Active sidestick technology – a means for improving situational awareness

The use of an active sidestick in FBW-flight control is discussed and the specific features of both passive and active sidesticks are compared. Additional tactile information which could be provided by active sidesticks is seen as an important factor to improve the situational awareness of the pilot. An unique active sidestick concept based on the electro-magnetic actuation principle (electro-magnetic sidestick, MAGSI) is presented. This system is the key element in DLR's research programme EPIAS (Enhanced Pilot Information by using Active Sidestick) which is scheduled to be flight tested on the ATTAS (Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft System) in-flight simulator at the beginning of next year.     

采用被动侧杆的民机设计中的人为因素考虑

与中央杆/盘或主动侧杆相比,被动侧杆的最大缺陷在于缺乏反驱装置,进而产生人-机交互信息以及主/副驾交互信息的缺失,增加了人为差错的出现概率;被动侧杆由于缺乏力反馈,会造成飞行员对触觉这一最直接信息的缺失,进而影响人-机操纵权限的分配。在民机设计中,可以考虑在被动侧杆上添加模式切换按钮,从而在保持飞行员超控权限和提供有效包线保护这两者间找到最佳平衡点。被动侧杆由于缺乏反驱装置,无法实现左、右侧杆的联动,因此更容易出现叠加操纵。在民机设计中,应当从视觉、听觉、触觉全方位对叠加操纵进行提示,同时借鉴已有的接替操纵操作程序,以提高飞行员的适应性。     

结构驾驶员模型与McRuer模型的仿真研究

根据驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪的人－机半物理实时仿真实验，分别对结构驾驶员模型和ＭｃＲｕｅｒ模型者了参数辨识，用两种模型和某电传操纵飞机纵向短周期等效系统模型构成人－机数值仿真系统，将模型仿真结果和实时仿真结果进行比较和分析，以便了解两种模型的特性，为深入研究闭环飞行品质提供参考依据。     

俯仰跟踪任务中的驾驶员神经网络模型辨识

 在飞机设计中,应用驾驶员数学模型预测飞机飞行品质是避免人机系统出现不良耦合的重要途径之一。为了提高飞行品质的预测精度,采用人工神经网络(NN)方法进行驾驶员模型辨识,着重研究该模型对不同飞机被控对象的适应能力。首先,详细分析了驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪任务的操纵行为特点,提出适用于该驾驶员行为描述的神经网络模型结构形式。然后,根据对不同被控对象进行俯仰跟踪实时仿真实验的结果,对神经网络模型参数进行识别。最后,对模型辨识结果进行了精度评价。研究结果表明,该辨识方法适用于研究具有不同增益、不同短周期振荡频率飞机被控对象的驾驶员操纵行为特性。     

Data communications concept for a SATS scenario

The small aircraft transportation system (SATS) concept envisions doorstop to destination transportation in a safe and timely manner. Data communications are a key component in achieving the aviation-related operational performance improvements that are sought. However, data communication doesn't start when you get into the aircraft; it starts back at the location where the flight is planned. In fact, data communications support the pilot in all phases of the flight: flight planning, pre-flight, departure, en route, transition, approach, landing, and rollout as well as for a missed approach. The Internet is being used to perform flight planning activities, and the mobile communications available today support Internet access en route to the departure airfield. On-board the aircraft, data communications provide surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) support to the pilot. The location of other aircraft is available to the pilot and ATC system through automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and traffic information service-broadcast (TIS-B) applications that transmit the location of other aircraft in the vicinity. Other aircraft locations are used to forecast potential conflicts and, thus, enhance flight safety. As the aircraft nears a SATS-equipped airfield, the pilot uses data link messages to request a landing sequence. The airport management module (AMM) provides a landing sequence assignment to the aircraft. As the pilot maneuvers the aircraft for a landing, he/she is using data-linked surveillance data to determine the location of other aircraft and maintain a safe separation distance between aircraft even in a low visibility environment.     

