Generalized approach to the small signal modelling of DC-to-DCresonant converters

A generalized small-signal analysis approach that is based on both the Taylor's series expansion and the state-plane diagram is presented. A generalized discrete small-signal model for a double-ended DC-to-DC resonant converter operating in the continuous conduction mode is also given. Based on the model derived, the frequency responses for two transfer functions, namely, the line-to-output and the control-to-output transfer functions, are obtained. The technique is verified by applying it to the conventional series resonant converter whose small-signal analysis is known     

Small signal analysis of the LCC-type parallel resonant converter

In this paper, the small signal analysis of the LCC-type parallel resonant converter (LCC-PRC) operating in the continuous conduction mode is given. This analysis is based on both the state-plane diagram, which has been successfully used to obtain the steady state response for resonant converters, and the Taylor series expansion. Applying perturbation directly to the steady state trajectory, a discrete small signal model for the converter can be derived in terns of the input voltage, switching frequency, and the converter state variables. Based on this analysis, closed-loop form solutions for the input-to-output and control-to-output transfer functions are derived. It is shown that the theoretical and computer simulation results are in full agreement     

Three-phase single-stage ac/dc boost integrated series resonant converter

A new ac/dc 3-/spl phi/ single-stage converter is proposed integrating a 3-/spl phi/ discontinuous current mode (DCM) boost with a dc/dc fixed frequency series resonant converter (SRC). This converter has the following features: natural power factor correction, soft switching, high-frequency (HF) transformer isolation with the series resonant tank operating in above resonance mode, etc. A new complementary gating control scheme is used for simultaneous control of boost converter and the SRC. Modes of operation are presented and analyzed. Based on the analysis, design curves are obtained. An optimum design is given and a design example is presented. Results obtained from SPICE simulation for the designed converter are given to verify the performance of the proposed converter for varying load as well as line voltage. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype converter are presented to verify the theory.     

Single-stage ZVS PWM full-bridge converter

A new soft-switched ac-dc single-stage pulse width modulation (PWM) full-bridge converter is proposed. The converter operates with zero-voltage switching (ZVS), fixed switching frequency, and with a continuous input current that is sinusoidal and in phase with the input voltage. This is in contrast with other ac-dc single-stage PWM full-bridge converters that are either resonant converters operating with variable switching frequency control and high conduction losses, converters whose switches cannot operate with ZVS, or converters that cannot perform power factor correction (PFC) unless the input current is discontinuous. All converter switches operate with soft-switching due to a simple auxiliary circuit that is used for only a small fraction of the switching cycle. The operation of the converter is explained and analyzed, guidelines for the design of the converter are given, and its feasibility is shown with results obtained from an experimental prototype.     

Analysis of series-parallel resonant converter

A frequency-domain steady-state analysis is given for a series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC) operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) using Fourier series techniques. Equations for performance parameters are derived under steady-state conditions to provide simple design tools. The topology of the SPRC combines the advantageous properties of both the series resonant converter (SRC) and the parallel resonant converter (PRC). The key results of the work are: a novel half-wave rectifier SPRC, conditions for obtaining high part-load efficiency; and several boundary frequencies and limiting conditions such as the capacitive/inductive load boundary and open-circuit and short-circuit cases. Experimental results measured for an 80-W converter above the resonance at different load resistances and input voltages show excellent agreement with the theoretical performance predicted by the equations     

A new zero-voltage switching DC/DC boost converter

A pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) zero-voltage-switching quasi-resonant boost converter operating at constant switching frequency is presented. In contrast to the frequency-modulated (FM) zero-voltage-switching quasi-resonant boost converter, this converter possesses better controllability and higher operating performance, and overcomes the instability caused by the parasitic oscillation. The principle of operation and performance of the converter are presented. Its two-dimensional state trajectories and steady-state characteristic curves are derived which are useful for the converter design. Both the SPICE simulation and experimental result agree with the theoretical prediction     

