故障星分布对星座PDOP可用性影响的建模及评价

 导航星座定位精度衰减因子（PDOP）可用性是卫星导航系统顶层设计的重要指标。研究了不同故障星分布状况对全球导航星座PDOP可用性的影响。首先,从概率角度并采用组合方法建立了全球导航星座PDOP可用性指标的统计评价模型。进而对给定数量的故障星分布在单个或多个轨道面内的不同状况下,典型的Walker δ构型导航星座的PDOP可用性如何变化进行了仿真计算和比较分析。仿真结果表明,故障星分布状况和轨道平面数对星座PDOP可用性有较显著影响,适当地减少轨道平面数对于改善星座的PDOP可用性是有利的。提出的评价模型物理意义明确,避免了主观性和局限性,且可以保证较高的指标评价效率。     

不同GNSS的单站时差监测评估

随着GPS、GLONASS导航系统的不断完善和更新,以及后续GALILEO、BDS等系统的逐步建立,多系统组合导航成为GNSS当前研究热点。为了实现不同GNSS系统之间的兼容和互操作,准确确定不同系统间时差是关键。基于此,利用天宝R9多模双频接收机输出的GNSS观测数据、导航电文以实现监测GNSS系统的时差。由于国际计量局(BIPM)T公报缺少BDS相关数据,只对GLONASS和GPS实测的时差数据和BIPM T公报中对应的时差数据进行评估,统计了BDS、GPS和GLONASS三系统时差数据的最大值、最小值、均值、标准差、均方根误差。利用2016年1月到10月的连续时差数据进行时差监测评估,结果表明:GLONASS与GPS时差与T公报结果的残差标准差为4.28ns,北斗与GPS、GLONASS系统时差的标准差最优可达到4ns和5ns。     

GLONASS的评述和发展

导航星全球定位系统不是仅供城市中应用。尽管目前所发射的卫星数目还不够,但在民用独立定位精度方面,俄罗斯的GLONASS明显要优于目前加有SA的GPS定位精度。在本文中,我们将简要评述GLONASS的技术特性,并同GPS进行比较和对照。我们还将评估GLONASS目前的发展和性能,并且简要描述GLONASS和综合GPS/GLONASS兼容接收机。     

GLONASS系统的发展

本文介绍了GLONASS系统的组成和特性，并与GPS进行了比较；讨论了GLONASS的应用，对系统的发展进行了展望。     

数字式跳频GPS/GLONASS接收机

在很多应用场合,对大量扩频导航卫星连续跟踪将获益匪浅。当接收机跟踪多于定位所需最小卫星数目时,通过优选卫星几何可提高卫星导航精度。动态定位可利用冗余卫星来实现更迅速的整周期判决和跳周修正。陆地导航利用额外的卫星可克服建筑物、树林和地形造成的遮挡。比较多个星座的测量值能获得有关导航稳妥性的度量。跟踪大量卫星的好处已引起人们研制能同时处理美国GPS和苏联GLONASS信号的接收机的兴趣。已经推出了几种接收机设计方案,但所有这些接收机中处理GLONASS信号的硬件都是与处理GPS信号硬件分开的。本文介绍一种高度综合的GPS/GLONASS接收机,接收机中的每一卫星跟踪通道都能随意指定它接收任一个GPS或GLONASS卫星。该接收机有一个模拟射频/中频(RP/IF)前端,用一个固定频率的本振(LO)。定制的数字专用集成电路(ASIC)跟踪选定的GPS/GLONASS卫星,并提供相关测量值送软件处理。本文介绍的GPS/GLONASS接收机利用了数字信号处理技术和有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器的新成果。该综合接收机的模拟RF/IF前端大大地简化了,然而其性能可与使用相当复杂模拟RF/IF电路的接收机相比拟。GPS和GLONASS之间的跳频完全在数字域中进行,不必象早期设计方案中那样用昂贵的跳频本振。深入利用数字处理技术,GPS/GLONASS接收机可采用大规模集成电路,将多个通道集成在一个芯片上。这样可大大减小体积,节省成本,不久即可推出商用多通道GPS/GLONASS接收机。     

GPS和GLONASS广播星历参数分析及算法

GPS和GLONASS作为当今世界上在轨运行的两大卫星导航系统,其广播星历参数的设计和算法各具特点。本文探讨了GPS和GLONASS广播星历参数设计的物理背景,对它们各自的特征进行了分析比较,最后文章给出了GPS广播星历参数的一种拟合算法。     

GPS与GLONASS

本文叙述全球定位系统(GPS)在世界导航中的地位和GPS转为民用的背景。美和前苏联研制GPS/GLONASS系统的全过程。还谈到GPS工作,特别提及GPS精度与同时接收4颗卫星的导航信号的关系。     

