Experiment of heat transfer in oscillating turbulent flow in a pipe with constant heat flux

Heat transfer characteristics of oscillating turbulent air flow in a pipe heated with constant heat flux were experimentally investigated.The experiments were performed over a range of 245.7 to 902 of the kinetic Reynolds number and 25 to 175 of the dimensionless oscillation amplitude.The effects of these two dimensionless parameters were analyzed.The results show that the cycle-averaged local Nusselt number increases with both the kinetic Reynolds number and the dimensionless oscillation amplitude.The space-cycle averaged Nusselt number also effectively increases with the kinetic Reynolds number and the dimensionless oscillation amplitude.Based on the experimental data,a correlation equation of the space-cycle averaged Nusselt number for air in terms of these two dimensionless parameters has been obtained.      

Preparation of SiC_p/Al_2O_3-Al Composites by Directed Metal Oxidation

SiCp/Al2O3-Al composites were synthesized by means of direct metal oxidation method. The composition and microstructures of the composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallurgical microscope. The effects of technical parameters on the properties of the product were analyzed. The results indicate that the composite possesses a dense microstructure, composed of three interpenetrated phases. Of them, SiO2 layer prohibits the powdering of the composites; Mg promotes the wetting and infiltration of the system and Si restricts the interfacial reaction while improving the wetting ability between reinforcement and matrix.     

Mechanical properties study of particles reinforced aluminum matrix composites by micro-indentation experiments

By using instrumental micro-indentation technique, the microhardness and Young's modulus of SiC particles reinforced aluminum matrix composites were investigated with microcompression-tester(MCT). The micro-indentation experiments were performed with different maximum loads, and with three loading speeds of 2.231, 4.462 and 19.368 mN/s respectively. During the investigation, matrix, particle and interface were tested by micro-indentation experiments. The results exhibit that the variations of Young's modulus and microhardness at particle, matrix and interface were highly dependent on the loading conditions(maximum load and loading speed) and the locations of indentation. Micro-indentation hardness experiments of matrix show the indentation size effects, i.e. the indentation hardness decreased with the indentation depth increasing. During the analysis, the effect of loading conditions on Young's modulus and microhardness were explained. Besides, the elastic–plastic properties of matrix were analyzed. The validity of calculated results was identified by finite element simulation. And the simulation results had been preliminarily analyzed from statistical aspect.     

ANALYSIS OF LEAKAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF LABYRINTH SEALS

This paper presents the leakage characteristics of labyrinth seals, which were introduced by theoretical analysis and experiment results. The study of the dissipative process converting the kinetic energy to the thermal energy within the labyrinth chamber is emphasized. Experiments were carried out using a model of Straight-Through Labyrinth. By changing the Reynolds number, pressure ratio, and the ratios of clearance and depth to the length of the chambers, the flow coefficient, carry-over factor and ideal labyrinth function can be determined. Additionally, by applying the continuity equation, energy equation. Bernoulli's equation and the equation of state to the vortex chambers, a closed set of equations is obtained. Solving the equations simultaneously and numerically, the velocity, pressure and temperature in each vortex- chamber can be determined completely. Finally, the leakage of the labyrinth is acquired.     

IR radiation characteristics of rocket exhaust plumes under varying motor operating conditions

The infrared(IR) irradiance signature from rocket motor exhaust plumes is closely related to motor type,propellant composition,burn time,rocket geometry,chamber parameters and flight conditions.In this paper,an infrared signature analysis tool(IRSAT) was developed to understand the spectral characteristics of exhaust plumes in detail.Through a finite volume technique,flow field properties were obtained through the solution of axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds-averaged approach.A refined 13-species,30-reaction chemistry scheme was used for combustion effects and a k-e-Rtturbulence model for entrainment effects.Using flowfield properties as input data,the spectrum was integrated with a line of sight(LOS) method based on a single line group(SLG) model with Curtis-Godson approximation.The model correctly predicted spectral distribution in the wavelengths of 1.50–5.50 lm and had good agreement for its location with imaging spectrometer data.The IRSAT was then applied to discuss the effects of three operating conditions on IR signatures:(a) afterburning;(b) chamber pressure from ignition to cutoff;and(c) minor changes in the ratio of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB) binder to ammonium perchlorate(AP) oxidizer in propellant.Results show that afterburning effects can increase the size and shape of radiance images with enhancement of radiation intensity up to 40%.Also,the total IR irradiance in different bands can be characterized by a non-dimensional chamber pressure trace in which the maximum discrepancy is less than 13% during ignition and engine cutoff.An increase of chamber pressure can lead to more distinct diamonds,whose distance intervals are extended,and the position of the first diamond moving backwards.In addition,an increase in HTPB/AP causes a significant jump in spectral intensity.The incremental rates of radiance intensity integrated in each band are linear with the increase of HTPB,and the growth rates of radiance intensities in some bands reach up to 50% as HTPB weight increases by 3%.     

