微型飞行器小展弦比薄翼流场的不可压数值模拟

采用虚拟压缩方法求解三维不可压缩N-S方程,数值模拟了无弯度、有弯度两类微型飞行器低雷诺数小展弦比薄翼的流场,将得到的结果与实验进行了对比,数据间有较好的一致性.然后在此基础上分析了弯度、展弦比等因素对小展弦比薄翼气动力特性的影响以及翼尖涡随攻角、展弦比的变化规律,发现翼尖涡是影响小展弦比薄翼气动力的一个重要因素.     

微型飞行器小展弦比薄翼流场中的翼尖涡特性分析

采用虚拟压缩方法求解三维不可压缩N-S方程,数值模拟了无弯度、有弯度两类微型飞行器低雷诺数小展弦比薄翼的流场,将得到的结果与实验进行了对比,数据间吻合较好.然后在此基础上分析了小展弦比薄翼的气动力特性,详细研究了小展弦比薄翼流场中翼尖涡的涡态结构及形成规律,在对小展弦比薄翼流场尾迹区的翼尖涡采用近似模型的基础上,对尾迹区翼尖涡的强度进行了分析.结果表明,翼尖涡是影响小展弦比薄翼气动力和流动分离特性的一个重要因素.     

变弯度后缘与常规舵面机翼的颤振主动抑制对比

后缘变弯度机翼的气动弹性建模与稳定性分析日益受到关注。为了探究变弯度后缘相比常规偏转舵面机翼颤振主动抑制的方法与特点，以一个小展弦比后缘变弯度机翼为对象，首先建立结构有限元模型，并引入变弯度后缘变形模态和常规舵面偏转模态，采用亚声速偶极子格网法计算非定常气动力；然后使用基于最小状态法的有理函数拟合进行频域到时域模型的转换，建立两种构型机翼的气动弹性模型，并在建模时考虑了变弯度后缘与常规舵面控制带宽的差异；最后利用线性高斯二次型方法设计控制律进行颤振主动抑制，分析对比两种控制方式的特性差异。结果表明：采用变弯度后缘的闭环系统能够将颤振临界速度提高22%，其提升效果优于常规舵面，所需舵面偏转峰值更小。     

小展弦比扭转机翼三维流场的数值模拟

以高速战斗机的气动特性分析为研究背景,对小展弦比带扭转机翼的亚跨超声速气动特性进行了数值分析,首先对机翼关键数据进行参数化,选取几何扭转角作为设计变量对机翼进行建模,然后利用数值模拟方法,对参数化建模后的机翼在不同扭转角下的气动力和流场结构进行了计算与分析,揭示了机翼不同扭转角对失速特性,机翼展向不同截面的压力系数分布的影响,同时,对最佳扭转角的机翼在不同马赫数下的三维流场进行了数值模拟,验证了小展弦比机翼在亚跨声速下的优越性能。     

中等后掠机翼平面参数设计与实验研究

采用Euler数值计算方法,对60多种中等后掠角及展弦比的切尖菱形机翼、双三角机翼纵向气动力特性进行了计算、分析和比较,从中筛选出16种切尖菱形机翼、14种双三角机翼进行了全机高速风洞实验研究,给出了机翼的展弦比、前缘后掠角、根梢比(后缘前掠角)及几何扭转变化对全机升力、阻力及俯仰力矩的影响曲线和数据分析,在此基础上提出了用于定量估算两类机翼纵向气动力特性的关系式及修正因子。本文研究结果为建立战斗机机翼气动力设计数据库及飞机气动布局设计提供了实用的数据和设计参考。     

基于CFD方法的机翼阵风响应研究

通过引入＂网格速度＂方法模拟阵风条件,求解非定常欧拉方程实现了不同展弦比0012平直机翼阵风响应的数值模拟。首先采用该方法对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了计算,计算结果与文献结果、理论值吻合良好。进一步对展弦比分别为5、10的0012平直机翼在迎角阶跃型、One-Minus-Cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,当展弦比增大时,阵风作用下机翼的升力系数响应会增加,机翼翼根部位气动响应幅值大于翼尖部位响应特性。     

