周期节流扰动下激波串振荡流动的数值模拟

基于动网格方法数值模拟并分析来流马赫数为6，二元进气道/隔离段构型在频率为50～500 Hz周期节流下的激波串振荡流动。结果表明：当节流比在0.2～0.32范围内周期变化时，隔离段出现与节流频率相同的激波串振荡现象。节流频率会影响激波串振荡幅度和壁面压强波动特性。50 Hz与100 Hz工况的激波串流向振幅相近，100～500 Hz范围内随频率增加，流向振幅从15.5 mm减小至10.8 mm。壁面压强随频率的变化规律更加复杂，以凹腔中部为界，其上游壁面压强时均值、均方差峰值整体随频率增加而降低，其中50 Hz工况唇口侧壁面压强均方差峰值可达21倍来流静压，但其下游壁面压强无明显规律。分析表明节流频率对激波串振荡的影响与节流扰动的传播时间相关，工程设计中需综合考虑构型与反压参数对激波串振荡的影响。     

高背压进气道中内外流耦合作用的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟研究了出口堵塞比为50.8%的轴对称进气道流动,重点考察了内外流耦合作用下流动的非定常特性。采用国家数值风洞（NNW）工程仿真软件进行数值模拟,得到的壁面平均压力、瞬时压力分布与试验数据符合良好。分析表明：为匹配出口背压,进气道在喉道区域形成激波串结构,使内流道流场分为上游超声速区、中部激波串区以及下游亚声速区;在激波串区,剧烈的逆压梯度产生了分离激波、激波串、分离区及分离剪切层等复杂结构;伴随着激波串运动和边界层大尺度分离,进气道壁面压力出现宽频脉动特征。脉动压力的时空分布表明：内流道脉动压力以扰动波的形式传播,为此建立的声反馈模型能较好地预测亚声速区的主导频率。相关性分析表明：激波串运动受上下游流动耦合作用,其中,频率为St=0.7的运动主要受上游流动影响,频率为St=0.9的运动主要受下游压力扰动波影响。     

一种鼻锥钝化高超声速轴对称进气道流动特性实验

前缘钝化尺度是高超声速进气道设计中的关键参数。针对一种前体锥加弯曲压缩面的高超声速轴对称进气道,选取最大尺度为3.2mm(5%唇缘半径)的几种典型鼻锥钝化半径,在马赫数Ma=6来流,及模型安装攻角为0°、4°、7°的条件下开展鼻锥钝化尺度对进气道流动性能影响的实验研究。采用纹影拍摄及压力测量记录各来流条件下进气道前体流场结构及壁面压强分布,并在无攻角来流条件下利用微型扰流器进行边界层强制转捩研究。结果表明,对无攻角来流而言,即使是尺度高达3.2mm的钝化半径对进气道前体流场结构及壁面静压分布也基本没有影响。此来流条件下,几种不同鼻锥钝化半径的前体压缩面均出现小范围流动分离,而添加扰流器后该分离区均消失。钝化尺度的影响随着攻角的增加而显现,尽管不同鼻锥钝化尺度下迎风面流场及壁面压强分布几乎没有差别,但背风面随钝化尺度增大表现为边界层明显增厚、流动趋于不稳定。其中最大钝化尺度R=3.2mm的构型在4°攻角来流时背风面即出现明显的分离区,而7°攻角来流时背风面更是出现大范围流动分离、进气道背风侧不起动,并导致进气道内部壁面压强显著下降。     

Experimental characteristics of oblique shock train upstream propagation

The structure and dynamics of an oblique shock train in a duct model are investigated experimentally in a hypersonic wind tunnel. Measurements of the pressure distribution in front of and across the oblique shock train have been taken and the dynamics of upstream propagation of the oblique shock train have been analyzed from the synchronized schlieren imaging with the dynamic pressure measurements. The formation and propagation of the oblique shock train are ini-tiated by the throttling device at the downstream end of the duct model. Multiple reflected shocks, expansion fans and separated flow bubbles exist in the unthrottled flow, causing three adverse-pressure-gradient phases and three favorable-pressure-gradient phases upstream the oblique shock train. The leading edge of the oblique shock train propagates upstream, and translates to be asym-metric with the increase of backpressure. The upstream propagation rate of the oblique shock train increases rapidly when the leading edge of the oblique shock train encounters the separation bubble near the shock reflection point and the adverse-pressure-gradient phase, while the oblique shock train slow movement when the leading edge of the oblique shock train is in the favorable-pressure-gradient phase for unthrottled flow. The asymmetric flow pattern and oscillatory nature of the oblique shock train are observed throughout the whole upstream propagation process.     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

