Electrolytic Passivation of Nitinol Shape Memory Alloy in Different Electrolytes

The corrosion behavior of the nitinol alloy was studied in various corrosion media of different Cl–ion concentrations. The results demonstrate that the Cl–ion concentration has significant influences on the corrosion behavior of the nitinol alloy. In order to enhance the corrosion resistance, protective films were generated on the surface of the nitinol alloy by means of the electrochemical passivation method, for which five different electrolytic solutions were investigated. The surface analysis indicates full growth of all samples pas-sivated in the different electrolytic solutions with layers, however, showing different morphological features. Without any defects like micro-cracks and pores, the surface of the samples passivated in the molybdate solution turns out smoother and denser than those pas-sivated in other solutions. It is shown that the electro-chemical passivation will reduce Ni content but increase Ti content in the surface, reaching the Mole ratio of Ti:Ni=9.01:1 on the outermost surface. Potentiodynamic polarization test demonstrates that the samples electrochemically passivated in the molybdate solution present a significant increase in breakdown potential due to titanium enrichment on the outermost surface.     

Investigation of Formation Process of the Chrome-free Passivation Film of Electrodeposited Zinc

The feasibility was investigated to substitute chrome-free passivation treatment of electrodeposited zinc in a titanium bath for chromate passivation treatment. The formation mechanism of the chrome-free passivation film was further analyzed. The surface mor- phologies and the elemental compositions of the treated samples with varied immersion times were observed by scanning electron mi- croscopy (SEM) and determined by energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The electrode potential of the sample surface was recorded in the film formation process. The changes of the electrode potential are in accordance with that of SEM and EDS of the sample surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the chrome-free passivation film composed of ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2, and SrF2. The anode zinc dissolution and the local pH value increase due to the cathode hydrogen ion reduction process result in the formation of the chrome-free passivation film. The macro-images of the chrome-free passivation films formed on electrodeposited zinc show that the color of the film changes from blue to iridescence with the increase of the immersion times.     

Effect of temperature on corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution

The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques. The surface characterization was observed and determined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results demonstrate that the anodic aluminum dissolution and the cathodic oxygen reduction were accelerated by the increased temperature. However, as temperature was over60 °C, the solubility and concentration of oxygen decreased, resulting in the inhibition of cathodic reaction. The cathodic reaction rate of 3003 aluminum alloy rose to the maximum at 60 °C. The Warburg impedance in Nyquist diagram diminished and then was replaced by a negative capacitance caused by the absorption of intermediate corrosion product on electrode. On the other hand,after potentiodynamic measurements, 3003 aluminum alloy suffered pitting corrosion. The dissolution of aluminum alloy around secondary phase particles expanded both horizontally and vertically.     

Corrosion Properties of Light-weight and High-strength 2195 Al-Li Alloy

The intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion of 2195 Al-Li alloy treated by multi-step heating-rate controlled aging (MSRC) are studied. The corrosion features of 2195 Al-Li alloys which are respectively treated by high-temperature nucleation MSRC (H-M) and low-temperature nucleation MSRC (L-M) are contrasted. And the corrosion mechanism of 2195 Al-Li alloy is also discussed from the viewpoint of microstructure (types, distribution, etc.) of the strengthening phase. The results show that 2195 Al-Li alloy after H-M is more susceptible to intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion than that of alloy after L-M. The degree of intergranular corrosion increases with the increase of predeformation amount and the surface parallel to the rolling direction is more prone to exfoliation corrosion. The main reason of intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion is the for-mation of corrosion galvanic couples among T1 phase, ?θ’ phase and grain boundary precipitate-free zones (PFZ).     

Preparation of bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys and their corrosion properties

The bimodal grain size metals show improved strength and ductility compared to traditional metals; however, their corrosion properties are unknown. In order to evaluate the corrosion properties of these metals, the bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys containing different ratios of coarse(100 μm in diameter) and fine(10 μm in diameter) grains were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS). The effects of grain size as well as the mixture degree of coarse and fine grains on general corrosion were estimated by immersion tests, electrochemical measurements and complementary techniques such as scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy(TEM-EDS). The results show that, compared to fine grains, the coarse grains have a faster dissolution rate in acidic NaCl solution due to the bigger size,higher alloying elements content and larger area fraction of second phases in them. In coarse grains,the hydrogen ions have a faster reduction rate on cathodic second phases, therefore promoting the corrosion propagation. The mixture of coarse and fine grains also increases the electrochemical heterogeneity of alloys in micro-scale, and thus the increased mixture degree of these grains in metal matrix accelerates the corrosion rate of alloys in acidic NaCl solution.     