人─机系统动态特性的实时仿真与品质评价

飞机的飞行品质不仅取决于飞机本体动力学特性和驾驶员操纵动力学特性，更重要的是取决于驾驶员─飞机系统闭环特性。通过一名驾驶员在模拟工作台上，完成对某机在不同飞行状态下的俯仰跟踪仿真任务，辨识得出驾驶员操纵动力学模型；对驾驶员─飞机闭环系统数学模型进行数字仿真得出系统动态响应；再按Ｎｅａｌ—Ｓｍｉｔｈ准则评价了该机的飞行品质，并且与按ＭＩＬ—Ｆ—８７８５Ｃ规范要求的飞行品质进行了对比。     

现代飞机俯仰跟踪时诱发振荡预测分析

根据飞机纵向ＰＩＯ的特点，提出了预测分析ＰＩＯ所用的人－机闭环系统数学模型，其中飞机采用等效系统数学模型，驾驶员操纵采用ＭｃＲｕｅｒ模型，参数按地面人－机模拟飞行跟踪试验确定，集中介绍了四种飞机纵向ＰＩＯ预测准则，Ｓｍｉｔｈ－Ｇｅｄｄｅｓ准则，修正带宽准则，增益，相位裕度准则，Ｎｅａｌ－Ｓｍｉｔｈ原则，并提供了相应的计算方法。     

A Criterion Based on Closed-loop Pilot-aircraft Systems for Predicting Flying Qualities

During the process of aircraft design, the mathematical model of pilot control behavior characteristics is always used to predict aircraft flying qualities (FQ). This is one of the important methods to avoid pilot-aircraft adverse coupling. In order to study the FQ criterion based on closed-loop pilot-aircraft systems, first, an experimental database is built, which includes 40 aircraft dynamics configurations and the corresponding flight simulation results. Second, the mathematical pilot models with a set of different aircraft configurations are obtained by this experimental database. Then, two FQ criteria, Neal-Smith criterion and Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) criterion, are analyzed. And the relationship between the FQ level evaluated by actual pilot and the parameters of closed-loop pilot-aircraft systems is studied. Finally, an improved criterion of aircraft FQ is built based on the above two criteria. This new criterion is further used to predict FQ for four new aircraft dynamics configurations, and the prediction results verify its accuracy and practicability.     

受油机精确跟踪飞行时的侧向稳定性

空中加油过程中 ,在供油机的旋涡系统流场作用下 ,受油机的侧向扰动运动具有不稳定的振荡模态。采用驾驶员传递函数 ,对驾驶员 -受油机闭环系统的稳定特性进行了计算。结果表明 ,按滚转角对飞机进行反馈控制时 ,不能使该不稳定模态变为稳定模态。按侧向位移对飞机进行反馈控制时 ,可以使不稳定模态转变为稳定模态 ,但驾驶员传递函数中的放大系数必须严格控制在某一适当范围内 ,说明驾驶员必须十分精确地操纵飞机 ,才能使受油机获得闭环稳定性     

飞行员数学模型与新机飞行品质预测

简述了建立飞行员数学模型的重要意义和方法，给出了飞行员的常用数学模型形式及有关参数参考数据，并着重讨论了飞行员数学模型在新机飞行操纵品质评估预测中的应用 。     

着舰状态飞行员控制策略研究

分析了低动压的背面(backside)着舰工作状态下飞行员仅控制飞机姿态无法控制飞行轨迹角的物理原因。研究了低动压的背面着舰工作状态下使用背面控制策略问题,即以推力来控制轨迹,以飞行姿态来控制迎角。设计了背面技术和前面(frontside)技术控制律,并以A-7E舰载机为例进行了仿真验证。最后对背面着舰工作状态下的背面技术和前面技术进行了比较,分析了海军飞机使用背面技术着舰的原因。     

驾驶员结构模型参数辨识

给出一种驾驶员结构模型的参数辨识方法：根据人—机实时仿真试验测量的驾驶员描述函数,按最小二乘准则辨识驾驶员模型参数。推导出驾驶员结构模型的灵敏度公式,用于参数辨识过程,使计算方便、收敛性改善。针对驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪任务的人—机仿真试验结果,进行了实例计算,表明该方法是一种确定驾驶员结构模型参数的简单实用的方法     

