基于复近似消息传递的前视雷达成像分辨率增强算法

当机载/弹载雷达工作在前视状态时,由于成像场景内不同角度处目标的多普勒差异很小,很难得到 高的角度分辨率。针对海面舰船目标的前视成像应用,利用成像区域具有明显稀疏性的特点,提出一种基于复 近似消息传递压缩感知处理的前视成像角度分辨率增强算法,建立前视成像的线性观测信号模型,给出复近似 消息传递的迭代计算过程,以及多通道雷达前视成像的处理流程。通过仿真数据和 X 波段雷达实测数据的处 理结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

机载单通道雷达实波束扫描的前视探测

针对机载单通道雷达采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术、多普勒波束锐化(DBS)技术等途径难以实现载机飞行路线正前方高分辨率成像问题,研究了一种利用方位实波束重叠扫描的新型机载单通道雷达前视探测方法,讨论了提高方位分辨率的可行性和适用条件。该方法根据目标回波强度受到波束扫描增益调制的特点,通过计算修正的Capon空间谱来实现方位超分辨。模拟实验表明,所提方法能够实现机载单通道雷达的前视成像,可以显著提高波束主瓣区域内强弱临近目标的分辨能力。     

问与答

白杨-M问:1、什么是脉冲多普勒雷达?答:脉冲多普勒雷达就是工作在脉冲波形下的一种多普勒雷达,其工作原理是对脉冲列信号进行频谱分析,并对其单根谱线进行滤波,以测得目标的径向速度和距离。与一般时域检测的脉冲体制雷达不同之处是,脉冲多普勒雷达是频域检测,对回波脉冲列进行频谱分析,利用运动目标的回波信号具有多普勒频移的特点,将     

一种提高距离分辨率的FMCW SAR RD成像算法

调频连续波合成孔径雷达（FMCW SAR）是一种新近提出来的成像雷达体制,它结合调频连续波与合成孔径成像技术,具有体积小、重量轻、成本低、分辨率高等一系列优点。从频谱的角度进行分析,FMCW SAR的距离分辨率取决于频率测量分辨率。文章研究了一种FMCW SAR高距离分辨率成像算法——利用FFT得到差频信号谱峰的粗略范围,再对这一范围进行ChirpZ变换,从而实现距离高精度估计,并且避免了大的计算量。仿真结果表明该方法的有效性。     

单脉冲成像算法性能分析

单脉冲技术通过比较单个脉冲多路回波信号的信息实现对目标角度位置的精确测量,广泛运用于跟踪雷达中。在雷达成像中引入单脉冲技术可以显著提高前视这一合成孔径雷达(SAR)与多普勒波束锐化(DBS)成像盲区雷达图像的清晰度。本文着重对单脉冲成像算法的成像效果分析方法进行研究。从单脉冲和差比的概率密度函数出发,提出了目标图像位置失真、分辨率以及图像信噪比3个对图像质量进行衡量的指标。分析了决定这3个指标的系统及外部环境参数,并给出了相应的计算方法。最终通过数值积分以及Monte-Carlo仿真实验对理论分析结果进行了验证。     

一种新颖的超高分辨率SAR频率域反投影成像算法

超高分辨率条件下,机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）发射信号带宽大,合成孔径时间比较长,对成像处理算法的精度和效率要求较高。现有近似频率域处理和时间域滤波反投影（FBP）算法聚焦SAR数据时均存在诸多问题。基于微局部分析方法,提出了一种新颖的频率域滤波反投影（FD-FBP）成像处理方案。首先,利用Keystone变换简化了数据距离多普勒（RD）域徙动表达式。然后,在RD域进行反投影操作,对参考位置处反投影数据进行移位、相位补偿和FFT等操作即可以得到图像,从而在保证算法精确性的前提下有效降低了运算效率,实现了频率域方法的高效率和时间域方法的精确性特点的结合。最后,点目标仿真和实测数据处理以及与FBP等算法的对比验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种孔径和频率二维稀疏的步进频SAR成像方法

 步进频率信号(SFWs)在不增加雷达系统瞬时带宽的情况下能够获得高的距离向分辨率的同时,也存在着抗干扰能力较差及其等效重复频率较低的问题,并且在方位向积累时间内由于雷达载机工作状态的变化,会导致方位向的数据录取不完整。针对上述问题,提出一种孔径和频率二维稀疏的步进频合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像方法。首先,分析了稀疏步进频率信号(SSFWs)的SAR成像模型,然后基于压缩感知理论完成距离向成像处理。其次,针对稀疏孔径的回波数据,通过构造成像算子和压缩感知重建模型的方法实现其距离徙动校正和方位压缩处理,进而获得二维成像结果。相比于传统的步进频率信号SAR成像,利用所提方法能够在少量的频率资源和雷达回波数据情况下实现准确的SAR成像。最后,通过对仿真和实测的步进频率雷达数据进行成像处理,验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于结构不确定性的非线性鲁棒制导律设计

根据多普勒雷达导引头和红外成像导引头多模制导导弹弹道中段制导信息精度的特点,以非线性鲁棒控制理论为依据,设计了一种制导律.仿真结果表明,该制导律对弹目相对距离测量干扰有较好的鲁棒性,对目标大机动也有鲁棒性.因此,这种制导律可以作为多普勒雷达导引头和红外成像导引头多模制导导弹弹道中段的制导律使用.     

