Adaptive formation control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles with bounded control thrust

In this paper, the flight formation control problem of a group of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with parametric uncertainties and external disturbances is studied. Unit-quaternions are used to represent the attitudes of the quadrotor UAVs. Separating the model into a translational subsystem and a rotational subsystem, an intermediary control input is introduced to track a desired velocity and extract desired orientations. Then considering the internal parametric uncertainties and external disturbances of the quadrotor UAVs, the priori-bounded intermediary adaptive control input is designed for velocity tracking and formation keeping, by which the bounded control thrust and the desired orientation can be extracted. Thereafter, an adaptive con-trol torque input is designed for the rotational subsystem to track the desired orientation. With the proposed control scheme, the desired velocity is tracked and a desired formation shape is built up. Global stability of the closed-loop system is proven via Lyapunov-based stability analysis. Numer-ical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

基于跟踪微分器的高超声速飞行器Backstepping控制

针对存在模型参数不确定和外部干扰的高超声速飞行器（HFV）跟踪控制问题,提出一种基于Backstepping方法的抗饱和非线性控制器。将飞行器纵向动力学模型分为速度子系统和航迹倾角子系统,然后针对每个子系统单独设计控制器。设计跟踪微分器获得信号的一阶导数,用以估计系统中的不确定干扰项和避免"微分项膨胀"问题。控制器设计过程考虑了控制量发生饱和的情况。基于Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统信号的稳定性。与传统高超声速飞行器Backstepping方法相比,所设计的控制器采用待跟踪状态与理想控制指令之间的实际误差作为反馈量,放宽了对系统干扰项的限制,提高了控制器对控制增益变化的适应性,进而提高了闭环系统的跟踪控制性能。对比仿真结果验证了所设计方法的有效性。     

Spacecraft formation-containment flying control with time-varying translational velocity

This paper investigates the problem of Spacecraft Formation-Containment Flying Control (SFCFC) when the desired translational velocity is time-varying. In SFCFC problem, there are multiple leader spacecraft and multiple follower spacecraft and SFCFC can be divided into leader spacecraft’s formation control and follower spacecraft’s containment control. First, under the condition that only a part of leader spacecraft can have access to the desired time-varying translational velocity, a velocity estimator is designed for each leader spacecraft. Secondly, based on the estimated translational velocity, a distributed formation control algorithm is designed for leader spacecraft to achieve the desired formation and move with the desired translational velocity simultaneously. Then, to ensure all follower spacecraft converge to the convex hull formed by the leader spacecraft, a distributed containment control algorithm is designed for follower spacecraft. Moreover, to reduce the dependence of the designed control algorithms on the graph information and increase system robustness, the control gains are changing adaptively and the parametric uncertainties are handled, respectively. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

拦阻钩初次碰撞道面反弹动力学

分析了飞机着舰拦阻时,拦阻钩初次接触道面碰撞后被反弹的动力学成因,建立了飞机拦阻钩碰撞道面的弹跳模型。研究了下滑轨迹角和甲板角对拦阻钩碰撞反弹角速度和拦阻钩所受冲量的影响,并分别考虑了航母俯仰运动和甲板凸起物对拦阻钩碰撞反弹性能的影响。结果表明：轨迹角约4°时,拦阻钩反弹角速度和其所受冲量随下滑轨迹角呈线性变化;反弹角速度与甲板角的余弦成反比,道面冲量与甲板角余弦的平方成反比;航母向上的俯仰运动和甲板凸起物增大了拦阻钩反弹角速度,凸起物达到一定角度时,机身推拦阻钩的冲量变为拉拦阻钩的冲量。该模型的结果为机身和拦阻钩装置的设计提供了重要依据。     

