空间推力器用铠装热控器件技术研究发展概况（空间推进专刊）

空间推力器是调整宇航飞行器运行轨道和姿态的推进系统中的关键部件,为保证推力器启动温度和可靠运行,必须采用专门的热控设施。本文介绍了各类空间推力器的不同热控需求,重点阐述了目前空间推力器用铠装热控器件技术以及种类、性能和应用,总结了铠装热控器件的考核试验及判定指标,并提出了铠装热控器件技术的发展方向。     

单组元肼推力器温度场仿真及试验

针对5N单组元肼推力器，建立了在轨运行过程中推力室热控组件的传热模型；应用有限元方法进行了热分析和仿真计算；并对计算结果进行地面热真空试验验证。对于进一步开发、研制具有新型结构和热控性能的姿控推力器和具有相似结构的多种推力器具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

用于空间站的螺旋波等离子体推进研究进展

针对如何利用空间站中气态物质作为电推力器的推进工质,产生空间站姿轨控所需动力,提高空间站物质利用率以及降低空间站长期运行成本,介绍了螺旋波等离子体推力器的工作原理及性能特点,结合气态物质的主要成分,综述了国内外对于复杂工质螺旋波等离子体推力器的最新研究进展,讨论了复杂工质螺旋波等离子体推力器的关键技术和研究方法,对复杂气体用于螺旋波等离子体推力器的应用进行了展望。     

30cm离子推力器在轨环境下的工作点及热控措施研究

栅极间距变化是影响离子推力器在轨环境下从冷态条件正常点火启动的重要因素,同时也决定了离子推力器的在轨工作时机和热控实施策略。本文采用有限元仿真与地面热平衡试验验证相结合的方法,建立起30cm离子推力器有限元分析模型并进行了模型校验,之后对离子推力器在轨受太阳光照影响的栅极温度场分布和间距变化,以及推力器在5kW工况下的三个典型温度点所对应的栅极间距变化进行了仿真分析,最后考虑了主动热控干预对推力器最恶劣工作点的栅极间距变化影响。结果显示：纯太阳光照影响下的栅极组件存在周期性温度变化,栅极最大温差可达到100℃,栅间距缩小量在0.06mm~0.16mm范围内波动;在太阳光照基础上实施60W的主动热控后,栅极最大温差降低至60℃,栅间距缩小量波动范围则变为0~0.03mm;栅极最高温度点和最低温度点分别是推力器冷态启动最容易和最困难的两个工作时机点,两点所对应的启动后屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.22mm和0.04mm;在10W、70W和120W的热控加热功率下,从最低温度点启动后的屏栅和加速栅最小间距分别为0.06mm、0.20mm和0.29mm;采取主动热控措施能够有效降低推力器工作过程中的栅极热形变位移峰值,且加热功率为120W即温控点温度为50℃的主动热控可以满足30cm离子推力器在轨冷态启动时的0.25mm安全栅极间距要求。     

启动过程推力器喷注管内推进剂流的温降

根据空间发动机的总体结构、环境特点和能量守恒原理,提出推进剂在推力器喷注管内流动降温的简化数理模型,研究启动时单元推进剂在推力器喷注管内的流动降温现象.耦合求解推进剂流和喷注管能量方程,可以获得单元推力器喷注管单推三流整体温度的沿程分布规律.用推进剂模拟液实际考察和验证推力器喷注管的流动特点和理论模型的计算结果,分析推进剂流速、喷注管长度和内径对推进剂流温度变化的影响,导出推进剂流前缘出口温度和这3个物理参量间的拟合关系式.研究结果对推力器的热控设计有参考价值.     

LHT-100自励磁霍尔推力器热特性测试和热真空实验研究

为了验证LHT-100自励磁霍尔推力器工作状态的热特性和空间环境适应性,对霍尔推力器进行了工作状态热特性测试和热真空实验研究,给出了LHT-100霍尔推力器在工作状态下关键部位的温度升高和自然降温规律,分析了自励磁霍尔推力器在常温下启动达到热平衡过程中的推力、比冲、放电损耗等随时间的变化规律,并在带过渡板情况下开展了霍尔推力器的热真空环境实验。实验结果表明:LHT-100自励磁霍尔推力器在工作近3.5h内达到热平衡,关机5h后霍尔推力器整体温度自然降至室温,在常温下启动达到热平衡过程中霍尔推力器的放电电流、推力、比冲、放电损耗等指标在正常范围内,霍尔推力器在热真空环境中启动和工作正常,霍尔推力器零部件及其材料对高低温变化环境的稳定性和适应性较好,能够适应高低温变化的环境影响。     

