Combustion characterization of hydrazinium nitrate/energetic binder/Alex based model propellants

The hydrazinium nitrate (N₂H₄1HNO₃HN) can be considered as a candidate for using instead of ammonium perchlorate (AP) in eco-friendly solid propellant formulations. In combination with energetic binder it provides reasonably high energetic parameters of solid propellant. In addition, the substitution of AP by HN leads to decrease in the combustion temperature. The combustion of the HN based metallized propellants containing energetic binder has been investigated. The effect of partial substitution of commercial Al powder by Alex on the propellant combustion characteristics has been examined. The burning law was measured in the pressure range 20–80 atm, the ignition delay time and temperature profile were measured at atmospheric pressure. Some qualitative observations on the combustion behavior of the propellants under study have been made by analyzing the video camera and recoil force transducer records.     

复合推进剂中铝粉凝聚的链反应模型

本文提出了描述复合火箭推进剂(HTPB/Ap/AL)体系中铝粉凝聚的新模型——链反应模型。定义并推导出了铝粉的凝聚速率、平均凝聚程度及铝凝滴直径大小分布函数的具体表达式,从中可明显看到推进剂燃速、铝粉含量与铝粉粒度,Ap粒度及燃烧室压力等因素对铝粉凝聚程度的影响趋势,并且与现有的实验结果完全相符。     

Experimental studies on the burning of coated and uncoated micro and nano-sized aluminium particles

Two different approaches are used in this work to reduce the burning times of aluminium particles with the ultimate goal to improve the performances of solid propellants. One method is to coat the micro-sized particles by nickel, and the second is to decrease the particle sizes to nano-metric scales.A thin coating of Ni on the surface of Al particles can prevent their agglomeration and at the same time facilitates their ignition, thus increasing the efficiency of aluminized propellants. In this work, ignition and burning of single Ni-coated Al particles are investigated using an electrodynamic levitation setup and laser heating of the particles. The levitation experiments are used to measure the particle ignition delay time and burning time at different Ni contents in the particles.Decreasing the size of Al particles increases their specific surface, and hence decreases the burning time of the same mass of particles. In this investigation, a cloud of Al nano-particles formed in a combustion tube is ignited by an electric spark. The cloud experiments are used to measure comparative flame front propagation velocities for different Al particle sizes with and without organic coating.The results and their analysis show that both methods reduce the Al burning time. Ni coating reduces significantly the ignition time of micro-sized Al particles and hence the total burning time compared to non-coated particles. Nano-sized particle clouds burn faster than micro-sized Al particle clouds.     

RP-3航空煤油3组分模拟替代燃料燃烧反应机理

提出了一种包括65%正癸烷、10%甲苯与25%丙基环己烷3组分的RP-3航空煤油模拟替代燃料的燃烧反应机理,该机理由150种组分和591个基元反应组成.采用该燃烧反应机理对RP-3航空煤油模拟替代燃料在激波管和定容燃烧弹中的着火与燃烧特性进行数值模拟,并与相应工况实验数据进行对比分析.通过与RP-3航空煤油单组分正癸烷模拟替代燃料的燃烧反应机理进行对比分析发现:正癸烷、甲苯与丙基环己烷3组分替代燃料的燃烧反应机理对着火延迟时间的计算偏差能够控制在5%以内,对层流燃烧速度的计算偏差能够控制在10%以内,计算值明显优于正癸烷单组分替代燃料;进一步采用敏感性分析方法对3组分模拟替代燃料的燃料反应机理进行了适当修正,修正后机理对层流燃烧速度的计算偏差由10%提高到5%以内,能够更好预测所研究参数下的RP-3航空煤油的着火延迟时间和层流燃烧速度.      

