Improvement of Satellite Tracking Accuracy Using Optical Observations

A method to improve satellite tracking accuracy is presented and discussed theoretically and experimentally in terms of two parts: correction for errors of the tracking system and correction of satellite orbit predictions. In the first part, it is concluded that the pointing error of the tracking system can be determined accurately using data from stellar observations, so that correction is possible with an accuracy of about 0.001°. In the second part, it is shown that apparent errors of satellite orbital elements can be deduced from the optical observation of one orbit, and one can track the satellite after the correction with high accuracy for several subsequent orbits. The accuracy is 0.1-0.2 mrad or better for satellites at 1000 km altitude when given orbit prediction accuracy is approximately 1°.     

基于实时预测轨迹修正的共轴跟踪观测方法

针对光电设备跟踪观测轨迹可预测目标，提出并实现了基于实时预测轨迹修正的新型跟踪算法。从电视观测信息中实时解算出轨迹偏差的位置分量与速度分量并修正预测轨迹，引导仪器运动。应用该方法，在被观测目标电视探测不理想时有效提高了跟踪可靠性，降低了光电跟踪设备对电视探测能力的苛刻要求。即使电视探测短时出现困难，也能保证一定精度。本文给出了实时轨迹修正跟踪方法的构成原理与试验结果，并与一般电视跟踪方法进行了对比。     

Canonical transform for tracking with kinematic models

A canonical transform is presented that converts a coupled or uncoupled kinematic model for target tracking into a decoupled dimensionless canonical form. The coupling is due to non-zero off-diagonal terms in the covariance matrices of the process noise and/or the measurement noise, which can be used to model the coupling of motion and/or measurement between coordinates. The decoupled dimensionless canonical form is obtained by simultaneously diagonalizing the noise covariance matrices, followed by a spatial-temporal normalization procedure. This canonical form is independent of the physical specifications of an actual system. Each subsystem corresponding to a canonical coordinate is characterized by its process noise standard deviation, called the maneuver index as a generalization of the tracking index for target tracking, which characterizes completely the performance of a steady-state Kalman filter. A number of applications of this canonical form are discussed. The usefulness of the canonical transform is illustrated via an example of performance analysis of maneuvering target tracking in an air traffic control (ATC) system.     

采用自适应滤波技术的机载雷达跟踪系统

 一、引言 机载雷达跟踪系统的基本功能是提供我机与目标间相对距离矢量有关变量的估值,并保持系统跟踪能力的最佳化。机载大控系统则利用这些估值来形成武器的制导指令,进而完成对目标的截击任务。 过去,机载雷达跟踪系统的设计采用经典伺服机构理论。为了提高系统的跟踪精度,     

伞舱系统跟踪引导数据迭代算法

针对在返回舱乘伞下降阶段,测控链中弹道测量设备丢失目标,以及跟踪结束后无法外推生成可靠引导数据,光学设备难以快速捕获目标等问题,以风场修正模型为基础,通过风场提前修正与采用测量数据实际修正相结合的方法,建立伞舱系统跟踪引导数据迭代算法.利用多次返回段任务数据对该算法进行实验验证,并与实际任务中目前使用的方法进行比较,结果表明：通过该算法推算较长时间后的引导数据,其平均误差为现有方法的6％;推算较短时间后的引导数据,其平均误差为现有方法的20％.因此,利用该算法计算的引导数据精度较高,有助于光学设备及其他测控设备快速捕获或重捕目标.     

Neural network-based model predictive control with fuzzy-SQP optimization for direct thrust control of turbofan engine

A nonlinear model predictive control method based on fuzzy-Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) for direct thrust control is proposed in this paper for the sake of improving the accuracy of thrust control. The designed control system includes four parts, namely a predictive model, rolling optimization, online correction, and feedback correction. Considering the strong nonlinearity of engine, a predictive model is established by Back Propagation (BP) neural network for the entire flight envelope, whose input and output are determined with random forest algorithm and actual situation analysis. Rolling optimization typically uses SQP as the optimization algorithm, but SQP algorithm is easy to trap into local optimization. Therefore, the fuzzy-SQP algorithm is proposed to prevent this disadvantage using fuzzy algorithm to determine the initial value of SQP. In addition to the traditional three parts of model predictive control, an online correction module is added to improve the predictive accuracy of the predictive model in the predictive time domain. Simulation results show that the BP predictive model can reach a certain degree of predictive accuracy, and the proposed control system can achieve good tracking performance with the limited parameters within the safe range.     