稳态等离子体推力器低功率工作模式实验研究

稳态等离子体动力器（SPT）是技术性能和空间适应性良好的电推力器,是小卫星空间动力的理想选择。从实验的角度研究了额定功率为660W的SPT在低于其额定功率下运行,推力器的放电特性、推车特性、推力效率、比冲等性能随推力器工作参数的变化。实验结果表明：660W的SPT推力器在低于其额定功率下工作,具有稳定的放电特性和确定的推力性能,可以将较大尺寸的SPT推力器在低功率模式下运行来替代小尺寸SPT推力器的作用。     

高功率波加热磁等离子体推力器研究现状与展望

波加热磁等离子体推力器具有适于高功率运行（约100 kWe～1 MWe）、高推力密度（约4×105 N/m2）、可变推力（约1～100 N）和可变比冲（约3 000～10 000 s）等优点,是适用于未来多种空间任务的高性能电推力器。结合波加热磁等离子体推力器的发展历程,梳理了近年来波加热磁等离子体推力器的国内外研究现状,总结了其发展面临的单程离子回旋共振加热、等离子体分离控制、强磁场中高密度等离子体诊断等理论问题,以及高效热管理、高功率射频电源等工程难点。最后,根据波加热磁等离子体推力器的特点,对其具体应用方向做出了展望。     

阳极层霍尔电推进技术研究现状与难点分析

本文从阳极层霍尔推力器的技术特点出发,分析了单级和双级阳极层霍尔推力器在结构和性能上的差异;梳理国内外阳极层霍尔推力器的研究现状,结合未来大载荷空间任务的动力需求指出阳极层霍尔推力器未来的发展趋势;最后,提出了阳极层霍尔推力器在研制中的主要技术问题,主要包括电离与加速独立控制、放电模式与模式跳变、推力器工作模式的多样化、高电压强磁场设计、小间隙高压绝缘问题、高电压热设计以及放电室溅射削蚀等,分析了技术难点并给出解决思路。     

LHT-100霍尔推力器热特性模拟分析

为了对LHT-100霍尔推力器提出热设计优化措施,采用有限元仿真软件进行LHT-100霍尔推力器的稳态、瞬态及空间在轨环境模拟热分析研究,并通过热平衡试验进行了结果比对。分析及试验结果表明,处于工作状态时霍尔推力器的高温部件主要是放电腔、阳极和导磁底座,而受高温影响薄弱部件内线圈、气路组件的温度则分别达到了约401~421℃和141~381℃。热设计优化建议为,在放电腔与内线圈之间增加独立热屏结构后可以有效降低内线圈温度约80~90℃,在阳极气路组件上存在的热应力会是影响霍尔推力器可靠性的重要因素,需要在热设计中得到充分考虑。     

霍尔推力器能量损失系统性评价方法

霍尔推力器典型效率在50%左右,其余能量在电离、加速、耦合等过程中耗散掉,为了明确推力器优化设计的重点方向,需要定量地研究各个物理过程中损失的能量。因此,本文从能量损失分析的角度入手研究影响霍尔推力器效率的典型物理过程及机理,建立了针对霍尔推力器能量损失的系统性评价方法,为霍尔推力器设计及优化提供理论支撑。从霍尔推力器能量转化过程入手,并以能量的最终作用对象及性质作为分类的标准,建立了新的能量损失体系,认为霍尔推力器损失的能量主要有：径向羽流动能、阳极沉积热能、壁面沉积热能、电离能、阴极耦合损失。针对各项损失能量建立了实验评估方法,实验结果显示,阳极热沉积、壁面热沉积、羽流发散导致的能量损失是制约霍尔推力器效率的主导因素,其占比分别达到5.2%、24.7%、6.1%。实验测得所有输出功率占输入阳极放电功率比例达到102.1%,经不确定度分析,认为是阳极热沉积、电离能、阴极耦合损失的高估导致的,但该方法诊断得到的各项损失相对数量级关系是确定的,利用实验校核了方法的可行性,为霍尔推力器性能以及设计水平的评价提供了新的视角。     

Ion engine grids: Function,main parameters,issues, configurations,geometries, materials and fabrication methods

Ion optics are crucial components of ion thrusters and the study of the different ion extraction solutions used since the beginning of the electric propulsion era is essential to understand the evolution of ion engines. This work describes ion engine grids' main functions, parameters and issues related to thermal expansion and sputter erosion, and then introduces a review of ion optics used for significant launched and tested ion thrusters since 1970. Configurations, geometries, materials and fabrication methods are analyzed to understand when typical ion thrusters use two or three grids, what are the thicknesses and aperture sizes of the screen, accelerator and decelerator grids, why molybdenum and carbon-based materials such as pyrolytic graphite and carbon–carbon are the best available options for ion optics and what is the manufacturing method for each material.     

