流的影响进行了分析,得到了表示激励器参数和出口最大速度关系的相关函数,为设计强劲且高效率的合成射流激励器提供参考。     

DDV作动器余度数字伺服系统工程设计与实现

 介绍一种直接驱动阀（DDV）式作动器的余度数字式伺服系统设计与实现,描述了系统的余度配置、设计思想及组成,建立了DDV作动器的结构参数化模型及数字伺服回路的模型,并进行了仿真,分析了作动器动静态特性、采样频率及监控器的设计性能。最后,采用快速原型实时仿真,对余度数字式伺服系统完成了的性能试验验证,结果表明系统性能令人满意。     

MIMO变结构飞行重构控制系统设计

基于滑模变结构控制,提出一种MIMO(multiple input multiple output)的飞行重构控制系统的频域设计方法.将滑模变结构控制与飞行重构控制相结合,解决了飞行重构控制技术中故障检测和系统参数辨识的问题.引入渐近观测器和hedge模型增加重构控制系统对衍生未建模动态的鲁棒性;引入作动器模型、输出饱和限制和驾驶员模型,使变结构重构控制系统设计方法变得更为有效和实用;以某型飞机的横航向飞行控制系统为例,进行设计模拟.结果表明:在飞机气动参数大幅突变和操纵面严重受损的情况下,飞机仍能保持良好的性能.