定向凝固镍基高温合金上激光熔覆Inconel 738的裂纹敏感性研究

针对定向凝固镍基高温合金叶片的强化与修复需求,研究了在定向凝固镍基高温合金基体上激光熔覆Inconel 738的裂纹敏感性问题.在定向凝固镍基高温合金基体上激光熔覆Inconel 738合金对裂纹非常敏感,所产生的裂纹为热裂纹,由定向凝固基体晶界处引发并穿过界面向熔覆层发展;多层熔覆过程中熔覆层间也会产生热裂纹,热裂纹沿晶界纵向扩展.定向凝固高温合金基体晶界处的低熔共晶成为主要的裂纹源.严格控制激光熔覆过程中的热输入量可以显著降低裂纹敏感性.选择适当的熔覆工艺方法和参数可以在定向凝固镍基合金基体上形成良好冶金结合且无裂纹的基本保持定向凝固特性的熔覆层组织.     

K418激光熔覆NiCrWMo组织及耐磨性研究

为研究修复某航空叶片,采用Nb：YAG激光在K418镍基高温合金表面熔覆NiCrWMo涂层。分析了熔覆层组织,测试了熔覆层硬度。结果表明：采用自配的镍基合金粉末,在工艺参数为电流160 A、脉宽8 ms、频率4 Hz时,用激光熔覆能够实现对K418镍基高温合金损伤结构的修复,获得了表面平整、连续,微观组织细密、均匀,与基体呈良好冶金结合,硬度高于基体,无缺陷的熔覆层。     

激光熔覆裂纹的形成机理及控制方法

激光熔覆技术是利用激光辐射使熔覆材料和基体表面同时熔化并快速凝固、从而显著改善基体材料物理性能的一种新工艺方法。但激光熔覆工艺的选择不当则会使熔覆层产生裂纹、气孔、未熔合等,从而影响熔覆制件的综合性能。本文研究了激光熔覆裂纹的种类以及熔覆层的应力类型,分析了裂纹产生的机理,指出材料间热膨胀系数、弹性模量的明显差别及激光熔池区域的温度梯度所决定的热应力是熔覆层裂纹形成的根源。并从熔覆材料和基体材料的合理选择、成形工艺参数的合理设计及热处理等方面,阐述了熔覆裂纹的影响因素和控制方法。     

激光熔覆直接制造致密金属零件裂纹问题的分析

利用激光熔覆方法制造致密金属零件时,从熔覆工艺、熔覆材料、基体因素等方面分析裂纹产生的原因,并提出一些解决熔覆层开裂问题的新的设想。     

300M钢激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层温度场数值模拟研究

为了提高飞机起落架减震支柱300M超高强钢的抗磨性能,突破由于温度梯度过大诱发的激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层裂纹等技术瓶颈,基于ANSYS软件的生死单元法编制热循环程序,考虑自润滑相和耐磨相材料热物性参数随温度的变化、相变潜热、激光熔覆过程中与外界的换热、激光熔覆功率、激光熔覆扫描速率等因素对激光熔覆过程温度场、熔池、温度梯度的影响,建立300M超高强钢激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层温度仿真模型。结果表明:基体的熔化需要激光、熔化的粉末等综合作用使传导到该区域的有效能量达到熔化的临界值,熔化高度增加率随激光功率的增加先降低后增加,熔化高度减少率随激光扫描速率的增加先变小后变大;由于激光熔覆的不同区域温度、冷却速率差异等综合因素影响,熔覆层熔池的纵截面为勺状熔池;伴随激光功率的增加,由于熔覆层不同区域对能量输入产生的温度响应速率差异导致Z方向温度梯度值增加,且最大冷却速率增加;伴随激光扫描速率的增加,激光输入能量降低,降低了高温区域温度及激光的快速局部加热等综合影响,Z方向温度梯度值降低。通过调控激光参数,在保持熔覆层结合强度的条件下,基体熔凝区能被控制到最小,并能够降低温度梯度。     

工艺参数对等离子熔覆Ni-Cr合金涂层组织及成形质量的影响

在40Cr合金钢表面等离子熔覆Ni-Cr合金涂层,研究熔覆功率和扫描速度对熔覆层组织及成形质量的影响规律.研究结果表明:熔覆层的组织从表层到与基体的结合面处依次为细晶、粗枝晶和柱状枝晶,熔覆层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合状态.当扫描速度一定时,随着熔覆功率的增大,熔覆层组织得到细化.较低功率、较大扫描速度时,熔覆层与基体的结合处存在熔合不良现象;较高功率、较小扫描速度时,熔覆层产生裂纹.能谱分析表明Ni、Cr含量在熔覆层与基体的结合面处发生显著变化,在2.0kW熔覆功率和12.0mm/s扫描速度的试验条件下得到了稀释率较低的熔覆层.     

