Effect of blade tip winglet on the performance of a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor

The tip leakage flow has an important influence on the performance of transonic com-pressor. Blade tip winglet has been proved to be an effective method to control the tip leakage flow in compressor, while the physical mechanisms of blade tip winglet have been poorly understood. A numerical study for a highly loaded transonic compressor rotor has been conducted to understand the effect of varying the location of blade tip winglet on the performance of the rotor. Two kinds of tip winglet were designed and investigated. The effects of blade tip winglet on the compressor over-all performance, stability and tip flow structure were presented and discussed. It is found that the interaction of the tip winglet with the flow in the tip region is different when the winglet is located at suction-side or pressure-side of the blade tip. Results indicate that the suction-side winglet (SW) is ineffective to improve the performance of compressor rotor. In addition, a significant stall range extension equivalent to 33.74% with a very small penalty in efficiency can be obtained by the pressure-side winglet (PW). An attempt has been made to explain the fundamental mechanisms of blade tip winglet in detail.     

Robust design and analysis of a conformal expansion nozzle with inverse-design idea

This paper examines robust optimization design and analysis of a conformal expansion nozzle of flying wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) with the inverse-design idea.In view of flow features and stealth constraints, the inverse-design idea is described and the uncertainty-based robust design model is presented.A robust design system employs this model to combine deterministic optimization and robust optimization and is applied into design of a conformal expansion nozzle.The results indicate that design optimization can conform to the anticipation of the inversedesign idea and significantly improve the aerodynamic performance that meet the requirement of 6σ.The present method is a feasible nozzle design strategy that integrates robust optimization and inverse-design.     

Design for aircraft engine multi-objective controllers with switching characteristics

The aircraft engine multi-loop control system is described and the switching control theory is introduced to solve the regulating and protecting control problems in this paper. The aircraft engine multi-loop control system is firstly described and the control problems are formulated. Secondly, the theory of the smooth switching control is devoted and a new extended scheme for the smooth switching of a switched control system is introduced. Then, for the key technologies of aero-engines switching control, a design algorithm is presented which can determine which candidate controller should be put in feedback with the plant to achieve a desired performance and the procedure to design the aircraft engine multi-loop control system is detailed. The switching performance objectives and the switching scheme are given and a family of PID controllers and compensators is designed. The simulation shows that using the switching control design method can not only improve the dynamic performance of the aircraft engine control system and reduce the switching times, but also guarantee the stability in some peculiar occasions.     

A single-level composite structure optimization method based on a blending tapered model

In order to decrease the number of design variables and improve the efficiency of com- posite structure optimal design, a single-level composite structure optimization method based on a tapered model is presented. Compared with the conventional multi-level composite structure opti- mization method, this single-level method has many advantages. First, by using a distance variable and a ply group variable, the number of design variables is decreased evidently and independent with the density of sub-regions, which makes the single-level method very suitable for large-scale composite structures. Second, it is very convenient to optimize laminate thickness and stacking sequence in the same level, which probably improves the quality of optimal result. Third, ply con-tinuity can be guaranteed between sub-regions in the single-level method, which could reduce stress concentration and manufacturing difficulty. An example of a composite wing is used to demonstrate the advantages and competence of the single-level method proposed.     

Aeroelastic two-level optimization for preliminary design of wing structures considering robust constraints

An aeroelastic two-level optimization methodology for preliminary design of wing struc- tures is presented, in which the parameters for structural layout and sizes are taken as design vari- ables in the first-level optimization, and robust constraints in conjunction with conventional aeroelastic constraints are considered in the second-level optimization. A low-order panel method is used for aerodynamic analysis in the first-level optimization, and a high-order panel method is employed in the second-level optimization. It is concluded that the design of the abovementioned structural parameters of a wing can be improved using the present method with high efficiency. An improvement is seen in aeroelastic performance of the wing obtained with the present method when compared to the initial wing. Since these optimized structures are obtained after consideration of aerodynamic and structural uncertainties, they are well suited to encounter these uncertainties when they occur in reality.     

Inflatable Wing Design Parameter Optimization Using Orthogonal Testing and Support Vector Machines

The robust parameter design method is a traditional approach to robust experimental design that seeks to obtain the optimal combination of factors/levels. To overcome some of the defects of the inflatable wing parameter design method, this paper proposes an optimization design scheme based on orthogonal testing and support vector machines (SVMs). Orthogonal testing design is used to estimate the appropriate initial value and variation domain of each variable to decrease the number of iterations and improve the identification accuracy and efficiency. Orthogonal tests consisting of three factors and three levels are designed to analyze the parameters of pressure, uniform applied load and the number of chambers that affect the bending response of inflatable wings. An SVM intelligent model is established and limited orthogonal test swatches are studied. Thus, the precise relationships between each parameter and product quality features, as well the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), can be obtained. This can guide general technological design optimization.     