Effect of sodium tartrate concentrations on morphology and characteristics of anodic oxide film on titanium alloy Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al

The effect of sodium tartrate concentrations on morphology and characteristics of ano-dic oxide film on titanium alloy was investigated. The alloy substrates were anodized in different concentration solutions of sodium tartrate with the addition of PTFE emulsion and their morphol-ogy and characteristics were analyzed. The anodic oxide film presented a uniform petaloid drums and micro-cracks morphology. Additionally, micro-cracks dramatically swelled with the increase of the tartrate concentrations. The thickness of the anodic oxide film increased with the concentra-tions until the concentration reached 15 g/L. The results of Raman analysis illustrate that all sam-ples have similarity in the crystal structure, consisting of mainly amorphous TiO2, some anatase TiO2 and a small amount of rutile TiO2. And the ratios of anatase TiO2 and rutile TiO2 increase with the concentrations until it reaches 15 g/L. Furthermore, the intensity of the peaks increases with enhanced concentrations until the concentration reaches 15 g/L. The corrosion resistance of the anodic oxide film is increased by the sodium tartrate with higher concentrations before 15 g/L. The coefficient of friction of the anodic oxide film reduces with the concentrations until the concentration reaches 15 g/L, then the coefficient of friction of the anodic oxide film increases with the concentrations.     

SCC investigation of low alloy ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in 3.5wt%NaCl solution by slow strain rate technique

To evaluate stress corrosion cracking(SCC) mechanism of low alloy ultra-high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2 A in environment containing NaCl, SCC behavior of the steel in 3.5wt% NaCl solution is investigated by slow strain rate technique(SSRT) with various strain rates and applied potentials, surface analysis technique, and electrochemical measurements. SCC susceptibility of the steel increases rapidly with strain rate decreasing from 1 · 10 5s 1to 5 · 10 7s 1, and becomes stable when strain rate is lower than 5 · 10 7s 1. SCC propagation of the steel in the solution at open circuit potential(OCP) needs sufficient hydrogen which is supplied at a certain strain rate.Fracture surface at OCP has similar characteristics with that at cathodic polarization 1000 mVSCE, which presents characteristic fractography of hydrogen induced cracking(HIC).All of these indicate that SCC behavior of the steel in the solution at OCP is mainly controlled by HIC rather than anodic dissolution(AD).     

显微组织对Al-Mg-Si合金断裂行为的影响

 <正> The hardness, tensile strength and fatigue properties of an Al-Mg-Si alloy were measured in this paper. The microstructures were observed using a transmission electron microscope. The tensile and fatigue fractures were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the microstructure affects the fracture behavior of the alloy markedly. The alloy exhibits dimpled fracture in UA and OA conditions, and mixed fracture with dimples and intergranular rupture in PA condition. The fatigue cracks were developed with the features of the alloy in UA condition. The cracks were developed with the second stage mode and the striations could be seen on the surface of the fractures for the alloy in PA and OA conditions. But the intergranular fracture and facets could also be seen in the crack initiation area at these conditions.     

Compound Ceramic Coatings Grown by Micro-plasma Oxidation on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Compound ceramics coatings on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were prepared by the direct current micro-plasma oxidation (MPO) in NaAlO2 solution. The composition and morphology of the coatings were studied with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer technique was used to analyze the solution features of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the process of preparation. The results reveal that Al2TiO5 forms in the coatings at the initial stages of MPO reaction, and its content changes rapidly with the reaction continuing: after 20 min, the ceramics coatings are composed of α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and Al2TiO5, but after 40 min, its main composition is of α-Al2O3. The content of Ti in the solution will increase when the MPO time extends, and as will Al in the anode area until, after 30 min, it reaches the maximum and keeps constant from then on. Both substrata of Ti and Al in the electrolyte join the MPO reaction at the initial stage, where the formation of Al2TiO5 happens; but as the MPO reaction prolongs, more and more Al in the electrolyte will take part in the reaction, leading to the appearance of a large amount of Al2O3.     