单推力航天器交会对接轨迹规划及跟踪控制

针对单推力航天器交会对接问题，提出一种轨迹规划及跟踪算法。首先，考虑到追踪航天器只沿本体X轴安装推力器，且推力方向固定，为了实现从起始位置转移至期望位置并满足姿态要求，基于三维螺旋线设计两阶段转移轨迹，根据初末位置以及末端速度方向要求，求解螺旋线参数。该螺旋线可以保证在初末速度方向固定情况下，曲率积分最小。其次，为了降低轨迹跟踪难度并减小初始时刻的位置跟踪控制力，需要将转移轨迹初始速度与追踪星X轴重合。传统螺旋线无法满足该约束条件。本文对传统螺旋线进行改进，提出一种旋转螺旋线轨迹设计方法。通过引入姿态旋转矩阵，将螺旋线在三维空间旋转，在不改变曲线形状的前提下满足初末位置及速度方向要求。然后，为了跟踪转移轨迹以及跟踪期望推力方向，提出基于CLF（Control Lyapunov Function）的滑模控制策略，当追踪星X轴与期望推力方向夹角较大时，采用CLF，保证最优性；当姿态误差收敛至滑模面附近时，切换为滑模控制，以提升系统鲁棒性。最后，通过仿真验证旋转螺旋线相比于传统螺旋线的优势。     

Aircraft-on-ground path following control by dynamical adaptive backstepping

The necessity of improving the air traffic and reducing the aviation emissions drives to investigate automatic steering for aircraft to effectively roll on the ground. This paper addresses the path following control problem of aircraft-on-ground and focuses on the task that the aircraft is required to follow the desired path on the runway by nose wheel automatic steering. The proposed approach is based on dynamical adaptive backstepping so that the system model does not have to be transformed into a canonical triangular form which is necessary in conventional backstepping design. This adaptive controller performs well despite the lack of information on the aerodynamic load and the tire cornering stiffness parameters. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

无人机覆盖路径规划中转弯机动的运动学分析

针对无人机覆盖路径规划过程与机器人的不同,对无人机转弯机动的运动学特性进行了分析。建立了无人机转弯机动的数学模型;证明了转弯过程比直线平飞需要耗费更多的燃油;推导出了转弯过程中,给定巡航速度下最省油的法向过载计算公式;分析了转弯过程中探测区域移动路线与无人机移动路线之间的关系,并分三种情况给出了转弯过程中转弯路程和转弯时间的计算公式。     

Disturbance observer-based backstepping control for hypersonic flight vehicles without use of measured flight path angle

In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于实测值的舰载机着舰下沉速度影响性分析

舰载机的着舰下沉速度是起落架设计的重要输入,对起落架和机体的结构重量有很大影响。为了探索舰载机使用环境下各相关参数对下沉速度的影响,基于E-2C的实测着舰数据,将多元统计学的相关分析方法应用到舰载机着舰参数影响性分析,分析了17个着舰参数与着舰下沉速度的相关性。结果表明飞机下滑角、甲板俯仰角与下沉速度呈高度相关,舰上接合速度与下沉速度呈中度相关,这三者对下沉速度有很大影响;并进一步对这4个着舰参数进行非线性回归分析,拟合了E-2C着舰下沉速度的计算式,所得回归模型决定系数为0.991,平均绝对误差为1.66%,拟合效果很好。     

方位扫描SAR区域成像研究

研究在SAR区域成像中,通过天线波束方位扫描扩大成像区方位宽度的机理以及信号处理方法。首先描述天线波束扫描的几何关系,推导出为达到要求的成像分辨率以及成像区方位宽度所需的天线波束扫描角速度和扫描角度的计算公式。分析了成像区位置与载机航迹的几何关系。然后讨论方位扫描SAR区域成像信号处理方法,并给出系统点目标响应仿真结果。最后,用试飞实测数据成像做了验证。     

高超声速飞行器自适应反步控制器设计

针对含有不确定干扰项的吸气式高超声速飞行器模型,分别设计了基于反馈线性化的速度控制器和基于反步法的航迹控制器,以实现对速度和航迹角参考信号的稳定跟踪。通过指令滤波器得到俯仰角的实际跟踪指令及其一阶、二阶微分信号,可直接设计升降舵控制指令,在解决了虚拟控制量求导"复杂性爆炸"问题的同时,减少了反推计算步数,从而达到提高系统动态性能和优化控制器结构的目的。基于LaSalle不变集原理和Lyapunov理论设计的自适应更新律保证了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器在飞行器存在不确定干扰的情况下仍能满足对参考信号跟踪性能的要求。     

