Qiu滑移模型在小型离心叶轮通流设计中的适应性改进

对Qiu滑移模型进行若干原理改进,通过在迭代中调用,将其耦合嵌入至本研究组的通流设计反问题程序,然后应用于某小型离心叶轮的设计.用定常黏性计算流体力学验证了改进的Qiu模型辅助设计的离心叶轮的气动性能.研究了Qiu模型用于通流反问题体系后预测小型离心叶轮滑移因子的能力.研究表明Qiu模型在通流设计中的适应性改进是必须的,可全面提高离心叶轮气动设计质量.虽然改进模型对滑移因子分量的估计存在偏差,但通过给定合适的经验系数完全可以使其给出的滑移因子达到工程实用的精度.另外在Qiu模型中被忽略的滑移因子分量对于离心叶轮仅在叶片后弯角绝对值较小时相对其他分量较小.     

改进的离心压气机滑移因子模型

建立一种基于Qiu模型的改进的离心压气机滑移因子模型。该模型在Qiu模型的基础上,增添二次流项来修正滑移因子,同时考虑了出口叶片角与最大叶片角的差值及相应位置。采用亚声速叶轮Krain4、跨声速叶轮Krain6和IET200叶轮对该改进模型进行CFD验证,并对模型二次流项中常系数c的取值进行讨论。结果表明:与Qiu模型及其他传统滑移因子模型相比,该改进模型的精度较高,平均相对误差在2%以下,适用于亚声速及跨声速离心压气机。      

离心压气机通流/造型/CFD参数化优化设计集成反问题方法

在自主开发的离心压气机通流/造型反问题设计程序的基础上, 发展了一套离心压气机的通流/造型/CFD于优化设计程序系统下集成的反问题方法, 建立了离心压气机的参数化优化设计平台.采用“试验设计+响应曲面模型+近似优化”的快速优化算法, 对一个10 daN推力级微型涡喷发动机的离心压气机进行了多准则气动优化.结果表明, 这种过程集成的快速优化方法是很有效的.      

某小型离心压气机扩稳优化设计

针对某小型离心压气机在低转速下失速裕度偏小的问题,对该离心压气机的离心叶轮进行了改型优化设计,以扩大其稳定工作范围.改型设计用的是轴流/离心压气机通用叶片造型设计方法,该方法以二维通流设计计算为基础,配以任意空间曲面造型方法,并通过三维CFD(计算流体动力学)计算检验改型设计的结果.通过修改通流设计控制参数和造型控制参数,成功的实现了对离心压气机子午流道和离心叶轮三维叶片的优化设计.结果表明,对该离心叶轮的改型设计,不仅使失速裕度得到明显提高,满足了设计需求,同时压气机整级的性能也得到了改善.      

一种考虑级间引气的压气机通流设计方法

为了探索考虑引气影响的压气机设计方法,提出了一种基于周向槽引气的引气模型,通过将引气区域的机匣端壁无滑移边界条件替换为端壁法向引气速度代表的引气边界条件,把引气的影响计入压气机通流设计.一台两级压气机的无引气和引气通流设计以及三维数值模拟流场的对比研究表明,该引气模型和考虑引气的通流设计方法能够有效的将引气设计参数及其影响反映在通流流场结果中.此外,该引气模型和设计方法还能够准确反映引气流动随引气区域当地气动参数的变化.      

基于BP人工神经网络的离心压气机叶轮多目标优化设计方法

利用Concept NREC软件建立离心压气机叶轮设计样本库,借助BP（back propagation）人工神经网络建立样本库中各设计参数与压气机性能之间的关系,接下来以多目标遗传算法寻找Pareto解,从而获得离心压气机叶轮最佳设计参数.将该方法应用于Krain叶轮设计工况,所得叶轮的效率、压比较Krain叶轮原型分别提高1.4%和10.9%.通过对人工神经网络模型可靠性的讨论、多目标优化模型的主成分分析和所设计叶轮性能的CFD验证,证明了所构建的目标函数与所获得的Pareto解集的合理性,说明本方法可以有效应用于在离心压气机设计、选型.      

一种离心压气机性能仿真数学模型

阐述了一种能够达到设计精度要求的快速简单离心压气机性能仿真数学模型,模型中计及离心压气机内出现的各种损失,采用迭代方法计算几个划分截面上的子午速度。为了保证计算精度,叶轮出口和扩压器间流动划分成多段交错网格进行计算。采用建立的数学模型对 Krain离心压气机叶轮性能进行了模拟,并把计算结果同三维 N-S方程的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,采用建立的仿真模型能够用来模拟离心压气机叶轮性能,为设计离心压气机提供了一个有利的工具,而且对带有涡轮增压器的内燃机设计具有重要的实际意义。      

高速微型离心压气机的改型设计

近年来微型涡喷发动机的研究受到国内外的高度重视。微型叶轮机作为微型涡喷发动机的核心,其内部流动状况及特性是研究的重点。本文首先采用S-A湍流模型,对某微型涡喷发动机的离心压气机(转速118 000 r/min)的地面状态和设计转速下的粘性流场进行了三维数值模拟计算,得到了压气机特性曲线。接着对该离心压气机进行了改型。通过与原型三维流场的对比分析,实施了改型流道设计,重点在于调整转子流道的形状以及转子出口与径向扩压器之间的流道匹配。改型离心压气机的三维流场计算结果表明,基本达到改型设计要求。     