Limits in tracking with extended Kalman filters

The classical linearized conversion of measurements from polar or spherical coordinates to Cartesian ones generates a bias restricting the use of this conversion to cases where the bias can be neglected. In this work, the validity limits for the classical 2D transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates, as derived in previous work, are shown to be too restrictive and the limits for the 3D transformation from spherical to Cartesian coordinates are introduced. Furthermore, quantitative measures for the performance degradation of the commonly used extended Kalman filter (EKF) in comparison with the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) filter are obtained by simulating typical tracking scenarios.     

星载跟踪控制系统设计及其抗扰动分析

针对星载目标跟踪要求高精度及快速响应能力,但同时存在力矩扰动等影响,分析提出了跟踪控制系统性能指标,根据预设指标,对系统进行了初步设计及串联滞后校正,并在增加加速度计的情况下,对系统进行了抗扰动分析.利用Matlab进行系统幅频特性仿真结果表明,设计的系统能较好满足预设指标,具有良好的稳定跟踪性能.     

Multiradar Tracking System Using Radial Velocity Measurements

Multiradar tracking using both position and radial velocity measurements is discussed. The measurement of two or more different radial velocity components allows the calculation of rectangular velocity components. The measurement noise of the velocity components is filtered using a Kalman filter in the same way as the Cartesian position components. Before the conversion of velocity components from radial to Cartesian coordinates, the radial velocities are aligned on a time scale to account for the time shift of the radar measurements. In order to compare multiradar tracking system performance with and without radial velocity, some simulation tests have been performed for typical paths. The simulation results show a significant improvement when radial velocity is used for tracking.     

Best linear unbiased filtering with nonlinear measurements for target tracking

In tracking applications, target dynamics are usually modeled in the Cartesian coordinates, while target measurements are directly available in the original sensor coordinates. Measurement conversion is widely used such that the Kalman filter can be applied in the Cartesian coordinates. A number of improved measurement-conversion techniques have been proposed recently. However, they have fundamental limitations, resulting in performance degradation, as pointed out in a recent survey conducted by the authors. A filter is proposed here that is theoretically optimal in the sense of minimizing the mean-square error among all linear unbiased filters in the Cartesian coordinates. The proposed filter is free of the fundamental limitations of the measurement-conversion approach. Results of an approximate, recursive implementation are compared with those obtained by two state-of-the-art conversion techniques. Simulation results are provided.     

Multi-objective approach in GNSS code discriminator design

In spread spectrum ranging system receivers such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a discriminator is used in the code tracking loop to provide an error signal for the tracking of incoming signals. Typically, the discriminator manipulates several correlator outputs to form the correction signal. A multi-objective approach is adopted here to design the coefficients associated with a multi-correlator-based discriminator to lead to a better performance tradeoff in large tracking range, acceptable multipath-induced bias, high sensitivity, free of ambiguity, and small variance. It is shown that the multiple-objective problem can be tackled via a quadratic/linear programming method, rendering the optimal coefficient vector for the implementation of the discriminator. In addition, as the discriminator design is often subject to conflicting requirements, it is shown that the proposed design approach is capable of establishing bounds on achievable performance. Examples with respect to BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero), and BOC (binary-offset carrier) signals are given to illustrate the design approach.     

基于外测弹道数据的后效误差分析及折合

本文提出了一种利用外测弹道数据特性判断后效段时间,进行后效误差分析的方法。在后效误差分析的基础上,将试验外测弹道后效段速度参数的变化量从发射坐标系转换到弹体系下,直接转化为折合弹道的速度变化量,由此可进行后效误差折合。     

基于GPS测速信息的不匹配误差诊断

利用多普勒频移观测量,采用双差技术可以确定高精度的测速信息,提出了利用测速信息对定位结果进行误差诊断的方法。应用此方法可以进行数据有效性检验、异常点与跳变系统误差的识别,提高定轨精度;还可以在定位数据有少量超差时对其进行重构。仿真与实测数据处理结果表明,该方法计算简单、精度较高、实用性好。     