Analysis of multiframe target detection using pixel statistics

Current track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms are developed and analyzed using a path statistic for each potential object trajectory. However this path statistic does not characterize overall performance gain. We propose a pixel-based statistic. This allows the TBD approach to be characterized as an image enhancement algorithm with detection gains compared with single frame detections. It is shown that for the TBD approach to have superior detection over single frame detection the target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) must be greater than a threshold SNR in order to overcome the uncertainty in the target path. Tradeoffs are made for a class of velocity constrained target paths in terms of the detection gain with respect to the maximum target velocity and number of frames integrated     

Adaptive path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles based on bi-level programming and variable planning time interval

This paper presents an adaptive path planner for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to adapt a real-time path search procedure to variations and fluctuations of UAVs’ relevant performances, with respect to sensory capability, maneuverability, and flight velocity limit. On the basis of a novel adaptability-involved problem statement, bi-level programming (BLP) and variable planning step techniques are introduced to model the necessary path planning components and then an adaptive path planner is developed for the purpose of adaptation and optimization. Additionally, both probabilistic-risk-based obstacle avoidance and performance limits are described as path search constraints to guarantee path safety and navigability. A discrete-search-based path planning solution, embedded with four optimization strategies, is especially designed for the planner to efficiently generate optimal flight paths in complex operational spaces, within which different surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) are deployed. Simulation results in challenging and stochastic scenarios firstly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed planner, and then verify its great adaptability and relative stability when planning optimal paths for a UAV with changing or fluctuating performances.     

直升机机动飞行的逆模拟

本文给出了一种直升机机动飞行的逆模拟方法以计算跟随预定飞行轨迹的驾驶员操纵,根据这一方法可以确定为完成直升机机动飞行所需的驾驶员操纵输入及直长机的飞行速度、角速度和的变化历程。直同飞行动力学模型没有作任何线化假设,其中考虑了旋翼入流的时滞效应、前行桨叶的压缩性物后行桨叶的失速特性及旋翼桨叶的非定常挥舞运动,引入了旋翼尾迹对直升机机身、尾翼和尾桨的气动干扰。最后以黑鹰直升机为例计算了鱼跃越障机动飞行     

A new error-controllable method for smoothing the G01 commands

In real machining, the tool paths are composed of a series of short line segments, which constitute groups of sharp corners correspondingly leading to geometry discontinuity in tangent. As a result, high acceleration with high fluctuation usually occurs. If these kinds of tool paths are directly used for machining, the feedrate and quality will be greatly reduced. Thus, generating continuous tool paths is strongly desired. This paper presents a new error-controllable method for generating continuous tool path. Different from the traditional method focusing on fitting the cutter locations, the proposed method realizes globally smoothing the tool path in an error-controllable way. Concretely, it does the smoothing by approaching the newly produced curve to the linear tool path by taking the tolerance requirement as a constraint. That is, the error between the desired tool path and the G01 commands are taken as a boundary condition to ensure the finally smoothed curve being within the given tolerance. Besides, to improve the smoothing ability in case of small corner angle, an improved local smoothing method is also proposed by symmetrically assigning the control points to the two adjacent linear segments with the constrains of tolerance and G3 continuity. Experiments on an open five-axis machine are developed to verify the advantages of the proposed methods.     