Compound Ceramic Coatings Grown by Micro-plasma Oxidation on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Compound ceramics coatings on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were prepared by the direct current micro-plasma oxidation （MPO） in NaAlO2 solution. The composition and morphology of the coatings were studied with the X-ray diffraction （XRD） and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer technique was used to analyze the solution features of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the process of preparation. The results reveal that Al2TiO5 forms in the coatings at the initial stages of MPO reaction, and its content changes rapidly with the reaction continuing： after 20 min, the ceramics coatings are composed of α-Al2O3, 7-Al2O3 and Al2TiO5, but after 40 min, its main composition is of α-Al2O3. The content of Ti in the solution will increase when the MPO time extends, and as will Al in the anode area until, after 30 min, it reaches the maximum and keeps constant from then on. Both substrata of Ti and Al in the electrolyte join the MPO reaction at the initial stage, where the formation of Al2TiO5 happens; but as the MPO reaction prolongs, more and more Al in the electrolyte will take part in the reaction, leading to the appearance of a large amount ofAl2O3.     

跨流域高超声速绕流Boltzmann模型方程并行算法

通过对Boltzmann方程碰撞积分进行模型化处理,提出了统一描述各流域复杂高超声速流动输运现象的气体分子速度分布函数控制方程,使用离散速度坐标法对分布函数方程所依赖的速度空间离散降维,构造出直接求解分子速度分布函数的气体动理论耦合迭代数值格式,研制了复杂飞行器高超声速绕流气动热力学计算模型。基于对气体动理论数值计算方法内在并行性、变量依赖关系、数据通信与并行可扩展性的分析研究,使用区域分解并行化方法提出了新型的气体动理论数值算法并行方案;研究了数据的并行分布与并行执行特征,开展了大规模的并行化程序设计,构造了可稳定运行于成千上万CPU的高性能并行算法,用以模拟各流域复杂飞行器的高超声速绕流问题。以稀薄流到连续流环境下不同Knudsen数、不同马赫数的可重复使用类球锥卫星体及翼身组合复杂飞行器等气动力、热绕流问题为研究对象展开大规模并行计算,并进行算法验证,所得计算结果与理论分析、直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)的模拟值及有关实验数据吻合较好,揭示了飞行器跨流域高超声速下的复杂流动机理与变化规律,提供了一条能够可靠模拟高超声速飞行器跨流域气动力及热问题的统一的算法应用研究途径。     

μ理论在电液负载模拟器中的应用

 研究μ理论在电液负载模拟器中的应用，提出电液负载模拟器的鲁棒控制策略。电液负载模拟器是一个复杂的机-电-液复合系统，且是一个强耦合、时变受控对象。综合考虑参数变化、模型变动和干扰等不确定性的影响，利用μ综合控制理论设计电液负载模拟器的鲁棒力控制器，并通过μ分析使用鲁棒力控制器时系统的鲁棒稳定性和鲁棒性能。给出使用鲁棒力控制器和经典力控制器时的实验结果，实验结果表明所设计鲁棒力控制器的有效性和优越性。     

基于圆型限制性三体问题模型的行星卫星逃逸能量研究

 基于由飞行器、行星及其卫星组成圆型限制性三体问题模型，通过庞加莱映射的方法，研究了飞行器从行星卫星附近逃逸的问题。在Jacobi常数确定的前提下，通过逆向积分，飞行器从L1或L2点附近返回近月点，得到近月点速度出发速度。研究结果表明绕飞L1点和L2点逃逸行星卫星需要的最低能量是不同的，从月球表面逃逸所需的速度脉冲分别比开普勒算法节省46.5m/s和42.3m/s，且均小于Villac等人在Hill模型下得到38.9m/s，从而改进了Villac等人的相关工作，同时也给出了从太阳系主要行星卫星表面逃逸所需的最小能量。     

Model Development and Adaptive Imbalance Vibration Control of Magnetic Suspended System

对星载磁悬浮单框架控制力矩陀螺,建立其转子的平动与转动的动力学方程。所建模型反映了转子的动、静不平衡特性,以及转子运动与框架、星体运动的耦合关系。模型是主动磁悬浮控制与动框架效应分析的基础。对动、静不平衡量未知的转子,设计了自适应对中控制器。在分散PD、比例交叉反馈控制器与高低通滤波器的基础上,通过动、静不平衡量的辨识与补偿控制,使转子绕其惯量主轴旋转,衰减角动量交换执行机构高速转子因不平衡而对基座产生的干扰力,消除星上主要颤振源,达到降低卫星姿态抖动的目的。     

Love Waves in Layered Graded Composite Structures with Imperfectly Bonded Interface

Theoretical analysis and numerical calculations of Love wave propagation in layered graded composites with imperfectly bonded interface are described in this paper. On the basis of WKB method, the approximate analytic solutions for Love waves are obtained. By the interface shear spring model, the dispersion relations for Love waves in layered graded composite structures with rigid, slip, and imperfectly bonded interfaces are given, and the effects of the interface conditions on the phase velocities of Love waves in SiC/Al lay- ered graded composites are discussed. Numerical analysis shows that the phase velocity decreases when the defined flexibility parameter is greater. For the general imperfectly bonded interface, the phase velocity changes in the range of the velocities for the rigid and slip interface conditions.     