空间自旋目标宽带雷达干涉三维成像方法

空间目标三维成像可为目标的特征提取、分类与识别提供重要依据。基于L型三天线干涉成像原理,提出了一种宽带雷达条件下空间自旋目标干涉三维成像方法。首先,分析了雷达发射线性调频(LFM)信号条件下,空间自旋目标在距离-慢时间平面上的成像特点,建立了基于距离-慢时间平面的空间自旋目标干涉三维成像模型;其次,针对建立的干涉三维成像模型中,不同散射点的回波在距离-慢时间平面上会相互交叠的问题,对回波曲线分离、交叉点处理以及一维距离旁瓣的影响等进行了讨论,并给出了解决方法,从而获得目标三维图像。与已有方法相比,该方法可有效克服单基雷达三维成像无法获得目标各散射点真实三维位置以及在双/多基雷达三维成像时多部雷达回波联合处理较困难的问题。最后,仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

毫米波宽带成像测量雷达及其关键技术研究

针对国内毫米波宽带成像测量雷达的建设思路,从3个方面展开论述:首先,列举了国外相关雷达的主要技术指标,并对其技术特点进行分析,通过采用高功率发射机及功率合成技术、低损耗传输技术、低噪声接收机技术等,国外毫米波雷达实现了对远距离目标的探测,具备很高的测距测角精度、cm级的距离分辨率和极高的多普勒灵敏度,具有较强的目标识别能力;随后,通过对单脉冲机械跟踪和相控阵2种体制的优缺点进行比对分析,建议国内应采用单脉冲机械跟踪体制,并重点探讨了引导捕获和宽带测量方案;最后,对宽带大功率发射机、波束波导天馈线系统、宽带超导接收机以及宽带数据采集等关键技术及其国内基础进行了分析,并给出了发展建议。     

Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects

During the integration time required to obtain fine Dopplerfrequency resolution in a range-Doppler imaging radar, a point on a rotating object may move through several range and Doppler resolution cells and produce a smeared image. This motion can be compensated by storing the appropriately processed return pulse, and the angular coordinates are determined by the angular coordinates of the radar antenna. The resulting stored data represents the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the object reflectivity density, and hence can be processed by an inverse Fourier transformation. Also included is an analysis of the three-dimensional radar/object geometry with separate source and receiver locations. The effects of various system aberrations are investigated and experimental results from a microwave test range which demonstrate the image improvement are presented.     

Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion through Resolution Cells

Doppler processing in pulsed radar is analyzed for time intervals which involve motion through range resolution cells, the emphasis being on the range-Doppler imaging of a rigid rotating body. The objective of the theory is to derive a method for compensating for motion through range and cross-range resolution cells. The compensation ion procedure described is compatible with optical data processing. With such a two-dimensional processor, the method permits simultaneous eous compensation for all points in the target field. The s consists of taking the Fourier transform in the range dimension, followed by a gentle distortion of this range-transform plane, and that followed by a two-dimensional Fourier transform. Two implementations with experimental results are briefly mentioned. One implementation is all optical and utilizes a holographic hyperbolic lens and/or holographic conical lens. The other implementation, involves applying the appropriate te distortion electronically as th " range sweeps" from the pulse train are received and put on film.     

A novel range-Doppler imaging algorithm with OFDM radar

Traditional pulse Doppler radar estimates the Doppler frequency by taking advantage of Doppler modulation over different pulses and usually it requires a few pulses to estimate the Doppler frequency. In this paper, a novel range-Doppler imaging algorithm based on single pulse with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) radar is proposed, where the OFDM pulse is composed of phase coded symbols. The Doppler frequency is estimated using one single pulse by utilizing Doppler modulation over different symbols, which remarkably increases the data update rate. Besides, it is shown that the range and Doppler estimations are completely independent and the well-known range-Doppler coupling effect does not exist. The effects of target movement on the performances of the proposed algorithm are also discussed and the results show that the algorithm is not sensitive to velocity. Performances of the proposed algorithm as well as comparisons with other range-Doppler algorithms are demonstrated via simulation experiments.     