GPS／GLONASS组合式接收机

本文详述了GPS/GLONASS(G/G)的特征、信息格式和覆盖情况,并对G/G组合式接收机的技术条件和PRN(伪随机数码)序列作了分析,给出该接收机的方框图。最后还介绍了该接收机的试飞概况。     

GPS/BDS组合定位精度分析

随着定位技术的不断发展及多系统导航定位技术的逐步推广，多系统组合导航定位已经成为了GNSS导航定位领域中的主要发展趋势。主要阐述了GPS/BDS组合相对定位的观测方程和数学模型，并根据实测数据对比分析，从卫星可见性、精度因子、定位精度和均方根误差等方面对GPS、BDS及GPS/BDS组合定位系统的定位性能、定位精度进行了比较。研究结果表明，较单一的GPS和BDS系统定位，采用GPS/BDS组合定位可有效提高卫星可见数目和DOP值，且稳定性更好。GPS/BDS组合定位的定位精度也明显优于单一系统，这对GNSS高精度导航定位具有重要的参考价值。     

导航增强伪卫星时间同步技术与精度分析

以导航增强为背景,总结归纳了伪卫星工程应用中面临的四大技术难点:时间同步技术、星历编排广播技术、多路径效应和远近效应,并重点对时间同步技术进行了研究.伪卫星作为现有导航星座的补充卫星,一方面改善了星座的几何分布,而另一方面由于授时和时间维持能力有限,又会在原有测距误差的基础上引入新的误差.因此,在伪卫星引入时,需要定量地分析授时精度与几何分布两者之间的关系.通过将授时误差等效为系统误差,给出了在导航增强条件下的伪卫星授时精度要求不等式,该不等式受到伪卫星引入前后精度因子PDOP0和PDOP1以及用户测距误差标准差σUERE的影响;定量给出了伪卫星授时精度要求的性能要求,当授时精度满足不等式要求时,导航增强系统才能提高用户定位/授时精度.     

组合GPS和GLONASS在民航中应用的研究

研究了ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ在民用航空中的应用前景。分析了组合ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ所具备的可用性、精确性和完整性潜力。组合ＧＰＳ／ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ在我国民航中具有重要的技术与战略意义。提出了一种集成１２通道ＧＰＳ／ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ接收机的结构与实现。射频前端部分采用３级变频将ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ信号变至中频并采样为同相与正交样本。数字处理部分对各样本加以积累与处理,解调卫星的导航电文。在导航解算中结合了ＷＧＳ－８４和ＰＺ－９０坐标系之间的转换。     

A GPS/GLONASS/INS test program

Under contract of different German Ministries a test program investigating the combinations of GPS, GLONASS, and Inertial Navigation has been carried out since 1991. Besides other goals, the aim of the project is to investigate the capabilities of GLONASS in comparison to GPS, to realize a combined GLONASS/INS solution and to perform joint processing of GPS and GLONASS raw data. The paper describes the test procedures and presents some of the results. This includes the comparison of DGPS with stand-alone GLONASS and GLONASS/INS under different dynamic situations, e.g., driving tests, flight tests, and also the presentation of results of combined GPS/GLONASS data processing, which was successfully achieved in March '93 for the first time. The results show the potential of the non-SA-degraded GLONASS and the advantage of using both, GPS and GLONASS for combined solutions     

跟踪微分器在GLONASS定位数据处理中的应用研究

本文介绍了GLONASS定位系统,给出了跟踪微分器的滤波特性。将跟踪微分器用于GLONASS定位数据处理。进行了误差分析及仿真研究。结果表明,这种方法可显著提高GLONASS定位精度,减小定位误差,具有一定的优越性。     

Performance evaluation of GPS augmentation using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

The current global positioning system (GPS) provides limited availability and capability for a country like Japan where mountainous terrain and urban canyons do not allow a clear skyline to the horizon. At present, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under investigation through a cooperative effort between the government and the private sector. QZSS is considered a multi-function satellite system, as it is able to provide communication, broadcasting, and positioning services for mobile users in a specified region with a high elevation angle. The additional GPS compatible signals from QZSS can remarkably improve the availability, accuracy, and capability of GPS positioning. This work focuses on the performance of GPS augmentation using the proposed QZSS. The QZSS satellite constellation and signal structure are briefly reviewed. Positioning with pseudo-range and carrier phase are discussed. The performance of GPS augmentation using QZSS in the Asian-Pacific and Australian area is studied using software simulations. The results are presented using the number of visible satellites as a measure of availability, GDOP as a measure of accuracy, and ambiguity success rate as a measure of capability of carrier-phase-based positioning with spatial and temporal variations. The results show that the QZSS will improve not only the availability and accuracy of GPS positioning, but will also enhance the capability of the GPS carrier-phase-based positioning in Japan and neighboring regions.     