Experimental Investigation on Performance of Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine Model

The PDRE test model used in these experiments utilized kerosene as the fuel, oxygen as oxidizer, and nitrogen as purge gas. The solenoid valves were employed to control intermittent supplies of kerosene, oxygen and purge gas. PDRE test model was 50 mm in inner diameter by 1.2 m long. The DDT （deflagration to detonation transition） enhancement device Shchelkin spiral was used in the test model. The effects of detonation frequency on its time-averaged thrust and specific impulse were experimentally investigated. The obtained results showes that the time-averaged thrust of PDRE test model was approximately proportional to the detonation frequency. For the detonation frequency 20 Hz, the time-averaged thrust was around 107 N, and the specific impulse was around 125 s. The nozzle experiments were conducted using PDRE test model with three traditional nozzles. The experimental results obtained demonstrated that all of those nozzles could augment the thrust and specific impulse. Among those three nozzles, the convergent nozzle had the largest increased augmentation, which was approximately 18%, under the specific condition of the experiment.     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced Al Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced Al-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction rein- forced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

高超声速飞行器高温流场数值模拟面临的问题

随着高超声速飞行器目标光辐射和电磁散射特性研究的发展和深入,高温流场特性日益引起人们的关注。由于高温流场特性研究中涉及到非常多的复杂气动现象,如气动加热、烧蚀、辐射、燃烧、化学反应以及湍流等,因此其数值模拟面临着诸多挑战。这里基于连续流计算流体力学(CFD)技术和稀薄气体蒙特卡罗直接仿真(DSMC)方法,从化学物理模型建模、方法稳定性与数值求解效率出发,分析了高超声速飞行器外部绕流、尾迹和发动机喷焰三方面的流场特性数值模拟在不同弹道、热防护手段和飞行流域环境下所面临的问题。在此基础上提出了数值求解技术和化学物理模型建模今后需要发展的方向,为有效提高高超声速高温流场特性数值模拟效率、增加流场特性预测精度提供了指导,从而为研究流场对高超声速飞行器目标光辐射和电磁散射特性影响提供有效的基础数据。     

Adaptive Control of Helicopter Ground Resonance with Magnetorheological Damper

The methodology for adaptive control of helicopter ground resonance with magnetorheological （MR） damper is presented. The adaptive inverse control method is used to control the output damping force of MR damper and the range of the damping force is given. Through the adaptive inverse control, the damping force of MR damper is fit to a desired damping force. With the background of applying MR damper to control of helicopter ground resonance, a model of loss force and an adaptive arithmetic for stabilization of the coupled rotor/fuselage system are presented. The simulation shows that the controller presented in this paper can stabilize the rotor/fuselage coupling system quickly and control the helicopter ground resonance effectively.     

The Full Flowpath Analysis of a Hypersonic Vehicle

对一种类X43-A吸气式高超飞行器全流道开展了M7一级的三维数值仿真研究,深入探索了进气道处于起动状态和不起动状态时全流道的冷流流场结构和和气动力特性,且部分结果与实验数据进行了对比。研究结果表明:(1)前体横截面上存在显著的展向压强梯度,使得经过预压缩的气流偏离了进气道进口,但同时也减少了进入内通道的边界层气流,提高了进口流场的品质;(2)后体喷流股的膨胀过程受到了周围外流的显著干扰,因而沿流动方向其截面形状不断发生变化,如在喷口附近为近似矩形,而在后体末端附近则演化为近似三角形;(3)当进气道处于不起动状态时,其全流道流动结构发生了显著变化,进气道的外部压缩波系往复振荡,尾喷管出口的喷流股也在不停的膨胀和收缩,具有极强的非定常特征;(4)当进气道处于不起动状态时,全机的气动力特性呈周期性变化,升阻比的变化幅度较大,在最大、最小值分别可达起动状态的2倍和1/4倍。另外,升力、阻力系数的变化曲线之间存在一定的相位差;(5)与实验结果的对照表明,所采用的数值仿真方法具有较高的精度。