旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

出口边界条件对跨音扩压器流场的影响

本文对音速及等压两种不同的出口边界下跨音速扩压器的流场做了实验研究.扩压器的扩张角为6°,激波波前马赫数均为1.335.实验结果表明:在等压出口边界条件时,激波自恃振荡的幅度及分离包的尺度比音速出口条件时要大得多.     

低雷诺数下压气机的二次流旋涡结构

为了探究高空低雷诺数条件下跨声速压气机的流动规律,对NASA Rotor37进行单通道数值模拟,探索其在低雷诺数进气条件下二次流的旋涡结构.研究发现:马蹄涡压力面分支诱发压力面角区诱导涡,壁角涡形成了顺流和逆流的两段式结构,脱落涡由叶根角区发展起来后不断从尾缘脱落,泄漏涡近失速点仅局部破裂不是失稳触发的主要原因.通道中的激波系诱发了吸力面和压力面的两个径向涡,压力面径向涡构成闭合的气泡式分离,吸力面径向涡在叶顶的破碎诱导产生分离涡,触发了低雷诺数下压气机的失稳.流场旋涡结构由马蹄涡、壁角涡、径向涡、泄漏涡、分离涡、脱落涡6个大尺度旋涡以及其他小尺度旋涡组成.      

激振控制分离流动的初步研究

 采用流场显示与测力相结合的方法研究平片激振控制二维锐缘分离流动问题。结果表明:若模型原始流态是闭式分离泡状态,适当频率的激振可使分离泡减小,升力和阻力也相应地减小。达时激振减阻的最佳Strouhal数(St_(x_(ro))=(fx_(ro)/U_∞)范围为3～5。若模型原始流态是完全分离流动,适当频率的激振状态与未激振状态相比,模型升力明显增加;相应地,流态从完全分离流动转变成闭式分离泡。激振增升的最佳Strouhal数(St_c=fc/U_∞)范围为0.7～2.5。     

引射/强迫式波瓣混合器开设通气狭缝的流动分离控制

为了抑制大扩张角波瓣混合器主流侧瓣顶内存在的流动分离现象,在基准波瓣混合器上开设了通气狭缝,通过数值模拟的方法研究了上述处理对次流分别为受迫流动和引射流动两种情况下的波瓣混合器抑制主流流动分离的效果.研究结果表明:①波瓣扩张角小于35°时,波瓣混合器内没有任何的流动分离的现象发生,当波瓣扩张角增大到35°时,波瓣内开始出现流动分离,继续增大波瓣扩张角,则波瓣混合器内流动分离加大;②对于次流为受迫流动的大波瓣扩张角波瓣混合器而言,开设了通气狭缝后,流动分离得到了有效的抑制;③对于次流为引射流动的波瓣混合器而言,对存在流动分离的大波瓣扩张角波瓣混合器开设了通气狭缝后,流动分离并未得到了有效的抑制,通气狭缝的存在提前诱发主流侧流体的分离.      

Study on effects of thickness on airfoil-stall at low Reynolds numbers by cusp-catastrophic model based on GA(W)-1 airfoil

The phenomena of an airfoil stall present the behaviors of catastrophe and hysteresis at low Reynolds numbers. Numerical simulation results of two-dimensional airfoil GA(W)-1 show that the width of the hysteresis loop of airfoil stall will gradually decrease and even disappear with the decrease of thickness ratio. These nonlinear characteristics are in accordance with the topological features of the cusp catastrophic model. According to the topological invariant principle, a novel topological mapping method is developed to establish the mapping relationship between cusp catastrophic model and stall characteristics of the airfoil, then the effect of thickness ratio on airfoil stall is successfully described quantitatively by cusp catastrophic model. Further, based on the established topological mapping relationship, combined with the mean flow field of the airfoil stall, potential function approach of cusp catastrophic model is first introduced to interpret the catastrophe and hysteresis of the airfoil stall, and it is found that as the thickness ratio decreases, the system's maximal potential energy gradually disappears, and the short separation bubble at the leading edge of the airfoil changes to long separation bubble, so the airfoil stall changes from a bistable system to a monostable system.     