叶片振动可靠性评估方法研究

提出一种用于发动机叶片振动可靠性评估方法,该方法基于叶片共振转速图（Ｃａｍｐｂｅｌ）,引入概率故障树ＰＦＴＡ（ＰｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙＦａｕｌｔＴｒｅｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）概念,改善了传统评估方法。其目的是为发展叶片共振识别和可靠性评估的有效方法。在Ｃａｍｐｂｅｌ图上,叶片共振系统定义由工作转速点和附近的多个共振点组成。利用ＰＦＴＡ分析该系统能获得更多的叶片振动信息。该方法发展了常规的叶片振动可靠性设计方法,为叶片设计和叶片振动疲劳排故中改善叶片振动特性提供有益的工程评估方法。     

串联输出DC／DC谐振变换器的稳态分析

分析了高于谐振频率工作的串联输出谐振变换器的工作模式,采用状态变量法计算获得了若干描述稳态工作的特性曲线,为分析和设计这种变换器提供了基础     

Dynamic modeling and controller design of flyback converter

The accurate dynamic modeling and quantitative controller design for an isolated converter with optocoupler isolation in its feedback loop are considered to be difficult issues, since the transfer characteristics of some blocks are highly nonlinear and difficult to be modeled analytically. First a current-mode controlled flyback converter with an optically isolated feedback path is designed. Then the equivalent control system block diagram is constructed, and its block transfer functions are found. To increase the accuracy, the dynamic models of some critical blocks are estimated from measurements. In order to facilitate the controller design, the model simplification is further made. Finally, based on the reduced dynamic model, a quantitative design procedure is derived to find the parameters of the voltage controller to meet the prescribed regulating specifications. Validity of the estimated dynamic model and the proposed controller design approach is demonstrated by some simulation and experimental results     

Suitability of pulse train control technique for BIFRED converter

Pulse Train/spl trade/ control scheme is presented and applied to a boost integrated flyback rectifier/energy storage dc-dc (BIFRED) converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), which avoids the light-load high-voltage stress problem. In contrast to the conventional control techniques, the principal idea of Pulse Train technique is to regulate the output voltage using a series of high and low energy pulses generated by the current of the inductor. The applicability of the proposed technique to both the input and magnetizing inductances of BIFRED converter is investigated. Analysis of BIFRED converter operating in DCM as well as the output voltage ripple estimation is given. Experimental results on a prototype converter are also presented.     

Parallel resonant converter with LLC-type commutation

It is shown that by using a proper transformation of state variables, the third-order system of the parallel resonant converter (PRC) with LLC-type commutation can be analyzed by means of a two-dimensional state-plane diagram. A set of characteristic curves which can be used for the converter design is derived from the analysis. It is shown from these curves that the converter possesses more desirable features than the conventional PRC     

Robust controller design for a series resonant converter

Because of their reduced switching losses, allowing a higher operating frequency, dc-to-dc resonant converters have been used extensively in the design of smaller size and lighter weight power supplies. The steady state and dynamic behavior of both the conventional series and parallel resonant converters have been thoroughly analyzed and small-signal models around given nominal operating points have been obtained. These models have been used in the past to design controllers that attempted to keep the output voltage constant in the presence of input perturbations. However, these controllers did not take into account either load or components variations, and this could lead to instability in the face of component or load changes. Moreover, prediction of the frequency range for stability was done a posteriori, either experimentally or by a trial and error approach In this paper we use μ-synthesis to design a robust controller for a series resonant converter (SRC). In addition to robust stability the design objectives include rejection of disturbances at the converter input while keeping the control input and the settling time within values compatible with a practical implementation     

Buck-flyback DC-DC converter

It is difficult to obtain a large input/output voltage ratio with a DC-DC converter, because the duty factor d may not reach very small values. For the same reason, it is difficult to obtain an output voltage that is adjustable in a large range. A DC-DC converter circuit is proposed that overcomes this limitation by performing a voltage ratio d²/(1-d) in the best operating mode. Circuit operation is analyzed, operating modes are evidenced, and the voltage ratio is deduced in each operating mode as a function of output current, duty factor, and circuit component values. Boundary conditions between different operating modes are obtained; consequently, it is concluded that these conditions do not occur for some operating modes. Component ratings are summarized, to facilitate circuit design. The buck-flyback DC-DC converter is very suitable for low-voltage (e.g. computer) power supplies and for power supplies with the output voltage (adjustable in a large range) supplied from the mains without a mains voltage transformer     