High resolution 3D “snapshot” ISAR imaging and featureextraction

We have developed a new formulation for three dimensional (3D) radar imaging of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data based on recent developments in high resolution spectral estimation theory. Typically for non real-time applications, image formation is a two step process consisting of motion determination and image generation. The technique presented focuses on this latter process, and assumes the motion of the target is known. The new technique offers several advantages over conventional techniques which are based on the correlation imaging function. In particular, the technique provides for a direct 3D estimate (versus back projection to a 3D target grid matrix) of the locations of the dominant scattering centers using only a minimum set of independent 2D range-Doppler ISAR “snapshots” of the target. Because of the snapshot nature of the technique, it is particularly applicable to 3D imaging of sectors of sparse-angle data, for which the sidelobes of the correlation imaging integral become high. Furthermore, the technique provides for an estimate of amplitude and phase of each scattering center as a function of aspect angle to the target, for those aspect angles which encompass the set of 2D range-Doppler snapshots. Results illustrating the technique developed are presented for both simulated and static range data     

双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计

双基地逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）距离-多普勒算法成像时，容易引起越分辨单元徙动问题，影响成像质量，为了抑制越分辨单元徙动，需要估计目标的等效旋转中心。本文针对双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心估计问题，提出了一种等效旋转中心估计算法。该算法首先将运动补偿后的一维距离像序列分为两组并分别成像，得到两幅图像；其次，假定某个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置，对两幅图像进行畸变校正，使得两幅图像只存在一个视角差，按视角差旋转其中的一幅图像，并与另一幅图像作相关，得到相关系数；然后，假定下一个距离单元为等效旋转中心位置，重复上述步骤，直至遍历结束，相关系数最大值对应的假定位置就是估计的等效旋转中心。最后进行了仿真对比实验，表明本文算法能够有效估计双基地角时变下的ISAR等效旋转中心位置。     

Multifrequency Imaging of Radar Turntable Data

In recent years synthetic-aperture radars (SAR) have proven to be very useful two-dimensional imaging tools in various fields. Based on the synthetic-aperture concepts, different imaging modes are possibe with various operating characteristics. We describe a special case where circular-projection radar data are coherently processed to yield both azimuth and range resoultion. Experiments are performed using data obtained from the radar target scatter site (RAT SCAT) radar cross-section facility. Fairly good results are obtained which illustrate the versatility of coherent syntheticaperture processing of pulse-to-pulse high-range-resolution radar returns. A discrete multifrequency stepped and pulsed waveform is the basic transmitted signal from which range-Doppler images are generated. The RAT SCAT turntable facility allows interesting model targets to be illuminated from which radar images can then be computed. One such application of the processing is described.     

基于FPGA＋DSP＋DDS芯片的雷达信号发生器设计

现代高科技战争对雷达系统设备的功能与性能提出了越来越高的要求，信号发生器作为雷达系统的重要组成部分也面临着更高的挑战，尤其是在体积、重量、功耗以及性能等方面要求越来越严格。分析了目前信号发生器的设计方法及其优缺点，并提出了一种基于FPGA＋DSP＋DDS芯片的雷达信号发生器设计方法，信号发生器具有频率分辨率高、噪声低、体积小、功耗低和控制简单等特点，且在某型产品中成功应用。     

Novel Approach for ISAR Image Cross-Range Scaling

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging systems produce electromagnetic images of targets in the range-Doppler domain. In order to rescale the image in a homogeneous range-cross range domain (meters by meters), the modulus of the target effective rotation vector must be known. Although in some cases it can be retrieved by means of ancillary data, in most cases the modulus of the target effective rotation vector must be estimated. A blind technique is proposed for estimating the modulus of the target effective rotation vector that exploits information carried by the chirp rate of scattering centres. A technique based on image segmentation, local polynomial Fourier transform (LPFT), and image contrast (IC) maximisation is used in order to extract the scattering centres and estimate their chirp rate. Simulated and real data analyses are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Doppler Compensation & Single Pulse Imaging using Adaptive Pulse Compression

The effects of target Doppler are addressed in relation to adaptive receive processing for radar pulse compression. To correct for Doppler-induced filter mismatch over a single pulse, the Doppler-compensated adaptive pulse compression (DC-APC) algorithm is presented whereby the respective Doppler shifts for large target returns are jointly estimated with the illuminated range profile and subsequently incorporated into the original APC adaptive receive filter formulation. As a result, the Doppler-mismatch-induced range sidelobes can be suppressed thereby regaining a significant portion of the sensitivity improvement that is possible when applying adaptive pulse compression (APC) without the existence of significant Doppler mismatch. In contrast, instead of compensating for Doppler mismatch, the single pulse imaging (SPI) algorithm generalizes the APC formulation for a bank of Doppler-shifted matched filters thereby producing a sidelobe-suppressed range-Doppler image from the return signal of a single radar pulse which is applicable for targets with substantial variation in Doppler. Both techniques are based on the recently proposed APC algorithm and its generalization, the multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) algorithm, which have been shown to be effective for the suppression of pulse compression range sidelobes thus dramatically increasing the sensitivity of pulse compression radar.