掠型设计调控跨声速离心压气机内部流动机理

跨声速离心压气机面临进口激波控制的难题,探索前缘掠型对跨声离心压气机影响机理对于进一步提升离心压气机性能具有重要意义。以两台跨声速离心压气机为研究对象,利用经过校核的数值模拟手段探究了不同前缘掠型下压气机的性能及流场变化。结果表明:设计工况下叶轮入口的激波位置直接决定了前缘掠型设计的作用效果。掠型设计通过改变导风轮叶顶载荷分布,进而影响其通流能力,同时改变了其入口激波结构和流动损失。当叶轮入口叶顶激波呈吞入状态时,采用前缘后掠会减弱槽道激波强度,从而减小导风轮叶顶附近损失;当叶轮入口叶顶激波呈脱体状态时,采用前缘前掠会减弱前缘激波强度,使得激波更加附体,从而减小导风轮叶顶附近损失。      

考虑端区黏性和径向掺混的流线曲率通流算法研究

高负荷多级压气机的技术难点之一在于如何快速、完整、准确地获得全工况下叶片前尾缘气动参数分布和整机特性结果,而通流计算凭借速度快、指向性明确的优点,一直是多级压气机设计的核心技术。为了提高通流代码的适用范围和预测精度,推导了统一适用于轴流、斜流、离心压气机的流线曲率方程,引入端区黏性和径向掺混模型,应用Fortran语言针对轴流压气机全新开发了其通流特性计算程序,对NASA Rotor37、Rotor67转叶和GY1-2J压气机进行了计算,计算结果表明:新模型的加入提高了程序的计算精度,初步验证了程序的有效性。并提出提高程序的通用性是今后通流计算的发展方向。     

Quantification of parametric uncertainty in γ-Reθ model for typical flat plate and airfoil transitional flows

Owing to the lack of physical knowledge of boundary layer transition, the γ-Re_θ transition model introduces closure parameters, which increase the uncertainty of transition prediction. The objective of this work is to quantify the uncertainties of closure parameters in the quantities of interests and identify the key parameters. The six closure parameters in the uncertainty intervals are used as input variables, and the uncertainties of the output results are propagated by a stochastic expansion based on the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos method. The relative contribution of each parameter to uncertainty is evaluated by the Sobol index. The computational cases include natural and bypass transitional flows on zero-pressure-gradient flat plates, and subsonic and transonic flows around airfoils. For most cases, c_e2, c_a2, and c_a1 dominate the uncertainty, and the influence of σ_θt is also significant when the history effects of flow are evident. The contribution of parameters in airfoils is more complex than that in flat plates. The transonic airfoil case shows that flow separation dramatically changes the distribution of Sobol indices, which poses a challenge to the accurate prediction of transition. Generally, c_e2 and c_a2 are the key parameters of the γ-Re_θ model.     

Numerical investigation of flow mechanisms of tandem impeller inside a centrifugal compressor

This study numerically investigated a single stage centrifugal compressor ‘‘Radiver’’ with a wedge diffuser and several tandem-designed impellers to explore the flow phenomena within the tandem impeller and the potential to enhance compressor performance. The results demonstrate that tandem design and clocking fraction (λ_s) significantly affects the compressor performance. The compressor stage with tandem impellers of Series A of boundary layer growth interruption alone are observed to have a widely operating range but efficiency and total pressure ratio penalty compared with that of conventional impeller. The tandem impeller with at least the same impeller efficiency as the conventional design is considered as a critical design criteria so that further modification process based on the flow characteristic of tandem impeller is necessary. In order to restrain the inducer wake and exducer shock losses, parameters modification of blade angle and thickness distributions are necessary and the modified tandem impeller of Series B is obtained. The modified tandem impeller with 25% clocking arrangement shows an 8.45% stall margin increase and maintains the total pressure ratio and efficiency as the conventional design, which proves the potential of tandem impeller to improve compressor stage performance. It is noteworthy that the tandem impellers of Radiver have not shown obviously balanced exit flow field and the fundamental mechanism of stall margin extending of tandem impeller lies on the improved impeller/diffuser matching performance resulting from the incidence angle variation at diffuser inlet.     

Study of isotropic shell survivability by the analytical method

Shells with a through-thickness macrocrack are considered. The algorithms for determining the specific radius r _c in the crack-tip vicinity, the limiting load p _c (the attainment of which makes the crack unstable), and the direction of macrocrack growth θ _c are presented. We study the carrying capacity of a lengthy circular cylindrical shell under the internal pressure and with an arbitrarily oriented macrocrack.     