Model optimization method and connected-pipe experiment of a liquid fuel ramjet engine

The optimization method of a mathematical model and connected-pipe experimental technique for a test in altitude test facility (ATF) of a liquid fuel ramjet engine was researched.The optimization of the simple mathematical model was divided into two steps.Firstly,using the test engine's geometry configuration size data,a preliminary adjustment was done.Secondly,using experimental test data,the components' experiential coefficients were modified appropriately.Emphasis was laid on the simulation technique of flight condition and parameters measurement method.The experimental technique was applied to a ramjet ATF test successfully.The comparison results show that the optimized-model has higher precision and the nozzle gross thrust difference drops from 12% to about 4%.      

Research on Ultrasonic Vibration Grinding of the Hard and Brittle Materials

It is well known that grinding techniques are main methods to machine hard and brittle materials such as engineering ceramics. But the conventional grinding has many shortcomings such as poorer surface finish,quicker wear and tear of grinding tools,lower effi-ciency and so on. Ultrasonic vibration grinding (UVG) which combines ultrasonic machining and grinding emerged as a developing and promising technique in recent years. In this paper,experimental studies on UVG were conducted on several kinds of hard and brittle material by altering processing parameters such as vibration frequency and its amplitude,diamond abrasive grit size,cutting depth,feeding speed and rotary speed of tools. The experimental results show that alteration in any of above mentioned parameters will bring effects on the processed surface finish of these materials. Of them,the diamond abrasive grit size has the greatest. Moreover,conven-tional grinding experiments were also carried out on these materials. By comparison,it was found that the UVG is superior to the con-ventional method in terms of the ground surface quality,the working efficiency and the wear rate of tools.     

Preparation of bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys and their corrosion properties

The bimodal grain size metals show improved strength and ductility compared to traditional metals; however, their corrosion properties are unknown. In order to evaluate the corrosion properties of these metals, the bimodal grain size 7075 aviation aluminum alloys containing different ratios of coarse(100 μm in diameter) and fine(10 μm in diameter) grains were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS). The effects of grain size as well as the mixture degree of coarse and fine grains on general corrosion were estimated by immersion tests, electrochemical measurements and complementary techniques such as scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy(TEM-EDS). The results show that, compared to fine grains, the coarse grains have a faster dissolution rate in acidic NaCl solution due to the bigger size,higher alloying elements content and larger area fraction of second phases in them. In coarse grains,the hydrogen ions have a faster reduction rate on cathodic second phases, therefore promoting the corrosion propagation. The mixture of coarse and fine grains also increases the electrochemical heterogeneity of alloys in micro-scale, and thus the increased mixture degree of these grains in metal matrix accelerates the corrosion rate of alloys in acidic NaCl solution.     

混合型裂纹扩展的动光弹-数值分析

 The K field parameters of K1, KI, and *ox at the crack tip associated with crack high-velocity curving of epoxy resin specimen under impact tension are determined. The parameters obtained are used to construct the theoretical isochromatic fringe patterns fitting the experimental data. The curves of dynamic relation between stress intensity factor and crack length is also given.     

Effects of Different Molten-salt on the Synthesis of Hexagonal Barium Ferrite

Hexagonal-plate BaFe12O19 nano-particles were prepared by combining the co-precipitation and molten-salt method. The effects of molten-salt NaCl on the products have been compared with those of KCl. The X-ray diffraction analysis,the environment scanning electron microscopy and the vibrating sample magnetometer were used to measure their characteristics. The results show that the mol-ten-salt KCl is helpful to obtain pure phase while the molten-salt NaCl will prompt the crystallinity of particles to increase. It is also found that, given the molten-salt of NaCl and that of KCl of the same quantity, the particles formed are also the same size. The size of particles slightly increases as the quantity of the salt increases. Moreover, the sample prepared under 200% NaCl salt system has mag-netization of 71.5 emu/g.     