Na_3AlF_6对微米铝粉在CO_2气氛中着火燃烧特性的影响

为了改善铝粉在二氧化碳气氛中的着火特性和燃烧效率,采用自行设计的管式炉研究了六氟铝酸钠对铝/二氧化碳着火燃烧特性的影响。采用高速摄影系统记录了样品着火燃烧现象,同时收集反应后的产物通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜技术、化学分析方法对其成分、产物形貌和燃烧效率进行了分析。研究结果表明,六氟铝酸钠能够显著降低铝粉的点火延迟时间,与未添加六氟铝酸钠的样品相比,加入六氟铝酸钠后,样品的点火延迟时间降低了18s左右;六氟铝酸钠的加入还能抑制燃烧产物凝聚并提高铝粉的燃烧效率,随六氟铝酸钠添加量增加,燃烧效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,添加了六氟铝酸钠的样品的最高燃烧效率为71.82%,与未添加六氟铝酸钠的样品相比提升了21.1%。     

黑火药在真空环境下点火性能试验研究

黑火药作为固体火箭发动机中常用的点火药，是决定其工作性能的关键因素。为了研究黑火药在真空环境下的点火性能，通过真空点火试验，测试了不同点火结构、不同黑火药质量下的点火压力曲线和羽流现象，并与常压点火试验结果对比，分析了不同工况下黑火药点火性能的优劣。结果表明：真空环境下增加黑火药质量可以提高点火压强峰值，与常压条件相比提升幅度较小；与常压试验对比，真空下前端点火和尾部点火产生的压强峰值都会下降2MPa左右；不同黑火药质量的常压或真空点火试验中，前端点火试验样机到达压强峰值的时间都近似为5ms，而尾部点火试验样机到达峰值的时间不同；在真空点火试验中，羽流扩张角会在一段时间内变大或变小，即出现明显的黑火药不稳定燃烧现象，试验结束后有较多未燃烧完全的黑火药残留在发动机周围，而在常压点火试验中，这些未燃烧完全的黑火药颗粒会在空气中二次燃烧，黑火药残留较少。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In-situ Synthesized Al2O3/TiAl Composites

Al2O3 particle-reinforced TiAl composites are successfully reaction-synthesized from the powder mixture of Ti, Al, TiO2, and Nb2O5, using the hot pressing reaction synthesis technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-sintered products are investigated. It is found that in the as-sintered products consisting of γ-TiAl, α2-Ti3Al, Al2O3, and NbAl3 phases, the fine Al2O3 particles tend to disperse on the grain boundaries. With the Nb2O5 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the Al2O3 particles are dispersing more uniformly in the TiAl matrix, forming a partial lamellar structure containing α and lamellar phases. The hardness of the in-situ composites increases gradually, and the bending strength and the fracture toughness of the as-sintered products reach the maximum value of 398.5 MPa and 6.99 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, as the Nb2O5 content increases to 6 wt%.     

Al含量对空心阴极等离子烧结Ti/Ni等原子比TiNiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

 采用空心阴极等离子烧结工艺制备了Ti/Ni等原子比的Ti_50-x/2Ni_50-x/2Al_x(x=0,3,6,9)合金,研究了Al含量对合金微观组织以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:未添加铝的合金微观组织主要由NiTi基体、强化相Ti₂Ni、Ni₃Ti及孔隙组成;随着Al含量的提高,合金中Ti₂Ni(Al)数量不断增多,孔隙数量和孔径不断增加,Ni₃Ti(Al)数量不断减少,在Ti_45.5Ni_45.5Al₉中还生成了少量Ni₂TiAl相;合金的抗弯强度随Al含量的提高而增加,并在Al含量为6%时达到最大值296.3 MPa;合金的硬度随铝含量的提高而增加,Ti_45.5Ni_45.5Al₉的硬度值为295.6 HV。     

HAN基电控固体推进剂电热耦合特性及燃烧特性实验研究

为了探究HAN基电控固体推进剂(ECSP)的电热耦合特性和燃烧性能,通过改变施加电压和环境压力对ECSP进行燃烧性能测试。在ECSP燃烧性能测试装置中采用电压、电流探头记录燃烧过程中通过推进剂的电压和电流,利用高速摄影仪记录推进剂的燃烧过程,借助法拉第电化学分解定律计算推进剂理论电化学分解质量在总燃烧消耗质量中的占比,分析电压和压力对推进剂燃速和质量损失的影响,同时拟合出ECSP燃速(r)与功率(P₁)和压力(P₂)的经验公式。结果表明：随着电压和压力的增加,ECSP理论电化学分解质量和实际燃烧质量增加,理论/总燃烧质量比值降低,燃速和质量损失增加。在ECSP的可控燃烧范围内,其燃速与功率和压力满足r = 0.0105P_1^0.705P_2^0.251。本文得到了热分解反应在ECSP的燃烧过程中占主导地位,是高压力下造成推进剂不可控燃烧的主要原因,为揭示ECSP的燃烧可控机理提供理论基础。     