变弯度机翼参数化气动弹性建模与颤振特性分析

变体飞行器在变体过程中结构质量、刚度和阻尼特性会发生显著变化，导致其气动弹性效应十分复杂。如何高效、准确预测变体过程颤振边界是变体机翼结构动力学设计的难点问题之一。现有的非参数化气动弹性建模方法仅能针对单一变体构型进行颤振分析，对变构型的颤振需重复建模，效率低下且可能存在颤振边界丢失问题。针对后缘连续变弯度的变体机翼颤振分析问题，提出了一种参数化气动弹性建模新方法，并综合非定常气动力、流-固耦合插值和气动弹性建模，对变弯度机翼的参变颤振特性进行系统性分析。为验证该参数化建模方法在预测参变颤振特性的准确性，在变弯度机翼的参变模态特征、气动力计算和颤振预测等方面，进行了数值计算与对比研究。仿真结果表明，该方法可高效准确地预测全参数空间内变体机翼的参变颤振特性。     

一种关于具有边缘脱体涡的细长机翼的气动力数值方法

本文给出了一种计及边缘脱体涡影响的小展弦比机翼的气动力数值计算方法。方法中用等效集中涡来模拟脱体涡的影响。使用涡格法对各种不同展弦比的三角翼、矩形翼的计算结果表明,本方法所计算的压力分布、纵向气动特性,与实验相比吻合较好;与其它计算方法相比,计算简单,收敛稳定,且不依赖于初值的选取。     

宽体客机巡航机翼变弯度减阻技术

针对宽体客机可变弯度机翼,建立了适用于原理性研究的参数化模型,验证了方法的可行性。以CRM机翼为研究对象,开展了前后缘变弯度对气动力、压力分布和展向升力载荷分布的影响分析,研究了巡航速度多个升力状态下的最优变弯度,并对比了单独变后缘弯度和前后缘同时变弯度的差异。研究结果表明:宽体客机机翼前后缘小角度偏转可使气动特性产生较明显变化,其中后缘变弯度的影响更为显著;定升力状态下通过变弯度可改变机翼展向当地攻角及弯度分布,从而减小激波阻力或诱导阻力;在小升力系数时变弯度获得的减阻量不超过0.0001,而较大升力系数时可达0.0010,并同时降低翼根弯矩、改善激波诱导分离;相比于单独变后缘弯度,前后缘同时偏转可在进一步抑制抖振边界附近低头力矩增长的同时获得更大的减阻量。研究过程充分体现了建模方法在避免引入型面质量干扰、提高三维外形及网格生成效率上的优势,得到的原理性结论可为可变弯度机翼技术的工程应用提供参考。     

风洞模型静弹性变形对气动力影响研究

介绍了一种基于模型变形视频测量系统和计算空气动力学研究静弹性变形对气动力影响的方法.利用模型变形视频测量系统获取模型在气动载荷作用下的静弹性变形,驱动模型表面网格运动,得到模型变形后的表面CFD计算网格.CFD计算变形前后网格外形下的气动力,研究模型变形对模型气动特性的影响.对一大展弦比连接机翼的测量与计算结果进行了分析,分析结果表明:模型变形对升力系数影响最大发生在升力线性变化的最大迎角附近,模型变形对阻力系数影响最大发生在失速迎角附近,模型静弹性变形对气动力的最大影响量远远超出风洞测力实验的精度指标,因此开展风洞模型静弹性变形影响研究与修正是十分必要的.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

微型涵道飞行器飞行力学模型研究

微型飞行器(MAV)非线性飞行力学模型研究是MAV设计中的一个重要环节。微型涵道飞行器由于大包线、尺寸小、速度低、气动布局特殊,其飞行力学特性具有显著的非线性特性。以低雷诺数风洞实验为基础,研究了微型涵道飞行器的空气动力学特性,并采用CFD方法计算了微型涵道飞行器的动导数。在此基础上建立了微型涵道飞行器的飞行力学模型,并计算了基本飞行性能和配平曲线。结果表明,微型涵道飞行器与常规飞行器相比有很大差异,可以完成悬停、垂直起降和前飞的大包线飞行。     

微型扑翼飞行器的气动建模分析与试验

用计算流体力学的数值模拟方法研究了微扑翼飞行器的扑翼飞行的非定常空气动力学问题。在对昆虫扑翼飞行运动的仿生模拟基础上 ,对实际可飞的微扑翼飞行器的扑翼运动建立了三维翼型的运动学与空气动力学模型。利用任意拉格朗日欧拉 ( ALE)有限元方法求解出 N-S方程的数值解 ,证明简单扑翼布局所提供的升力足以克服微扑翼飞行器本身的重力使其飞行。在此基础上 ,分别计算并分析了拍动幅值、俯仰幅度以及扑翼频率等各种扑翼参数对升力的影响。最后 ,探索性的扑翼风洞试验与飞行试验结果在一定程度上验证了文中计算方法的可行性      