超音速气流绕局部透气凹角流动的数值模拟

以具有压力分裂形式的简化Ｎ Ｓ方程为控制方程,数值模拟了超音速来流条件下的激波 边界层干扰被动控制（ｐａｓｓｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆｓｈｏｃｋ ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）。模拟是以预先给定激波前吹气和激波后吸气的流量来实现的。为了定性地确定吹气或吸气对激波 边界层干扰的影响,首先计算了单独吹气和单独吸气两种情况。数值计算时采用了多重扫描法对控制方程差分离散,以反映亚音速区压力对流场的椭圆性影响。     

高超声速流动中侧向喷流干扰特性的实验研究

在高超声速(M=6)流动中,实验研究了侧向喷流的干扰特性,并探讨了喷流压力、攻角、迎风侧及背风侧喷流对侧向喷流干扰特性的影响.结果表明,在高超声速流动中,随喷流压力增大,喷流弓形激波与来流弓形激波相交,喷流前的高压区增大,而喷流后的低压区几乎不受影响,喷流的控制效果加强.与迎风侧喷流相比,背风侧喷流控制效果更好,这一趋势随攻角的增大更加明显.     

飞机加改装部件绕流脉动压力研究

现役飞机的加改装或改型 ,是赋予装备新功能、提高装备性能和综合战斗力的一条快速、有效的途径。在加改装工程中,防止发生加改装部件的结构振动是一个较为突出的技术难点 ,而导致飞机部件结构振动的主要激励源之一是其绕流产生的非定常气动载荷。描述了飞机加改装部件绕流的典型流态及其脉动压力的主要特点,提出了加改装部件外形的综合优化设计方法,介绍了绕流脉动压力风洞实验数据与飞行实测数据间相关性研究的主要结果。     

低于自起动马赫数时高超进气道的非定常流动特性

采用非定常数值仿真的方法研究了低于自起动马赫数时高超声速进气道的非定常流动特性.研究表明:低于进气道自起动马赫数时,进气道处于不起动状态,流场发生喉道壅塞性振荡现象,其流场振荡频率为250Hz.流场振荡主要发生在喉道之前,对其后流场影响相对较小,扰动信号由喉道以当地气流速度向下游传播.隔离段长度对喉道壅塞性流场振荡几乎没有影响.飞行马赫数较小时流场未出现振荡现象,当飞行马赫数靠近自起动马赫数时流场出现周期性振荡现象,并且随着飞行马赫数的增大,此类流场振荡趋于强烈;进气道压差阻力随着时间推进呈现周期性变化,振荡频率同样为250Hz.      

再入飞行器鼻锥逆向喷流对流场及气动热的影响

 使用计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究逆向喷流热防护系统对降低再入飞行器鼻锥物面热流的效果,获得了流场参数,回流再附点位置,物面压力分布以及热流分布。分析了逆向喷流对降低物面热流的物理机理,喷流通过与来流相互作用形成马赫盘,将来流导流到四周,不与物面直接作用形成气动加热,同时喷流回流形成低温区,降低物面与接触气体的温差,进而降低了物面热流。随着总压比率增大,这种效果越明显,气动加热越轻。为更合理分析喷流强度对流场及传热量的影响,将总压比率和流量相结合,提出了新的参数R PA。分析该参数的应用效果,结果发现不同的流量与总压比率组合成相同的参数R PA,可以实现相同的激波位置、再附点位置、表面热流峰值位置和总传热量。这说明该参数可用于表征喷流强度,用以分析喷流对流场及传热量的影响。