Promotional effect of silica on the combustion of nano-sized aluminum powder in carbon dioxide

This paper presents how the combustion performance of nano-sized aluminum(nAl)powder in carbon dioxide are affected by silica. The ignition and combustion performance of nAl powder with silica addition were studied by a high-temperature tube furnace. An s-type thermocouple and a high-speed motion acquisition instrument were performed to evaluate the ignition temperature, maximum combustion temperature, maximum change of rate of temperature, and combustion propagation speed. The combustion effici...     

Effect of particle size and oxygen content on ignition and combustion of aluminum particles

Particle size and oxygen content are two of the key factors that affect the ignition and combustion properties of aluminum particles. In this study, a laser ignition experimental system and flame test system were built to analyze the ignition and combustion characteristics and the flame morphology of aluminum particles. A thermobalance system was used to analyze the thermal oxidation characteristics. In addition, the microstructure of aluminum was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the oxidized products were some of the gas phase products agglomerated. Smaller particle size samples showed better combustion characteristics. The combustion intensity, self-sustaining combustion time and the burn-off rate showed a rising trend with the decrease in the particle size. Increasing the oxygen content in the atmosphere could improve the ignition and combustion characteristics of the samples. Four distinct stages were observed in the process of ignition and combustion. Small particle size samples had a larger flame height and luminance, and the self-sustaining combustion time was much longer.Three distinct stages were observed during the thermal oxidation process. The degree of oxidation for small-sized samples was significantly higher than that for the larger particle size samples.Moreover, it was observed that the higher the oxygen content, the higher the degree of oxidation was.     

有机凝胶偏二甲肼液滴着火燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

针对自燃推进剂接触就能着火燃烧的特点,设计实现了高压飞滴及常压挂滴两套单液滴燃烧实验系统,并开展了有机凝胶偏二甲肼（UDMH）液滴在四氧化二氮（NTO）氧化剂环境中着火燃烧的实验研究,深入分析了其着火燃烧特性及NTO氧化剂浓度、温度、压力、对流速度、液滴初始尺寸的影响。结果表明：有机凝胶UDMH液滴表面液体燃料耗尽后会形成弹性胶凝剂膜,促使液滴内部出现沸腾蒸发及非稳态蒸汽喷射,导致燃烧火焰出现剧烈扰动。NTO浓度升高,增大了扩散燃烧火焰范围,加速液滴表面燃料蒸汽分解燃烧,有利于提高燃烧速率。NTO温度越低,着火延迟时间越长,并容易导致熄火。NTO对流速度越大,也会增加着火延迟时间,且更容易形成脱体火焰,使其燃烧速率降低。凝胶液滴尺寸越大,其着火延迟时间受对流速度的影响明显减小。NTO压力升高会抑制燃料蒸汽喷射强度,形成更稳定且更靠近液滴表面的双火焰结构。     

进口速度分布对钝体稳定器贫油点熄火性能的影响研究

为了探究燃烧室不均匀进口速度分布对燃烧性能的影响,采用试验的方法,开展了0.101MPa,700K进口条件下四种进口速度分布对钝体稳定器贫油点熄火性能的影响研究,结合流场特性分析了贫油点熄火性能变化的原因,四种进口速度分布依次为:h/H=0,3/6, 4/6和5/6 (其中h为速度峰值距离通道底部的高度,H为试验通道的高度)。结果表明:整体而言,均匀进口贫油点熄火性能优于非均匀进口。当h/H=3/6时,贫油点熄火性能最差;而当h/H=5/6时,贫油点熄火性能最优。随着h/H由3/6增大到5/6时,贫油点火当量比下降7.39%,贫油熄火当量比下降18.45%。当进口速度分布为h/H=0和3/6时,钝体稳定器下游回流区基本对称;而当h/H=4/6和5/6时,钝体下游回流区不对称,且每个涡出现主副双涡心,存在流体由一个涡心向另一个涡心流动的现象。同时,当进口速度分布由h/H=3/6增大到h/H=5/6时,钝体下游回流区变长,其特征长度Lvc_A增大14.56%,Lvc_B增大50.70%。     