采用激光熔覆技术生产高速线材轧辊的工艺研究

采用激光熔覆技术生产高速线材轧辊是一种新的轧辊生产工艺.使用大功率CO2激光器,采用同步送粉法,在钢坯表面熔覆厚度适当、性能优异的钴基合金层作为轧辊的工作表面,熔覆层硬度和抗弯强度接近粉末烧结的硬质合金辊环性能.在激光熔覆制造热轧辊的过程中,钴基合金开裂倾向大,解决熔覆层开裂是制造轧辊的关键问题.本课题选取最佳工艺参数及熔覆顺序,采用特制的加热炉进行预热及后热处理,激光熔覆获得了无裂纹的熔覆层,实现了激光熔覆生产热轧辊的目的.     

铝青铜表面激光熔覆层组织与性能研究

采用激光熔覆技术在QAl9-4铝青铜表面熔覆了一层Ni基合金层,以提高QAl9-4铝青铜的耐磨性.为了提高QAl9-4铝青铜对激光的吸收率,实验采用少量自制的粘结剂并配合压力机将合金粉末预置在QAl9-4铝青铜表面,然后激光重熔.通过对QAl9-4铝青铜表面熔覆层组织研究分析表明:熔覆层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,无裂纹缺陷的存在;熔覆层组织受凝固速度的影响较大,其表面组织为胞状晶,中部为发达的树枝晶,结合区上部由于基体的激冷作用而呈细晶区,细晶区以下又以树枝晶和胞状晶为主.激光熔覆层的平均硬度是QAl9-4铝青铜基体硬度的3倍多.     

激光熔覆工艺的应用

激光熔覆具有广阔的发展前景,潜力很大,经济效益可观,引起国内外广泛的关注,并投入人才物力进行研究。 航空发动机钛合金和镍基合金摩擦副的接触磨损是发动机使用和维修中的一大难题,利用激光熔覆技术则可获得优良的涂层,为燃气涡轮发动机零件的修复开创了一个新途径。该工作研究了激光表面熔覆高温耐磨涂层的激光喷涂技术,在DZ4合金基体上,喷涂CoCrW合金粉末和WC粉末的机械混合物,厚度为0.3mm,提高了高温耐磨及抗腐蚀性能,对镍基合金制造的航空发动机涡轮叶片,利用激光熔覆技术熔覆钴基合金,提高了耐热耐磨性能,与热喷镀等方法相比,缩短了涂层制备的时间,质量稳定,且消除了由热影响可     

激光熔覆的研究发展状况

介绍了激光熔覆的机理;激光熔覆的工艺、组织性能（包括粉末加入方法、激光熔覆工艺、激光束及离焦量的选择、激光熔覆的组织性能等）;激光熔覆的应用;激光熔覆存在的主要问题及解决的措施（包括覆层的冶金质量、熔覆层的开裂、裂纹、微观偏析与显微应力等）等各方面研究发展状况,指出了激光熔覆的今后发展方向（如激光熔覆过程中的应力应变动态产生过程、减少覆层一基材界面应力,开发梯度材料、解决与大功率激光器配套的系列装置及添加元素的熔覆方式和工艺稳定性问题等）。     

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

基于飞机油箱模型形状特征油量测量切片步长选择方法研究

 在分析飞机数字式油量测量过程中目前广泛使用的切片法油量测量原理的基础上,针对现有的定步长切片法无法得到准确、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库的缺陷,结合对飞机油箱模型形状特征的分析,提出了基于飞机油箱模型形状特征的油量测量切片步长选择方法。此方法包括切片步长整体和局部选择两个过程,整体选择以实现相邻两切片平面所夹油箱模型体积近似相等为目的来确定切片步长,以体现油箱模型截面整体变化规律;局部选择以设计切片平面与截面突变平面重合或尽可能接近的方式,突出油箱截面的局部变化特征。实验结果表明：该切片步长选择方法较定步长方法能够建立更为合理、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库,从而提高了油量测量精度。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