翼型大攻角绕流的数值模拟

以求解二维N-S方程数值模拟NACA0012翼型大攻角状态的可压绕流特性;N-S方程是在贴体坐标系中给出的,以代数方法生成C型网格系统。采用LU-ADI格式计算,为提高格式的稳定性在隐式和显式部分分别添加了2阶和4阶人工粘性项。应用BaldwinLomax湍流二层代数模型模拟了大攻角时前缘分离涡的形成,旋涡对流及其非定常现象。在某些Mach数和攻角下NACA0012翼型的湍流解具有周期性。通过比较,本文数值计算结果同实验及国外相应的数值计算结果基本吻合。     

高超声速进气道低马赫数不起动和再起动试验

为拓展对高超声速进气道不起动机理的认识,对一截短的二元高超声速进气道的低马赫数不起动现象和再起动现象进行了风洞试验研究。试验中分别通过改变进气道攻角和在通道下游设置堵锥形成流动壅塞的方法来模拟进气道来流马赫数的改变和燃烧室内释热导致的流动壅塞。试验中采用高速纹影技术和动态压力测量技术对上述动态过程中的瞬态流动结构和壁面动态压力信号特征进行了记录。研究发现,当进气道处于低马赫数不起动时,其口部分离包诱导激波受分离包自身振荡特性的影响,在唇口附近连续的小幅振荡,进而给整个进气道通道内引入了一类无基频的小幅压力扰动。而该扰动随着马赫数的增加,进气道恢复起动后逐渐消失。此外,还捕捉到了进气道再起动过程中分离包吞入的迟滞现象,进气道从"小喘"阶段恢复至起动状态时,由于下游高压的存在使得分离包未能完全吞回,并出现了类似低马赫数不起动时的无基频小幅振荡。该振荡直至通道下游完全敞开、口部分离包被吞入才逐渐消失,至此进气道也顺利地恢复到了起动状态。     

不同雷诺数下翼型气动特性及层流分离现象演化

低雷诺数下空气黏性效应突出,翼型表面普遍存在层流分离现象,相比常规雷诺数情况气动特性显著恶化。采用带预处理的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟技术和低雷诺数低湍流度风洞油流显示试验技术,对FX63-137翼型不同雷诺数下气动特性和流动结构展开深入研究。通过风洞油流显示试验可以清晰获得低雷诺数层流分离流动的两道油流汇集线。数值模拟结果表明其分别为时均化主分离线和二次分离线,两种结果定性定量均吻合较好,证明了本文的研究方法有效可靠;雷诺数从500 000降至20 000,翼型气动特性和层流分离流动结构均发生显著的变化,伴随阻力系数剧增和升力系数剧降,时均化流动结构从附体至出现经典的长层流分离泡,并最终演化为后缘层流分离泡,相应的两种分离泡的非定常流动结构也存在显著差异;对于阻力系数和升力系数而言,存在不同的临界雷诺数,因为导致阻力系数剧增的机理在于经典长层流分离泡的产生使翼型压差阻力大增,而造成升力系数剧降的主要原因在于后缘层流分离泡使得等效翼型后部弯度减小;非定常结果显示正是由于翼型表面漩涡周期性的生成与脱落,才造成了低雷诺数下升力系数的周期性波动。翼型上表面主分离涡即将脱落时,流线在后缘附近再附,升力系数达到峰值;而当流体从下表面向上卷起二次分离涡时,尾部流线大尺度分离,升力系数降至谷值。     

逆主流射流式旋涡发生器对涡轮流动分离控制数值模拟

通过数值计算,详细研究了射流偏转角与主流夹角大于90°的逆主流小孔稳态射流(Reversed in jectionVG Js)对低雷诺数涡轮流动分离的控制。研究结果发现,逆主流射流对主流的扰动引起射流孔后边界层迅速转捩可抑制流动分离现象。射流作为"湍流发生器"从控制机理上有别于90°偏转角VG Js射流状态。高射流湍流度(10%),135°逆主流VG Js在达到与90°偏转角VG Js基本相同的流动分离控制效果时,可降低射流流量67%。     

跨音速喷管流动的数值模拟

数值方法采用的差分格式是具有高分辨率和快速稳定收敛性质的全变差衰减(TVD)格式。喷管壁面形状和反压可任意给定,对于典型轴对称与二维喷管(即壁面由收缩角为45°,扩张角为15°的两条直线用圆弧光滑连接而成。圆弧的无量纲半径等于0.625,其参考长度为喉道半宽),进行了有激波与无激波流动的数值模拟。计算结果与实验结果以及其他计算结果符合良好,此法可推广到非定常跨音速喷管流动的计算,并可用于工程中喷管设计。     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

大迎角下椭圆截面头部细长体的涡系和压强分布

本文对具有椭圆截面头部和尖拱形头部的细长体在大迎角下进行了涡系流态观察和表面压强分布测量。研究阐明了大迎角侧滑下细长体的头部几何形状与其所生的复杂涡系之间的相互关系,以及与此相应的截面压强分布和轴向侧力分布的变化。通过详细地了解整个流动情况,揭示了具有扁平头部的细长机体能够增大航向静稳定性的机理。     