旋转变频频率捷变雷达本振跟踪误差的分析

 本文从旋转变频磁控管式频率捷变雷达的本振频率跟踪原理出发,分析了产生本振频率跟踪误差的主要因素。文中着重讨论了本振频率冷跟踪误差问题。同时也提出了热跟踪后本振频率跟踪误差项。分析前者,可以决定热跟踪电路应予修正的频率范围,而后者则是跟踪本振最终的误差。以上分析对如何采取措施提高系统的跟踪精度是有参考作用的。     

Docking control for probe-drogue refueling: An additive-state-decomposition-based output feedback iterative learning control method

Designing a controller for the docking maneuver in Probe-Drogue Refueling (PDR) is an important but challenging task, due to the complex system model and the high precision requirement. In order to overcome the disadvantage of only feedback control, a feedforward control scheme known as Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is adopted in this paper. First, Additive State Decomposition (ASD) is used to address the tight coupling of input saturation, nonlinearity and the property of NonMinimum Phase (NMP) by separating these features into two subsystems (a primary system and a secondary system). After system decomposition, an adjoint-type ILC is applied to the Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) primary system with NMP to achieve entire output trajectory tracking, whereas state feedback is used to stabilize the secondary system with input saturation. The two controllers designed for the two subsystems can be combined to achieve the original control goal of the PDR system. Furthermore, to compensate for the receiver-independent uncertainties, a correction action is proposed by using the terminal docking error, which can lead to a smaller docking error at the docking moment. Simulation tests have been carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control method, which has some advantages over the traditional derivative-type ILC and adjoint-type ILC in the docking control of PDR.     

Active sonar application of a U-D square root PDAF

The probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) is a suboptimal approach to tracking a target in the presence of clutter. In the PDAF implementation, the Kalman measurement update is performed over the set of validated measurements and the Kalman time update is used to propagate the PDAF measurement update. A popular approach to obtaining a numerically stable set of Kalman update equations is to propagate the U-D factors of the covariance in the measurement and time updates. The PDAF measurement update equation is obtained in U-D factored form by applying the modified weighted Gram-Schmidt (MWG-S) algorithm to the three factored terms. The factors of the first two terms are determined from the U-D factors of the a priori and conditional a posteriori covariances. The third term is factored analytically using the Agee-Turner factorization. The resulting U-D square-root PDAF is then applied to the problem of active tracking of a submarine in reverberation using polar coordinates     

一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF机动目标跟踪算法

针对雷达均不能提供目标加速度信息,在目标机动时会出现跟踪精度差甚至跟踪发散的问题,提出一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF算法。该算法在信号处理阶段利用Radon-Ambiguity变换（RAT）估计出目标的径向加速度,并通过坐标转换将其引入量测向量中,然后采用基于Singer模型的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法实现机动目标的跟踪。仿真验证了该方法的有效性,并与传统的不带径向加速度的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）方法进行了比较,结果表明该方法在径向距离、位置、加速度和速度估计精度方面都有所提高。     

Efficient Approximation of Kalman Filter for Target Tracking

A Kalman filter in the Cartesian coordinates is described for a maneuvering target when the radar sensor measures range, bearing, and elevation angles in the polar coordinates at high data rates. An approximate gain computation algorithm is developed to determine the filter gains for on-line microprocessor implementation. In this approach, gains are computed for three uncoupled filters and multiplied by a Jacobian transformation determined from the measured target position and orientation. The algorithm is compared with the extended Kalman filter for a typical target trajectory in a naval gun fire control system. The filter gains and the tracking errors for the proposed algorithm are nearly identical to the extended Kalman filter, while the computation requirements are reduced by a factor of four.     

飞机设计危险跟踪模型及计算机辅助应用程序的研究

本文是在已有的危险评价的方法的基础上,针对我国飞机设计系统的特点,建立一种综合考虑识别,分析并控制潜伏于飞机设计中导致危险发生的各种危险因素的危险跟踪模型,使其在整个飞机设计阶段中对每一个危险因素从提出至消除进行跟踪,达到消除危险或把危险控制在一个很低的水平的目的。     

空间飞行器姿态的有限时间跟踪控制方法

 针对带不确定项的空间飞行器系统姿态跟踪控制问题，给出一种基于有限时间控制技术的滑模控制方法。使得姿态跟踪误差系统不仅可在有限时间内从任意状态到达滑动面，而且也可在有限时间内沿滑动面收敛到零，并给出了严格的数学证明。为了避免控制律中的颤动问题，一种新的饱和函数被用来代替控制律中符号函数。数值仿真实验说明了该方法的有效性。