基于逆有限元的机翼蒙皮变形监测方法仿真研究

针对机翼蒙皮变形动态监测需求,研究基于逆有限元法和应变信息的蒙皮变形重构方法.首先采用三节点三角形单元进行结构离散,并结合Kirchhoff板壳弯曲理论进行力学建模;然后通过理论推导得出应变与位移的关系,完成变形重构算法的构造,并开发出了实时显示机翼蒙皮结构变形的可视化软件平台;最后以翼形蒙皮结构和方形蒙皮结构为研究对...     

可变弯度机翼后缘形态重构光纤监测技术

可变弯度机翼是一种变翼型变体飞行器，在飞行过程中可根据不同的飞行环境自适应调整机翼弯度来提高飞行效率，从而适应复杂多样的任务环境。针对可变弯度机翼后缘形态与偏转角度实时监测需求，研究了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅传感器的机翼后缘形态重构方法。采用数值仿真方法分析可变弯度机翼后缘的形态变化特征，得到可变弯度机翼后缘偏转位移与偏转角度之间关系。给出光纤布拉格光栅传感器布局形式，构建了基于应变和曲率信息递推位移重构原理的机翼后缘形态和偏转角度监测系统。基于光纤布拉格光栅传感器的机翼后缘形态重构相对误差约为6.39%，偏转角度辨识相对误差约为7.47%。研究结果表明，所提方法能够为可变弯度机翼后缘形态感知、姿态自适应调整以及气动外形优化提供技术支撑。     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

记忆合金──灵敏机翼的关键

为改进飞机翼型结构,满足特殊飞行条件下的需要,美国诺斯洛普·格鲁曼公司的一个研究小组正在进行装有形状记忆合金及先进的传感器等"灵敏"材料的的自适应机翼模型的概念研究．形状记忆合金（SMA）是具有变形能力并能"记忆"变形方向和程度的材料．研究所用的机翼模型是比例为16％的F／A-18飞机机翼模型．模型机翼的前缘和后线被设计成能随作用于嵌入在机翼上、下表面中的SMA线束上的电子输入信号而向上或向下弯曲．中央处理器将预先设计好大小的电流作用于镍钛合金线束,使之变形,从而改变机翼前缘或后缘的形状。机翼中的传感器最终…     

偏置抛物面卫星天线反射器固化变形分析

偏置抛物面卫星天线反射器由碳纤维预浸料铺制而成，在固化过程中通常会出现热变形、固化收缩变形及机械变形等形变，且过大的变形会导致反射器反射信号产生偏差。为了有效预测天线反射器在热压罐固化过程中的变形，本文采用线性粘弹性本构模型表征纤维增强复合材料在固化过程中的应力-应变关系。采用顺序热-力耦合分析法，对天线反射器内部温度场、固化度场及位移场的分布进行建模，并对铺层结构及降温速率对天线反射器变形的影响开展研究。结果表明：相较于纯0°铺层结构，正交和准各向同性铺层天线反射器z向变形量减小了51%以上，且降低降温速率有助于提高天线反射器的固化型面变形。     

智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望

变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望简

 变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

扑翼机翼气动力和惯性力对翼杆结构变形研究

通过有限元方法探究了机翼上气动力和惯性力对结构变形的影响.研究表明扑翼机翼产生的气动力和惯性力大小在同一量级.机翼惯性力对机翼结构变形具有不可忽视的影响.当机翼处于水平位置时机翼气动力对结构变形贡献最大,同时合力产生的最大变形也出现在机翼水平位置.仿生扑翼机翼结构变形研究为高升力、低能耗扑翼机翼的设计提供了理论指导.      

一种新的基于ANSYS的机翼挠曲变形建模方法

针对传递对准中机翼挠曲变形建模方法适用性差的问题,提出了一种基于有限元分析的不同挂点处弹载子惯导系统的机翼挠曲变形建模方法。以柔性较大的大展弦比机翼为研究对象,建立了薄蒙皮、双翼梁、多肋板式机翼模型。通过绕流分析得到的机翼上、下表面压力分布云图,在此基础上对机翼结构进行气动载荷的加载。根据ANSYS瞬态动力学分析,获取了机翼挠曲变形角的随机过程序列,并利用AR(n)模型代替ARMA(p,q)模型进行建模。采用一种改良卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数进行估计,并利用信息准则对模型的适应性进行检验。根据参数辨识的结果,最终得到了机翼的挠曲变形模型。     

一种考虑截面任意变形模式梁的有限元模型

提出了一种考虑截面完整变形的截面插值梁模型,并用于机翼结构的建模与分析。首先引入截面插值函数——拉格朗日函数描述截面形状,以位移向量为未知变量描述截面位移,在此基础上依据插值理论构造梁单元位移场。不同于传统梁单元通过假定的中性轴的挠度和转角来确定梁截面各点位移,该梁模型摒弃了中性轴假设与平截面假设,通过截面插值函数得到梁截面面内、面外变形;然后通过有限元理论推导了梁单元刚度矩阵与质量矩阵;最后利用截面插值梁单元对机翼各部件进行有限元建模,并展开典型工况下的静力学分析以及动力学分析,与Nastran实体单元计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了该梁模型的有效性,为机翼的结构设计和强度分析提供了一种新的简化建模方法。     

折叠机翼变体飞机非对称变形控制效率分析

折叠机翼变体飞机变形量大,变形引起的气动参数变化显著,提出一种将非对称变形作为操纵输入的控制方案,研究非对称变形的控制效率和有效区间。首先建立能够完整描述变形过程的非线性动力学方程和气动力模型;然后基于非对称变形控制方法建立一种非对称变形操纵模型;最后通过与常规操纵面效率对比和仿真的动态响应总结出非对称变形操纵的最大变形操纵有效区间。结果表明:在较低飞行速度下非对称变形操纵效率高,非对称变形操纵能够在基准折叠角度90°附近提供最高的滚转操纵效率。     