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

凝胶自燃推进剂撞击雾化燃烧特性试验研究

为研究凝胶自燃推进剂撞击雾化的燃烧特性,在单互击式喷嘴矩形燃烧室内进行了一甲基肼和四氧化二氮(MMH/NTO)及凝胶MMH/NTO喷雾燃烧过程的对比试验。试验拍摄了燃烧条件下液态推进剂的雾化图像及OH基自发辐射图像,其中雾化图像采用高速相机及阴影方法拍摄,OH基自发辐射图像采用带OH基滤光装置的高速相机拍摄。结果表明:MMH/NTO撞击后能快速气化,只能观察到喷注面附近喷雾扇及少量细小液滴,而凝胶MMH/NTO撞击后形成的液膜及贯穿视场的液丝清晰可见,推进剂未完全气化燃烧,造成燃烧性能下降;凝胶MMH/NTO推进剂氧化剂燃料蒸发速率不匹配,彩色阴影图像可观察到大量待反应红棕色NO2气体;根据OH基自发辐射光亮度及分布,MMH/NTO在撞击角为75°,燃料射流速度为23m/s时即可充分燃烧,但凝胶MMH/NTO充分雾化燃烧需求撞击角及射流速度更大,着火及充分燃烧需求燃烧室更长。     

RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

航空发动机燃烧室燃烧过程与排放物生成的反应动力学数值模拟

选用正癸烷作为航空煤油的替代燃料,建立了正癸烷的化学反应详细机理与简化机理(包括50种组分,118个基元反应).分别采用详细机理与简化机理对正癸烷在激波管中的着火延迟时间、在预混燃烧炉内的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果进行了对比分析.同时,耦合该简化机理与CFD计算软件Fluent,对某型航空发动机环管形燃烧室中单个火焰筒内流动特性与燃烧过程、排放物及活性中间组分生成的反应动力学特性进行了详细分析,并与采用C₁₂H₂₃为燃料的单步反应机理的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:采用简化机理计算得到的着火延迟时间、反应物与各主要生成物摩尔分数的整体变化趋势与实验数据吻合较好;与采用C₁₂H₂₃为燃料的单步反应机理相比,采用正癸烷为替代燃料的简化反应机理计算得到的温度场分布更符合实际,其出口平均温度亦更为接近燃烧室出口设计温度;同时,能更为详细了解燃料低温裂解过程及裂解产物、中间产物及主要排放物的生成规律.      

航空煤油替代燃料的着火与燃烧特性

选用了航空煤油(Jet A-1)的3种替代燃料(正癸烷、正癸烷与三甲基苯双组分混合燃料、正癸烷与甲苯双组分混合燃料),并详细分析了这3种替代燃料着火与燃烧的详细化学反应机理(正癸烷单组分燃料为67种组分与344个基元反应,正癸烷与三甲基苯双组分混合燃料为118种组分与527个基元反应,正癸烷与甲苯双组分混合燃料为84种组分与440个基元反应).对这3种替代燃料在激波管中的着火延迟特性及在预混燃烧炉中的预混燃烧过程进行了详细的数值计算,并与实验数据进行了对比分析.同时,比较分析了双组分燃料中两种组分体积分数对着火与燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:在预测Jet A-1航空煤油的着火特性与预混燃烧特性上,两种双组分混合燃料要优于正癸烷单组分燃料.同时,两种双组分混合燃料中两种组分的体积分数对燃料的着火与燃烧特性影响显著.      

固体推进剂中铝颗粒结团过程研究进展

推进剂燃烧环境中金属颗粒的结团现象对固体火箭发动机性能有重大影响.本文对双基推进剂结团的表面反应层模型及复合推进剂结团的口袋模型进行了述评.鉴于实验中发现的某些燃速和压强效应的异常,本文还对新近提出的亚口袋机理和口袋间机理进行了述评.