二维翼段颤振的μ控制

 采用超声电机作为作动器来实现含控制面的翼段颤振鲁棒抑制。针对作者设计的二维翼段颤振主动抑制系统，通过理论与实验相结合的方法，建立了考虑沉浮方向阻尼和作动器模型参数不确定性的控制系统模型，设计了μ控制器，并对控制器做了降阶处理。数值仿真和风洞试验表明，μ控制器可有效地抑制颤振的发生，将颤振临界速度提高23.4%。相对于H_∞控制器，μ控制器的控制效果和鲁棒性更好。     

航空发动机管路测量数据分割方法

 为了提高航空发动机管路测量数据的反求建模效率,提出了一种区域增长分割算法。该方法主要是利用管路表面在曲面索引系数映射、主曲率映射、高斯映射上的特性,并基于均值漂移算法和遗传算法提出了区域分割算法中种子区域的选择策略。然后利用区域增长分割方法实现了对管路测量数据的分割。经过仿真和实测数据验证,所提管路分割算法具有较好的分割质量和效率。     

Abnormal Shape Mould Winding

为解决网格化芯模的缠绕问题,本文提出了复合材料面片缠绕机理;接着详细分析了面片缠绕过程中的芯模凹曲面上纤维滑线和架空现象,应用微分几何曲面理论和空间几何理论,提出判据及其解决方案;最后,针对飞机发动机进气道的缠绕成型,编制缠绕控制程序并进行相应的实验,验证了面片缠绕方法的可行性。     

Interfacial Properties Modification of Carbon Fiber/ Polyarylacetylene Composites

This work was dedicated to performing surface oxidation and coating treatments on carbon fibers (CF) and investigating the changes of fiber surface properties after these treatments, including surface composition, relative volume of functional groups, and sur- face topography with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atom force microscopy (AFM) technology. The results show that, after oxidation treatments, interfacial properties between CF and non-polar polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin are remarkably modified by removing weak surface layers and increasing fiber surface roughness. Coating treatment by high char phenolic resin solution after oxida- tion makes interface of CF/PAA composites to be upgraded and the interfacial properties further bettered.     

Thermal Stresses and Cracks During the Growth of Large-sized Sapphire with SAPMAC Method

本文利用有限元法对冷心放肩微量提拉法(SAPMAC)生长大尺寸蓝宝石单晶过程中的热应力进行了模拟计算,应用临界缺陷理论解释了裂纹的萌生与扩展机理。研究表明,晶体内的热应力主要与晶体生长速率,环境温度和结晶取向有关;较大热应力多出现在结晶界面,放肩、收尾以及直径急剧变化等位置;最大热应力总是出现在籽晶与新生晶体的界面附近。裂纹将在临界缺陷位置产生,并在应力作用下沿a或m面扩展。计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,通过晶体生长系统和生长工艺的改进,对晶体的开裂问题得到了有效的抑制。     

Optimization Design System for Composite Structures Based on Grid Technology

To solve the topology optimization of complicated multi-objective continuous/discrete design variables in aircmit structure design, a Parallel Pareto Genetic Algorithm （PPGA） is presented based on grid platform in this paper. In the algorithm, the commercial finite element analysis （FEA） software is integrated as the calculating tool for analyzing the objective functions and the filter of Pareto solution set based on weight information is introduced to deal with the relationships among all objectives. Grid technology is utilized in PPGA to realize the distributed computations and the user interface is developed to realize the job submission and job management locally/remotely. Taking the aero-elastic tailoring of a composite wing for optimization as an example, a set of Pareto solutions are obtained for the decision-maker. The numerical results show that the aileron reversal problem can be solved by adding the limited skin weight in this system. The algorithm can be used to solve complicated topology optimization for composite structures in engineering and the computation efficiency can be improved greatly by using the grid platform that aggregates numerous idle resources.