基于改进RPG方法的MUAVs协同目标跟踪

多无人机(MUAVs)协同Standoff目标跟踪制导律由保持距离的横侧向制导律和保持相对相位角的纵向制导律组成。无人机(UAV)进行Standoff目标跟踪的横侧向制导律采用参考点制导(RPG)方法。针对UAV在基于RPG方法的制导律下存在参考视线与相对速度方向夹角需要保持为锐角、转弯速率在UAV运动方向远离目标情况下太小的不足,提出了改进RPG方法。设计了基于改进RPG方法的MUAVs协同Standoff目标跟踪横侧向制导律和纵向制导律,分析了制导律的稳定性和收敛性,并验证了改进方法的可行性。采用原始RPG方法和改进RPG方法对UAV分别跟踪静止目标和跟踪运动目标进行仿真的结果表明,UAV处于任意初始位置及飞行方向都能快速进入到期望飞行轨迹,应用改进RPG方法可使UAV围绕目标顺时针飞行或者逆时针飞行,验证了改进RPG方法比原始RPG方法的效率更高。     

风洞试验模型表面的荧光油膜路径运动速度测量

风洞试验模型在气流脉动作用下小幅振动，导致光流法从荧光油膜时序图像中解得的荧光油膜路径运动速度含有模型运动速度，降低了荧光油膜全局摩阻测量准度。为此，提出试验模型表面的荧光油膜路径运动速度测量方法，将模型表面的背景纹理（如人工网格线或其他典型特征）作为基准，利用图像相关法离散匹配，获得相邻时序图像中背景纹理的（几何位姿）映射矩阵；基于模型运动的连续性，推导了映射矩阵的全局优化方程，并结合光流法，实现了模型振动与其表面荧光油膜路径运动的解耦。Oseen涡对的荧光油膜路径运动速度场仿真试验结果表明：在给定的平移旋转条件下，本文方法的计算结果（沿Oseen涡核连线分布的测量速度）与理论值的最大相对误差为4.1%，较无平移旋转条件下的光流计算结果最大相对误差仅增加0.6%。2 m量级高速风洞某空腔试验与机翼试验的荧光油膜路径运动速度测量结果进一步显示：本文方法测得的流动现象正确，能得到定量、清晰的表面摩擦应力线图谱与油膜路径运动速度场，较传统方法优势明显，工程应用价值大。     

基于测量数据的雕塑曲面数控粗加工

提出一种新的雕塑曲面数控粗加工刀位规划方法。被加工曲面用多面体模型来描述 ,采用分层切削方法加工。在各切削层分别用一个参考平面与毛坯和曲面模型求交 ,根据各相交环之间的拓扑关系 ,求出有效加工区域 ,利用数控编程自动生成粗加工刀具轨迹 ,并进行干涉检查和修正。该方法成功地解决了层切法加工雕塑曲面时不能处理岛中岛的难题。     

变质心再入弹头螺旋机动突防弹道设计

为提高高超声速变质心再入弹头的突防能力,设计了一种基于主动螺旋机动的突防弹道。在建立变质心弹头动力学模型和弹目运动学模型的基础上,引入新的控制变量,通过控制质量块的偏移位置,将速度矢量和弹目连线的夹角控制在固定值并且使速度矢量绕弹目连线以一定转速旋转来实现螺旋机动。在实现螺旋机动的基础上,推导了弹体处于螺旋机动状态下的螺旋机动半径和稳态脱靶量均方根的解析解。六自由度弹道仿真表明,所设计的突防方案使再入弹头能够进行有效的螺旋机动,通过合理控制机动幅度大小,可以在实现螺旋机动突防的同时保证较高的命中精度。     

Aircraft flight parameter estimation using acoustic multipath delays

The signal emitted by an airborne acoustic source arrives at a stationary sensor located above a flat ground via a direct path and a ground-reflected path. The difference in the times of arrival of the direct path and ground-reflected path signal components, referred to as the multipath delay, provides an instantaneous estimate of the elevation angle of the source. A model is developed to predict the variation with time of the multipath delay for a jet aircraft or other broadband acoustic source in level flight with constant velocity over a hard ground. Based on this model, two methods are formulated to estimate the speed and altitude of the aircraft Both methods require the estimation of the multipath delay as a function of time. The methods differ only in the way the multipath delay is estimated; the first method uses the autocorrelation function, and the second uses the cepstrum, of the sensor output over a short time interval. The performances of both methods are evaluated and compared using real acoustic data. The second method provides the most precise aircraft speed and altitude estimates as compared with the first and two other existing methods.