Topology optimization of compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite materials

An approach for designing the compliant adaptive wing leading edge with composite material is proposed based on the topology optimization. Firstly, an equivalent constitutive relationship of laminated glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite plates has been built based on the symmetric laminated plate theory. Then, an optimization objective function of compliant adaptive wing leading edge was used to minimize the least square error（LSE） between deformed curve and desired aerodynamics shape. After that, the topology structures of wing leading edge of different glass fiber ply-orientations were obtained by using the solid isotropic material with penalization（SIMP） model and sensitivity filtering technique. The desired aerodynamics shape of compliant adaptive wing leading edge was obtained based on the proposed approach. The topology structures of wing leading edge depend on the glass fiber ply-orientation. Finally, the corresponding morphing experiment of compliant wing leading edge with composite materials was implemented, which verified the morphing capability of topology structure and illustrated the feasibility for designing compliant wing leading edge. The present paper lays the basis of ply-orientation optimization for compliant adaptive wing leading edge in unmanned aerial vehicle（UAV） field.     

Computational aerodynamic analysis on perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing

Abstract Implementing the morphing technique on a micro air vehicle （MAV） wing is a very chal- lenging task, due to the MAWs wing size limitation and the complex morphing mechanism. As a result, understanding aerodynamic characteristics and flow configurations, subject to wing structure deformation of a morphing wing MAV has remained obstructed. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of structural deformation, aerodynamics performance and flow formation on a pro- posed twist morphing MAV wing design named perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing. The numerical simulation of two-way fluid structure interaction （FSI） investigation consist of a quasi- static aeroelastic structural analysis coupled with 3D incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes and shear-stress-transport （RANS-SST） solver utilized throughout this study. Verification of numerical method on a rigid rectangular wing achieves a good correlation with available exper- imental results. A comparative aeroelastic study between PR-compliant to PR and rigid wing per- formance is organized to elucidate the morphing wing performances. Structural deformation results show that PR-compliant wing is able to alter the wing＇s geometric twist characteristic, which has directly influenced both the overall aerodynamic performance and flow structure behavior. Despite the superior lift performance result, PR-compliant wing also suffers from massive drag penalty, which has consequently affected the wing efficiency in general. Based on vortices investigation, the results reveal the connection between these aerodynamic performances with vortices formation on PR-comoliant wing.     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

变体飞行器控制系统综述

介绍了变体飞行器控制系统和涉及的控制理论问题。分析了变体飞行器的控制系统,指出变体飞行器的控制系统由变形控制层和飞行控制层组成。对变体飞行器的硬件结构和变体飞行器控制方法的研究现状进行了阐述。分析了集中式和分布式两种变形机械结构以及控制系统体系结构,提出采用总线网络连接变形结构的分布式元件。总结了变体飞行器需深入研究的变形控制和飞行控制问题,包括大尺度变体飞行器的飞行控制问题,通信受约束的大数目的驱动器的协调控制问题。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

Nonlinear hysteresis identification and compensation based on the discrete Preisach model of an aircraft morphing wing device manipulated by an SMA actuator

The conception of aircraft morphing wings thrives in aeronautics since the appearance of shape memory alloys(SMAs). An aircraft morphing wing device, manipulated by an SMA actuator, inherits the intrinsic nonlinear hysteresis from the SMA actuator, ending up with control disadvantages. Conventionally, systems with SMA actuators are constrained to bi-stable states to bypass the hysteresis region. Rather than retreating a morphing wing device to bi-stable states, this paper is dedicated to transcend the morphing wing device beyond the customary limit. A methodology of discrete Preisach modeling, which identifies the hysteresis of the morphing wing device, is proposed herein. An array of discrete equal-distance points is applied to the Preisach plane in order to derive the Preisach density over the partitioned unit of the Preisach plane. Discrete Preisach modeling is fulfilled by the discrete first-order reversible curve(DFORC). By utilizing the discrete Preisach model, the aircraft morphing wing device is simulated; the validity and accuracy of discrete Preisach modeling are demonstrated by contrasting the simulated outcome with experimental data of the major hysteretic loop and the wingspan-wise displacement over time; a comparison between simulation and experimental results exhibits consistency. Afterwards, a hysteresis compensation strategy put forward in this paper is implemented for quasi-linear control of the aircraft morphing wing device, which manifests a compensated shrinking hysteresis loop and attains the initiative of extending the morphing range to the intrinsic hysteretic region.     

A compliant polymorphing wing for small UAVs

This paper presents the development of a novel compliant polymorphing wing capable of chord and camber morphing for small UAVs. The morphing wing can achieve up to 10% chord extension and ±20° camber changes. The design, modeling, sizing, manufacturing and mechanical testing of the wing are detailed. The polymorphing wing consists of one continuous front spar fixed to the fuselage and a rear spar on each side of the wing. Each rear spar can translate in the chordwise direction (chord morphing) and rotate around itself (camber morphing). A flexible elastomeric latex sheet is used as the skin to cover the wing and maintain its aerodynamic shape whilst allowing morphing. The loads from the skin are transferred to the spars using the compliant cellular ribs that support the flexible skin and facilitate morphing. Pre-tensioning is applied to the skin to minimize wrinkling when subject to aerodynamic and actuation loads. A rack and pinion actuation system, powered by stepper motors, is used for morphing. Aero-structural design, analysis and sizing are conducted. Performance comparison between the polymorphing wing and the baseline wing (non-morphing) shows that chord morphing improves aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack while camber morphing improves efficiency at high angles of attack.