GPS/BDS精密单点定位技术在滑坡变形监测中的应用研究

分别探讨了GPS精密单点定位技术、GPS/BDS精密单点定位技术及BDS精密单点定位技术在地形较为陡峭、有部分卫星被遮挡的滑坡体特殊环境中的应用能力。选用四川西山村8个监测站,总时长跨度16个月的观测数据进行试验及分析,结果表明:西山村滑坡体整体正以平均9.2mm/月的速度向南滑动,并伴随着垂向上的整体下沉。精度区间统计结果显示,平均5.93h时长的GPS精密单点定位的解算精度基本能达到较高水平且相对稳定,可以有效监测变形较缓慢的滑坡体。GPS/BDS的解算结果的精度接近于单GPS的水平,但由于BDS的数据可利用率整体上不稳定,拉低了GPS/BDS的解算结果的整体精度,表明了当前的单BDS精密单点定位的精度受地形等外界环境变化的影响更大。利用观测时长及数据的可利用率指标加权处理解算结果,降低了观测质量不高的结果对整体结果的贡献比,提高了定位结果的精度和容错率。     

卫星导航系统发展动态

卫星导航系统是20世纪60年代中期发展起来的一种新型导航系统，90年代，卫星导航时入全运行和盛行时期，除了用于陆上，海上和空中的航行引导外，几乎扩展到军事和经济的各个方面，目前，除了已经运行的美国的GPS（全球定位系统）和俄罗斯的GLONASS（全球导航卫星系统）外，欧盟也正在积极开发伽利略系统。本文分别介绍GPS、GLONASS和伽利略系统的发展状况。     

Online INS/GPS integration with a radial basis function neural network

Most of the present navigation systems rely on Kalman filtering to fuse data from global positioning system (GPS) and the inertial navigation system (INS). In general, INS/GPS integration provides reliable navigation solutions by overcoming each of their shortcomings, including signal blockage for GPS and growth of position errors with time for INS. Present Kalman filtering INS/GPS integration techniques have some inadequacies related to the stochastic error models of inertial sensors, immunity to noise, and observability. This paper aims to introduce a multi-sensor system integration approach for fusing data from INS and GPS utilizing artificial neural networks (ANN). A multi-layer perceptron ANN has been recently suggested to fuse data from INS and differential GPS (DGPS). Although being able to improve the positioning accuracy, the complexity associated with both the architecture of multi-layer perceptron networks and its online training algorithms limit the real-time capabilities of this technique. This article, therefore, suggests the use of an alternative ANN architecture. This architecture is based on radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, which generally have simpler architecture and faster training procedures than multi-layer perceptron networks. The INS and GPS data are first processed using wavelet multi-resolution analysis (WRMA) before being applied to the RBF network. The WMRA is used to compare the INS and GPS position outputs at different resolution levels. The RBF-ANN module is then trained to predict the INS position errors and provide accurate positioning of the moving platform. Field-test results have demonstrated that substantial improvement in INS/GPS positioning accuracy could be obtained by applying the combined WRMA and RBF-ANN modules.     

The Soviet Union's GLONASS Navigation Satellites

GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System) is the most recent satellite navigation system developed by the Soviet Union and currently in the pre-operational stage. Obvious parallels exist between GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) developed in the United States and also, at present, in a pre-operational phase. In the progress towards operational status, the launch capability for NAVSTAR satellites has been seriously affected by the recent failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, clearly increasing the prospects of GLONASS reaching operational status first. It is therefore the main purpose of this paper to discuss certain aspects of the GLONASS satellite navigation system, in particular its orbital features and radio-frequency signal characteristics. Comparisons with NAVSTAR are inevitable and for this reason, the paper begins with a brief resume of relevant features of the NAVSTAR GPS system for later reference. The main section of the paper then deals with orbital behaviour, radio frequency signal structure and channelisation using NAVSTAR as a reference point for discussion.     

多系统混频非差非组合精密单点定位方法研究

多系统多频精密单点定位(PPP)因具有增加观测冗余信息、提高系统性能可靠性和提升导航性能指标等优势而被广泛研究.非差非组合PPP模型直接使用原始伪距和载波相位观测值,不做任何线性组合,适合多系统多频率的PPP数据解算.目前,各个系统虽已提供3个或更多频率,但除北斗系统外,其余系统无法保证全星座都提供三频信号,使得多系统多频PPP的性能分析多采用多系统双频或单系统三频模型,没有充分利用多系统多频的观测信息.因此,采用多系统混频模型进行非差非组合PPP,该模型的具体表述为北斗三频+GPS双频+GLONASS双频PPP模型,充分利用可用的观测信息,提升了冗余度.利用CUT0、JFNG、NNOR、SIN1这4个测站的观测数据以及MGEX的精密轨道和钟差产品进行仿真实验,实验结果表明,多系统混频非差非组合PPP相较多系统双频非差非组合PPP的平均静态解RMS在东向提高了9.6％,北向相当,天向提高了11％;平均动态解RMS在东向提高了7.3％,北向相当,天向提高了5.7％.