等离子体激励器对微型飞行器横航向气动力矩控制的实验研究

在前期等离子体激励器基本流场特性研究的基础上,将等离子体激励器应用于微型飞行器(MAV)进行气动控制。当来流速度为9.1 m/s时,在微型飞行器机翼吸力面非对称布置不同的单介质阻挡放电(SDBD)等离子体激励器,通过对未施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线和施加激励的偏航、滚转力矩曲线进行对比,发现横航向气动力距发生很大的改变,可以实现对横航向气动力矩的控制。在此基础上,采用图像测速(PIV)技术,对机翼背风面的流场进行研究,分析产生横航向控制力矩的流动机理。通过改变激励器的输入电压、占空比和调制频率,实现对横航向气动力矩的比例控制。     

翼梢装置对机翼气动、结构特性影响研究

主要研究了不同翼梢装置对飞机气动、结构特性的影响。对几种带翼梢装置机翼的气动特性N-S计算结果进行对比分析,揭示了不同翼梢装置的减阻机理及对飞机气动性能的影响。采用MSC Patren,MSC Flds建立基本翼及几种带翼梢装置机翼的动力学有限元模型和非定常空气动力网格,应用MSC Nastran求解序列SOL103对其进行固有模态分析,利用求解序列SOL 145进行颤振分析,通过对比分析得到翼梢装置对机翼的振动和颤振特性影响。     

Realization of an optimized wing camber by using formvariable flap structures

According to market research predictions, a large growth in the number of passengers as well as airfreight volume can be expected for the civil transport aircraft industry. This will lead to an increased competition between aircraft manufacturers. To stay competitive it will be essential to improve the efficiency of new generation of aircraft. Transonic wings of civil aircraft with their fixed geometry offer an especially large potential for improvement. Such fixed geometry wings are optimized for only one design point, characterized by the following parameters: altitude, mach number and aircraft weight. Since these vary permanently during the mission of the aircraft the wing geometry is rarely optimal. As aerodynamic investigations have shown, one possibility to compensate for this major disadvantage lies in the chordwise and spanwise differential variation of the wing camber for mission duration. This paper describes the design of a flexible flap system for an adaptive wing to be used in civil transport aircraft that allows both a chordwise as well as a spanwise differential camber variation during flight. Since both lower and upper skins are flexed by active ribs, the camber variation is achieved with a smooth contour and without any additional gaps. This approach for varying the wing's camber is designed to be used for replacement and enhancement of a given flap system. In addition, the kinematics of the rib structure allows for adaptation of the profile contour to different types of aerodynamic and geometric requirements.     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.     

二维非定常欧拉方程的摄动解在超声速矩形翼上的应用

本文利用超声速线化理论给出的矩形翼载荷系数解析解作为权函数,对沉浮和俯仰谐振的二维平板翼压强系数进行加权修正,获得矩形翼谐振气动力的近似解,计算结果与线化理论数值结果符合得很好,本方法是超声速和高超声速矩形翼非定常气动力的一种统一和快速的计算方法。     

Aerodynamic Interactions Between Contralateral Wings and Between Wings and Body of a Model Insect at Hovering and Small Speed Motions

In this paper, we study the aerodynamic interactions between the contralateral wings and between the body and wings of a model insect, when the insect is hovering and has various translational and rotational motions, using the method numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations over moving overset grids. The aerodynamic interactional effects are identified by compar-ing the results of a complete model insect, the corresponding wing pair, single wing and body without the wings. Horizontal, vertical and lateral translations and roll, pitch and yaw rotations at small speeds are considered. The results indicate that for the motions considered, both the interaction between the contralateral wings and the interaction between the body and wings are weak. The changes in the forces and moments of a wing due to the contralateral wing interaction, of the wings due to the pres-ence of the body, and of the body due to the presence of the wings are generally less than 4.5%. Results show that aerodynamic forces of wings and body can be measured or computed separately in the analysis of flight stability and control of hovering in-sects.