An optimization method for metamorphic mechanisms based on multidisciplinary design optimization

The optimization of metamorphic mechanisms is different from that of the conventional mechanisms for its characteristics of multi-configuration. There exist complex coupled design variables and constraints in its multiple different configuration optimization models. To achieve the compatible optimized results of these coupled design variables, an optimization method for metamorphic mechanisms is developed in the paper based on the principle of multidisciplinary design optimization（MDO）. Firstly, the optimization characteristics of the metamorphic mechanism are summarized distinctly by proposing the classification of design variables and constraints as well as coupling interactions among its different configuration optimization models. Further, collaborative optimization technique which is used in MDO is adopted for achieving the overall optimization performance. The whole optimization process is then proposed by constructing a two-level hierarchical scheme with global optimizer and configuration optimizer loops. The method is demonstrated by optimizing a planar five-bar metamorphic mechanism which has two configurations,and results show that it can achieve coordinated optimization results for the same parameters in different configuration optimization models.     

Effect of tip geometry and tip clearance on aerodynamic performance of a linear compressor cascade

The tip leakage flow between a blade and a casing wall has a strong impact on compressor pressure rise capability, efficiency, and stability. Consequently, there is a strong motivation to look for means to minimize its impact on performance. This paper presents the potential of passive tip leakage flow control to increase the aerodynamic performance of highly loaded compressor blades. Experimental investigations on a linear compressor cascade equipped with blade winglets mounted to the blade tips have been carried out. Results for a variation of the tip clearance and the winglet geometry are presented. Current results indicate that the use of proper tip winglets in a compressor cascade can positively affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the tip leakage vortex. Results also show that the suction-side winglets are aerodynamically superior to the pressure-side or combined winglets. The suction-side winglets are capable of reducing the exit total pressure loss associated with the tip leakage flow and the passage secondary flow to a significant degree.     

A novel optimal design for an application-oriented synthetic jet actuator

The evaluation indicator for the performance of a synthetic jet actuator （SJA） is well-defined because of its various applications, which require optimal design to improve its performance and extend its field of application. This paper presents a novel approach to the optimal design of an SJA applied to enhance fuel/air mixture. It optimizes the combination of an actuator＇s geometric parameters by selecting the strength of vortex pairs as the evaluation indicator, coupled with orthogonal experiments and analysis of variance （AOV）. The results indicate that slot width is the most notable factor influencing the strength of vortex pairs, followed by cavity height and slot depth. The optimal value of the strength of vortex pairs increases by 32.5%over the experimental data of the base case, and more than 8.4%compared with the simulation results of the orthogonal experiments. It is concluded that the optimal method can effectively improve the performance of an SJA applied in mixing enhancement, reducing the test numbers and the associated design cycle and cost.     

Numerical design optimization of compressor blade based on ADOP

An aerodynamic design optimization platform(ADOP) has been developed.The numerical optimization method is based on genetic algorithm(GA),Pareto ranking and fitness sharing technique.The platform was used for design optimization of the stator of an advanced transonic stage to seek high adiabatic efficiency.The compressor stage efficiency is increased by 0.502% at optimal point and the stall margin is enlarged by nearly 1.0% at design rotating speed.The flow fields of the transonic stage were simulated with FINE/Turbo software package.The optimization result indicates that the optimization platform is effective in3Dnumerical design optimization problems.      

高亚声速轴流压气机的优化叶型

基于计算流体动力学和数值优化算法,研究了一种压气机叶型优化设计方法.以入口马赫数为0.7的高亚声速轴流压气机叶型为研究对象,采用拉丁超立方实验法选取优化变量并构建了考虑攻角特性的目标函数,通过引入Gamma-Theta转捩模型,考虑了附面层转捩的影响,最终获得了可以有效改善攻角特性和降低总压损失的高亚声速轴流压气机优化叶型.计算结果表明:优化叶型可以显著降低入口马赫数为0.2~0.8时+4°和-4°攻角的总压损失,使设计工况(入口马赫数为0.7)下的低损失攻角增加4°以上,优化叶型最佳稠度降低20%并改善低雷诺数时叶栅的流动特性.      

基于数值优化方法的离心压气机工作轮气动设计

将三维N-S方程流场计算、网格自动生成、Hicks-Henne函数叶型和子午面流道参数化与单纯形法寻优相结合,研究构成离心压气机工作轮自动优化设计软件。采用本文方法进行气动优化设计,流场计算要求有较高精度。对Krain工作轮的计算并与实验结果比较表明,流场计算程序具有令人满意的计算精度。在目标函数设定时,兼顾非设计点性能达到在设计转速下整个流量范围内的气动性能优化。采用所研制软件,对两个离心压气机工作轮进行优化设计,优化工作轮达到在压比近似不变的前提下效率有效提高。     

基于并行遗传算法压气机叶片自动优化设计

结合小生境法与算子自适应法对基本遗传算法进行改进,采用WinSock接口、多线程、CS体系结构,实现并行遗传算法.将并行遗传算法与NS方程流场计算方法、Hicks-Henne函数叶型参数化方法结合构成叶型自动优化设计软件,软件可用于叶型设计和对已有叶型的改进.在构造目标函数时,根据工作攻角范围,构造了考虑非设计点性能的目标函数.分别对进口马赫数为0.5和0.9左右的叶栅采用三台计算机进行并行气动优化设计,优化叶型设计点和非设点性能都明显好于原始叶型.     