低压涡轮叶栅流动中转捩模型的校验及改进

为评估并提高现有转捩模型的预测精度,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT 12.1,选取层流模型、全湍流模型、剪切应力输运(SST)低雷诺数模型、k-kl-ω模型以及γ-Reθ模型对低压涡轮叶栅T106-EIZ进行数值模拟,通过与实验数据的对比校验了后3种模型对于转捩以及相关参数的模拟能力,并对结果以及模型的作用机理进行分析,校验结果表明所有模型都不能准确地预测分离流转捩以及尾迹诱导转捩.选取预测效果较好的γ-Reθ模型进行了修正,提出通过修改间歇因子输运方程中的参数Ca1和Ca2的方法来修正该模型,结果表明该方法可以提高模拟精度.     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴性能仿真分析

采用正交试验设计方法对富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴设计参数氧压降比、燃氧速度比、氧喷嘴出口壁厚进行组合,数值模拟单喷嘴燃烧室燃烧流场,研究喷嘴设计参数及参数之间的交互作用对燃烧性能和燃烧室热载性能的影响,评价指标为燃烧长度、燃烧室壁面平均燃气温度和喷注面板平均燃气温度.仿真结果表明,燃氧速度比对燃烧与热载有显著影响,氧压降比与氢氧燃氧速度比的交互作用影响明显,分析结果对气-气喷嘴试验设计有重要指导意义.      

Accurate measurements of local skin friction coefficient using hot-wire anemometry

The practicality and accuracy of many existing methods of local skin friction measurement suffer when the boundary layer flow under consideration is non-canonical. Such shortcomings are exacerbated in three-dimensional flows, by the necessity to map local c_f over a wider area in order to characterise fully the contribution to global skin friction. These problems have led the authors to seek novel experimental methods of c_f measurement. The technique proposed herein utilises velocity measurements made using hot-wire anemometry combined with accurate positioning of the sensor element in respect to the test surface. In essence it is proposed that the local skin friction can be evaluated via a single velocity measurement made at a known wall-normal distance within the linear region of the viscous sublayer. This technique relies on accurate probe positioning, and two methods of achieving this are outlined. A study of the hot-wire characteristics in near-wall proximity has revealed a previously unnoticed feature corresponding to probe–wall contact. It is shown that this anomaly can be used as a positional flag to accurately locate the aerodynamic origin of the hot-wire sensor. A second technique using a laser triangulation displacement sensor is also outlined. Both positional techniques are shown to offer positioning to a sufficient level of accuracy for the proposed c_f measurement technique. Single-point local c_f measurement is tested experimentally, demonstrating the improved repeatability and standard error as predicted by initial error analysis. In this way it is shown that a single $\text{90}\text{s}$ velocity sample coupled with accurate wall positioning can define local c_f to a standard error of σ_cf≈1.0%. Analysis of error contributions reveals that longer sampling periods can realise even greater accuracy. The proposed technique is also used to measure local c_f in a three-dimensional boundary layer where micro-vortex generators have introduced large-scale spanwise distortions. This is an example of an application in a non-canonical boundary layer, and initial results show that the method is capable of providing repeatable comparative spanwise-averaged skin friction results to within approximately ±1%. The technique is immediately applicable to researchers using hot-wire anemometry in low Reynolds number flow over electrically non-conductive test surfaces.     

Experimental investigation of characteristics of instability evolution in a centrifugal compressor

The stable range of operation for the centrifugal compressor significantly influences the dynamic, economic, and environment-friendly characteristics of power systems. A deep understanding of the characteristics of instability evolution is necessary to improve the compressor stability. A centrifugal compressor equipped with a vaneless diffuser is experimentally investigated using highresponse static-pressure measurements. The results obtained indicate that three typical rotationalspeed ranges ex...     

Prediction of combined cycle fatigue life of TC11 alloy based on modified nonlinear cumulative damage model

The nonlinear cumulative damage model is modified to have high prediction accuracy when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m is large (m ≥ 500). The low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests, high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests and combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) tests of TC11 titanium alloy were carried out, and the influencing factors of CCF life were analysed. The CCF life declines with the decrease of the ratio of high-low cycle stress frequency m. Both linear and nonlinear cumulative damage models are used to predict the CCF life. The CCF life prediction error of the linear cumulative damage model is great and the predictions tend to be overestimated, which is dangerous for engineering application. The accuracy is relatively high when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m ≤ 500. The accuracy of nonlinear cumulative damage model is higher than that of linear model when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m ≥ 500. Based on the relationship between high cycle average stress σ_major and material yield limit σ_p,0.2, a correction term is added to the nonlinear cumulative damage model and verified, which made the modified model more accurate when m ≥ 500.     

适应较大叶型弯角范围的轴流压气机落后角模型

通过对多种落后角模型进行研究对比,选出其中一组,并对设计状态落后角模型重新修正,在此基础上结合S1流场计算发展了一种适用于轴流压气机落后角预测的模型.另对非设计状态落后角计算采用了修正模型.结果表明:建立的计算程序在一定的攻角范围内,对S1流场的预测结果是比较准确的,通过多组平面叶栅验证,在叶型弯角较大或者较小时,设计状态落后角模型预测精度均提高,误差范围控制在1°以内;建立的轴流压气机落后角预测模型,对多组轴流压气机设计状态落后角预测,误差都不超过2°,初步验证了模型的有效性.