Numerical modeling of spacecraft electric propulsion thrusters

There is a clear current trend towards the replacement of small chemical thrusters used for spacecraft control by electric propulsion thrusters. These thrusters use a variety of mechanisms to convert electrical power into thrust and, in general, provide superior specific impulse in comparison to chemical systems. Electric propulsion has been under development for the last 40 yr, and almost all thrusters are designed based on experience and experimentation. The present article considers the progress made in numerical simulation of electric propulsion thrusters. Due to the wide range of such devices, attention is restricted to electric propulsion thruster types that are presently in use by orbiting spacecraft. The physical regimes created in these thrusters indicate that a variety of numerical methods is required for accurate numerical simulation ranging from continuum formulations to kinetic approaches. Successes of numerical simulation models are demonstrated through specific examples. It is concluded that numerical simulations can be expected to play a more prominent role in the design and evolution of future electric propulsion thrusters.     

Soft landing stability analysis of a Mars lander under uncertain terrain

Safe soft landing of the lander is vital to the Mars surface exploration mission. Analysis and verification of the landing stability under uncertain terrain play an important role in lander design. However, the effect of uncertain terrain is ignored in most existing studies, making the analysis incomprehensive and increasing the risk of landing failure in practice. In this paper, a Mars lander with 10 attitude control thrusters is introduced and its dynamics model is then established considering plastic deformation parts and nonlinear contact forces. The effectiveness and accuracy of the dynamics modeling method are verified by experiments with an average relative error of 10%. In order to carry out the dynamics simulation with high-fidelity terrain, a terrain generation method based on statistical data is proposed. Through Monte Carlo simulation under a 50 m × 50 m randomly generated landing terrain, the stability of the lander and the effects of attitude control thrusters are analyzed. The results show that the failure rate is 5.5%, in which the primary failure forms are overturning and abnormal attitude. When the landing simulations are repeated without thrusters, the stable ratio decreases from 94.5% to 90.7%, suggesting the positive effects of attitude control thrusters in improving landing stability under rough terrain.     

Research on vacuum plume and its effects

In vacuum environment, the exhaust flow of attitude control thrusters would expand freely and produce the plume, which possibly causes undesirable contamination, aerodynamic force and heating effects to the spacecraft. Plume work station (PWS) is developed by Beihang University (BUAA) for numerically simulating the vacuum plume and its effects. An approach which combines the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and difference solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations is applied. The internal flows in nozzles are simulated by solving the NS equations. The flow parameters at nozzle exit are used as the inlet boundary condition for the DSMC calculation. Experimental studies are carried out in a supersonic low density wind tunnel which could simulate the 60-80 km altitude environment to investigate the plume and its effects. To demonstrate the capability of PWS, numerical simulations are performed for the vacuum plume of several typical attitude control thrusters. The research results are of great help for the engineering design.     

Thruster design for position/attitude control of spacecraft

The objective of this work is to design the configuration of thrusters and valves of a propulsion system which should reject external and internal perturbations to control position and attitude of a spacecraft. As has been proved in a previous paper by Pena et al. (see ibid., vol. 36, no. 3, 2000), there exist configurations of 6 thrusters which can achieve this task, even under the failure of any one of them. Nevertheless, that previous result only presents analysis conditions and furthermore its implementation would demand also 6 valves, one for each thruster. Here we propose a design method that can solve the aforementioned problem with 6 thrusters/3 valves.     

敏捷卫星的联合执行机构控制策略

 针对对地观测敏捷卫星大角度快速机动、高控制精度的任务需求,提出了联合推力器与飞轮作为执行机构的控制策略。该控制策略综合利用2种执行机构的优点:推力器以前馈的形式提供机动过程中所需的主要力矩以实现航天器大角度的快速机动,而飞轮以反馈的形式提供精准的控制力矩以提高机动过程中的姿态控制精度。为补偿由于初始状态偏差和推力器输出力矩不准确所带来的控制误差,采用变结构控制设计了2种姿态跟踪控制器,使航天器能够渐进地跟踪上参考轨迹。并对姿态机动控制过程中,飞轮力矩及转速可能出现的饱和问题作了相应的修正。仿真结果表明了所提控制策略及所设计控制算法的可行性和有效性。     

Attitude stabilization with actuators subject to switching restrictions: an approach via exact relay control methods

On-off thrusters are frequently used as actuators for attitude control. Typically these thrusters are subject to switching constraints. A limit cycle is the normal steady state operation mode of such attitude control systems. This contribution deals with controller design for precision attitude stabilization using actuators whose switching restrictions are explicitly considered. An exact approach is presented using ideas from established relay control methods. The design procedure is illustrated with an attitude controller design to attain a limit cycle with prescribed characteristics