基于伴随方法的单级低速压气机气动设计优化

采用梯度方法对某型4.5级压气机最后级进行气动设计优化研究，梯度由连续伴随方法计算确定，多排伴随方程采用伴随掺混面模型进行数值求解。首先，采用基于经验修正的初步设计方法设计带进口导叶的4.5级低速、低压缩比压气机的原始气动外形。之后，在压气机近失速工况对最后级静子叶片进行伴随气动设计优化，通过优化叶型和安装角降低流动损失，目标函数定义为加权求和形式的熵增和流量偏差，优化中对流量进行约束。最后，开展基于伴随方法的多工况气动设计优化研究，改善两个不同转速条件下最后级的气动性能。优化结果表明，基于伴随方法的多排气动设计优化可以通过改变叶片气动外形提升多排全工况气动性能。     

基于支持向量机和粒子群算法的压气机特性计算

改进和实现了支持向量机用于函数回归估计的算法,并将支持向量机和粒子群优化算法运用于压气机特性计算,以寻找压气机进口换算空气流量和效率随增压比、转子转速、压气机进气角度变化的非线性函数关系,将进气角度作为一个影响因子列入考虑范围,改进了以往只考虑压气机特性随转子转速和增压比变化的计算方法。用支持向量机回归估计压气机特性随各因子变化的非线性函数,用粒子群优化算法对非线性函数逼近度进行全局优化,计算结果表明,设计的算法能准确地回归估计出描述压气机特性的非线性函数,算法是有效的。      

高负荷轴流压气机设计与试验验证

为了提高高负荷轴流压气机气动性能,探索高负荷压气机设计方法。首先,对高负荷压气机轴向载荷和参数分布进行研究与筛选优化;然后,利用二维正/反问题设计与分析方法优化压气机载荷展向分布;最后,利用三维流场分析方法进行精细分析,从而使高负荷压气机级间参数达到良好的匹配。将该方法应用于一台高负荷压气机设计中,并将试验值与计算结果进行了比较分析。结果显示:该技术有效地提高了压气机全工况的性能,使压气机各级工作在合理的参数下,相对于第4代发动机的压气机平均级压比提高了16%,效率提高了1%。     

采用排间界面静压约束伴随方法的多级压气机叶片优化

为解决伴随优化应用在多级压气机中出现的优化工况点漂移问题,在前期薄层N-S方程伴随方法基础上,对目标函数——出口熵增不仅施以质量流量、总压比约束,还添加排间界面静压展向分布作为新的约束条件.以某5级压气机为对象,对其中第1级转、静叶分别在首1.5级和全5级压气机环境下进行了优化.结果表明,施加排间界面静压展向分布约束能够显著解决优化工作点漂移问题,优化后5级压气机的效率提高0.4个百分点.      

某压气机静叶基元叶型优化设计及实验

为了得到更加适合压气机静叶的叶型以降低气动损失,提取了静叶中径处的叶型,通过平面叶栅实验获得了原叶型的损失特性,发现原叶型气动损失较高,需要通过合理匹配设计参数来降低损失。为此,搭建数值优化平台在约束空间内搜寻气动损失更低的叶型,目标函数的构建综合考虑了多个冲角下的总压损失系数以提升叶片的变工况性能。优化结果显示：目标函数值降低了约9%,进一步实验研究发现,在实验涉及的整个马赫数和冲角范围内优化叶型比原叶型具有更低的总压损失系数,设计工况总压损失系数较原型叶型下降了31.3%,提升了叶型在正冲角边界附近的抗失速能力,设计进口马赫数正4°冲角下气流折转角增加1°。通过对实验结果的深入分析,解释了叶型性能提升的机理,对工作在相似环境的叶型设计及多目标优化方向给出了建议。     

某型7级轴流压气机中间级三维气动数值优化

针对多级压气机三维气动数值优化中存在的级间匹配与计算成本难以兼顾的问题,采用了只对待优化级进行单级三维数值求解,而在边界条件中考虑级环境影响的优化策略,对某型7级高负荷轴流压气机存在叶背分离的第4级静子进行了数值优化.在有限的计算时间内,多级压气机绝热效率相比原始设计提高了近0.8%,压比增加了近4%,压气机的整体性能得到提高.应用表明:该优化策略较好地平衡了级间匹配与计算成本的矛盾.      

多级环境下轴流压气机反方法改型设计

基于全三维黏性流场求解,对多级轴流压气机叶片反方法改型设计技术进行了研究。介绍了所采用的数值求解方法,之后阐述了压气机叶片反方法设计的基本原理和流程。为验证方法的有效性,对某型高压压气机后四级初始设计结果进行了数值模拟和反方法改型设计,基于对数值结果的分析提出了多级环境下叶片表面载荷分布调整的具体方法。反方法改型设计结果表明,通过合理调整多个叶片表面载荷分布,提升了四级压气机整体气动性能。设计点绝热效率基本保持不变,压比提高6.57%。