有侧风时某验证机着陆品质分析

以刚体系动力学理论为基础,建立飞机、起落架六自由度全量非线性方程,根据有侧风时着陆过程中驾驶员的操纵特点,提出比较符合实际情况的操纵逻辑,以及用3个单轴操纵的驾驶员模型,通过采用分时采集、分时处理飞行状态信息和分时操纵的方式,将它们有机地综合成~个同时做三轴操纵时的驾驶员模型。最后,对所建立的人-机闭环系统模型编制了相应的仿真软件,并对某验证机进行了着陆品质分析,其结果与试飞情况比较吻合。     

DFBW飞机人-机闭环纵向着陆特性研究

本文根据试飞员的飞行体会和一组试飞曲线,提出驾驶员参数随着着陆过程变化的频率域模型,建立装有DFBW飞机的人-机闭环系统数学模型,编制非线性全量时域仿真程序,对纵向着陆过程动态作了全面的定量分析,其结果与装有MCS飞机的试飞情况吻合,验证了本文建模、程序可信度和精度,从而得出某DFBW飞机着陆特性是可被驾驶员接受的一些有益结论。     

试飞员能力模型研究

在飞行器研制和人类飞行探索中,试飞员的能力至关重要。针对以往对试飞员能力的评价基本停留在"客观、正确、诚信、能力以及尊重他人"等主观、感性层面,分析了试飞员在飞行器研制试验与鉴定中的作用和任务,给出了试飞员能力模型和"百分制"对试飞员的计划、飞行、评价、报告和建议等基本能力的量化分配。将试飞员能力显性化,有利于试飞员能力的客观评价。     

多轴多回路人机控制系统模型与仿真

针对驾驶员完成飞机机场下滑过程的多轴多回路控制任务,分析了人的控制行为特点,确定出驾驶员的信息反馈,形成了机系统的闭环控制结构,根据驾驶员对各控制回路的注意力分配和人机自适应规律性,选择相应的驾驶员模型形式并确定其参数,建立了多轴多回路的人机控制系统模型,最后,对风切变大气环境下驾驶员控制的飞机进场下滑过程进行了仿真计算,结果表明,所建立的人机控制系统模型是合理的,对飞行品质研究有参考价值。     

飞机着陆下滑状态人-机系统动态特性分析

采用最优控制驾驶员模型在频率域内分析是理论评价电传操纵飞机着陆下滑状态飞行品质的一种有效方法。基于人 -机系统响应特性可揭示出驾驶员工作负荷和系统动态特性之间相互影响。驾驶员相位补偿作为驾驶员工作负荷的度量 ;取人 -机系统闭环带宽、开环高频峰值和飞行轨迹倾角误差均方值等指标来评价系统动态特性。这些评价准则与驾驶员主观评分之间具有很好的相关性。应用该方法对某电传操纵飞机进行分析 ,其结果与飞行模拟评价结果较为一致     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

Evaluation on novel architecture for harmonizing manual and automatic flight controls under atmospheric turbulence

Pilot uncertainty in aircraft response under automatic flight control has triggered aircraft accidents/incidents in the past. This uncertainty compels a pilot to disengage autopilot and switch to manual control. However, the decision to disengage autopilot and when to do it can be difficult: especially if there is not enough time to monitor the cockpit displays, for instance while countering atmospheric turbulence. Against this background, we proposed the “human as a control module” architecture for harmonizing pilot and autopilot controls. The architecture blends pilot maneuver with autopilot control instead of switching between them when simultaneous inputs are given to the aircraft. By automatically adjusting pilot and autopilot control inputs, the architecture avoids overlaps of both control authorities and helps to circumvent the effect of conflicting actions. This paper applies the architecture to the situations of past aircraft incidents which had been caused by the transfer from autopilot control to pilot maneuver after encountering atmospheric turbulence. The effectiveness of the architecture is evaluated via simulation study for the specific incident examples. Furthermore, this paper extends the architecture with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based observer and evaluates its robustness under errors in wind estimation.     

俯仰轴飞行品质中频域准则的计算与模拟

简要介绍了军用飞机飞行品质MIL—STD—1797A中有关俯仰轴频域难则的要求和原由。提出了对这些难则的理论计算和模拟试验方法。并以某飞机为例，利用所提出的方法，对其飞行品质进行了计算和模拟。结果表明，所提出的计算和模拟方法是合理的。最后，讨论了驾驶员模型形式对俯仰轴飞行品质的影响。