Novel single-switch converter with power factor correction

A new single-stage single-switch power factor correction converter with output electrical isolation is presented. The configuration of this converter is achieved by combining a flyback circuit and a forward circuit in one power stage. The principle of operation and steady-state analysis of the proposed topology is given. Based on its steady-state operation constraints, a design procedure along with a specific design example is reported. To verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed converter, a design example is given with its PSPICE simulation and experimental results     

一种新型无复位电路的双MOSFET正向变换器

讨论了传统的双MOSFET正向变换器在高频工作时存在的问题。介绍了一种无复位二极管的新型电路和变压器结构。最后给出实验结果。     

Algorithms for Power Converter Design Optimization

A practical optimization approach for power converters is established which allows conception of a design to meet all powercircuit performance requirements and concurrently to optimize a defined quantity such as weight or losses. In addition to facilitating a cost effective design, the computer-aided approach provides a means to readily assess a) the weight-efficiency tradeoff, b) impacts of converter requirements and component characteristics on a given design, and c) optimum power-system configurations. The following two popular algorithms for nonlinearly constrained optimization are utilized to design the power converter: 1) the sequential unconstrained minimization technique, SUMT Version 4; 2) the ALAG penalty function technique, ALAG5. These algorithms are compared, and suggestions are made for improving the efficiency of the optimization algorithms for power converter design.     

Design of high-efficiency series-resonant converters aboveresonance

Power losses in series-resonant converters (SRCs) operated above resonance are examined for the purpose of developing design guidelines leading to SRC designs with the highest possible operating efficiencies. Loss expressions are formulated and analyzed as functions of normalized voltage conversion ratio M and normalized output current J for the controlled transistor switches, antiparallel diodes, bridge diodes, and resonant capacitor. Overall losses range from a low of nearly 9% to a maximum of about 17%. Operating efficiencies corresponding to these losses range from a high of 92% to a low of 85%. Operation at the maximum efficiency of 92% occurs at values of M close to unity and is not highly dependent on J. However, in a practical closed-loop regulated SRC, operation with M too close to unity could provide an insufficient design margin, given component tolerances or other variations     

Steady-state analysis of the constant-frequency clamped seriesresonant converter

A constant-frequency diode-clamped series resonant converter (CFCSRC) is proposed as a solution to problems associated with frequency-controlled resonant converters. This converter has two resonant frequencies, and control is achieved by varying the relative time spent at each switching frequency. Two zero-current-switching (ZCS) modes are examined and plotted in the output plane. An equation is given for the boundary between the two ZCS modes, as well as an expression for the boundary between ZCS and non-ZCS operation; both are plotted in the output plane. The output equation for the main mode is shown to be hyperbolic. Converter peak voltages limited to the input voltages, and peak currents are less than those of the frequency-controlled clamped series resonant converter over a large operating range. Data from a prototype converter are compared with theoretical data and are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical model     

Detailed Design of a High Speed Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator for More/All Electric Aircraft

The basic concepts and advantages of more/all electric aircraft (M/AEA) are briefly addressed. The combined starter/generator (CS/G) system is introduced as a key technology to enable M/AEA. Some important performance requirements for CS/G system are obtained. Based on these requirements, a high speed switched reluctance machine (SRM) is designed to operate as a starter/generator. The entire design process is mainly divided into two stages: electromagnetic design and thermal design. In electromagnetic design stage, the electromagnetic structure and dimensions of the machine and the number of phase winding turns per pole are obtained; the topology and main technical details of the converter are briefly introduced as well. In thermal design stage, a liquid-cooling system is designed based on the thermal analysis of the machine. In the end, the performances of the designed SRM are basically verified by simulation. To get high performances, the exciting angles are optimized in two different operating modes respectively, and the optimized performances in the motoring mode are given as well.     

Analysis and design of a three-phase LCC-type resonant converter

A three-phase dc-to-dc LCC-type resonant converter with high-frequency transformer isolation is proposed. The operation and a simple analysis of the converter are presented. Design curves are obtained and a design example is given. SPICE simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed converter for varying load conditions. The converter proposed has several advantages, e.g., operation in lagging PF mode for the entire load range, requires a narrow variation required in switching frequency, reduced component size and stresses, etc