叶片弯曲对大折转压气机叶栅内分离结构的影响

通过数值模拟,分析了叶片周向弯曲对大折转角压气机叶栅内分离结构的影响。弯角分别为±10°,±20°,±30°。应用壁面流谱的拓扑法则,详细讨论了不同弯角下的分离形态。结果表明,正弯可以有效遏止角区分离,改变吸力面的分离形态,但不能完全消除吸力面的分离。因此一定范围内的叶片正弯可以改善流动,但当弯角大于20°时,流动重新恶化。反弯则使得叶栅内分离趋势增加,气动性能明显降低。     

Effect of an end plate on surface pressure distributions of two swept wings

A series of wind tunnel tests was conducted to examine how an end plate affects the pressure distributions of two wings with leading edge(LE) sweep angles of 23° and 40°. All the experiments were carried out at a midchord Reynolds number of 8×10~5, covering an angle of attack(AOA) range from -2° to 14°. Static pressure distribution measurements were acquired over the upper surfaces of the wings along three chordwise rows and one spanwise direction at the wing quarter-chord line. The results of the tests confirm that at a particular AOA, increasing the sweep angle causes a noticeable decrease in the upper-surface suction pressure. Furthermore, as the sweep angle increases, the development of a laminar separation bubble near the LEs of the wings takes place at higher AOAs. On the other hand, spanwise pressure measurements show that increasing the wing sweep angle results in forming a stronger vortex on the quarter-chord line which has lower sensitivity to AOA variation and remains substantially attached to the wing surface for higher AOAs than that can be achieved in the case of a lower sweep angle. In addition, data obtained indicate that installing an end plate further reinforces the spanwise flow over the wing surface, thus affecting the pressure distribution.     

流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响

采用大涡模拟方法、结构化网格建立了低压高负荷透平Pak B叶栅的非稳态数值分析模型,研究了不同流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响.控制前随着雷诺数的减小和气流攻角的增大,叶栅流动分离区域变大,在气流攻角为5°下发生分离未在尾缘前再附的情况.合成射流控制后,不同流动参数下的流动分离都得到了有效的控制,并且在射流偏角为30°时,合成射流控制效果最好.合成射流使叶栅吸力面的流动分离位置推迟,再附位置前移,分离泡尺寸减小,叶栅吸力面的逆压梯度段缩短,吸力面边界层表面的剪切层在向下游迁移的过程中,没有发生充分的抬升,避免了大尺度涡旋的形成,并且很快地黏附于壁面,进而有效地控制了流动分离.      

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

启动过程压缩空气储能向心涡轮三维流动特性研究

为研究压缩空气储能系统的向心涡轮启动过程内部流动损失特性，本文采用全三维计算流体动力学（CFD）模型对其启动过程过程进行了数值模拟，与实验结果对比表明，虽然该模型在启动初始阶段与转速稳定阶段存在一定误差，但仍能够整体上反映启动过程的效率变化特征。在此基础上，进一步分析了启动过程中动叶通道内损失区及流场变化特征，结果发现，动叶进口攻角是影响内部流场主要因素：在启动初始阶段，叶轮进口攻角较大，动叶载荷集中在叶片前缘，形成明显的通道分离涡与前缘涡；在快速启动段，攻角减小，动叶载荷沿弦长分布更为均匀，通道分离涡及前缘涡逐渐减小并向叶片吸力面迁移。在整个启动阶段，动叶通道内高损失区也随着通道分离涡逐渐迁移且变小，并向相邻叶片吸力面集中。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

Experimental investigation of influence of strake wings on self-induced roll motion at high angles of attack

The modern high performance air vehicles are required to have extreme maneuverability,which includes the ability of controlled maneuvers at high angle of attack. However, the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena, such as flow separation, vortices interaction, and vortices breaking down, will occur during the flight at high angle of attack, which could induce the uncommanded motions for the air vehicles. For the high maneuverable and agile air missile, the nonlinear roll motions would occur at the high angle of attack. The present work is focused on the selfinduced nonlinear roll motion for a missile configuration and discusses the influence of the strake wings on the roll motion according to the results from free-to-roll test and PIV measurement using the models assembled with different strake wings at a = 60°. The free-to-roll results show that the model with whole strake wings(baseline), the model assembled with three strake wings(Case A)and the model assembled with two opposite strake wings(Case C) experience the spinning, while the model assembled with two adjacent strake wings(Case B), the model assembled with one strake wing(Case D) and the model with no strake wing(Case E) trim or slightly vibrate at a certain "×"rolling angle, which mean that the rolling stability can be improved by dismantling certain strake wings. The flow field results from PIV measurement show that the leeward asymmetric vortices are induced by the windward strake wings. The vortices would interact the strake wings and induce crossflow on the downstream fins to degrade the rolling stability of the model. This could be the main reason for the self-induced roll motion of the model at a = 60°.