AP/HTPB复合推进剂低压燃烧特性数值研究

为研究AP/HTPB复合推进剂低压燃烧特性,使用二维三明治模型进行了数值仿真研究。该模型使用简化的四步总包反应机理,考虑燃烧过程中的燃面退移,计算时大粒径AP取平均粒径,小粒径AP采用“均质黏合剂假设”,认为其与HTPB组成“均质黏合剂”。在0.02MPa-0.08MPa的压强下进行了仿真,并与高压（5MPa）下的燃烧仿真进行对比。结果表明,低压下固相AP对黏合剂的传热导致了交界面处燃面的下陷,下陷程度随压强减小而增大;随着燃烧的进行燃面各点燃速趋于一致,燃面形状不再改变。低压下气相反应表现为预混燃烧,初焰为主导反应。低压下燃速仿真与实验值基本一致,压强指数小于高压下的压强指数。     

硼酸酯键合剂在丁羟四组元推进剂中作用机理研究

采用反相气相色谱仪测试了BA-5键合剂,RDX,AP和HTPB-TDI胶片的表面酸碱性参数,并估算出各组分之间的界面相互作用焓。结果表明ΔHBA-RDX和ΔHBA-AP均显著大于ΔHBA-HTPB,证实键合剂BA-5与RDX,AP作用力远大于与粘合剂作用力,能在混合过程中优先迁移吸附在RDX,AP颗粒表面,并产生强烈吸附。采用电子能谱仪定性表征了RDX,AP从HTPB中吸附BA-5的情况。结果表明:随着电子束加速电压降低,测试厚度变小,AP样品中硼原子含量增加,证实BA-5是吸附在AP的表面。结合组分基团活性分析,阐述了BA-5键合剂的作用机理。     

过渡金属氧化物催化作用的表征

本文系统地研究了TMO(过渡金属氧化物)对AP热分解性能和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速的催化作用.结果发现,TMO对AP热分解反应和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速的催化作用是一致的.文中指出了与AP热分解反应和AP/AI/HTPB推进剂燃速同时有关的表征参数,为采用热分析实验预估含铝推进剂的燃速奠定了基础.     

无喷管发动机燃速特性的实验研究

针对无喷管发动机的工作特点,采用二维片型装药实验方案,对高燃速含铝丁羟复合推进剂做了相当数量的试验来研究其燃速特性.试验参数的选择应用正交设计法.在此试验的基础上,参照有关的燃烧理论,得出了适合无喷管发动机工作特点的固体推进剂的实际燃速表达式.     

芳纶短纤和浆粕增强聚氨酯泡沫的结构和性能研究

采用芳纶短纤(AF)和芳纶浆粕(AP)对聚氨酯泡沫进行增强,制备了两种增强聚氨酯泡沫,考察了其的泡孔结构、压缩强度以及热稳定性能。结果表明:随着芳纶纤维和浆粕填充量增加,聚氨酯泡沫的密度和压缩强度呈先增加后减小的变化趋势;当AF和AP的填充量为6wt%时,聚氨酯泡沫底部的压缩强度最大,分别为0.394和0.353 MPa,此时发泡过程中黏弹性增加,表面张力减小导致泡孔孔径明显变小且均匀性提高,纤维分布在泡棱上通过与树脂形成良好的结合起到增强效果;AF和AP的加入有助于提高聚氨酯泡沫的热稳定性,AF增强聚氨酯泡沫具有更好的热稳定性。     

复合推进剂无烟化的实验研究

本文从实验上研究了一系列复合推进剂在燃烧室内点火所产生的燃气对激光、红外、可见光及微波等信号产生的衰减;对实验结果进行了理论分析和解释,找出了复合推进剂中AP粒度、含量、级配比、Al粉粒度、含量及燃烧室压力等诸因素对衰减大小的影响规律;同时也给出了对信号衰减较小的AP粒度级配范围,为复合推进剂无烟化的研究提供了参考依据.     

降低硝酸酯增塑聚醚推进剂燃速研究

采用调节硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂的配方组分、添加燃速调节剂等手段开展了降低环氧乙烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚/硝化甘油/硝化二乙二醇/黑索金/高氯酸铵(P(E-CO-T)/NG/DEGDN/RDX/AP)类NEPE推进剂燃速的研究。结果表明,增大AP粒径、降低NG/DEGDN的比例、适当降低AP含量、添加少量燃速调节剂,可达到降低燃速的目的。通过对NEPE推进剂配方组分的调节,在燃速调节剂三醋酸甘油酯/聚甲醛/蔗糖八醋酸酯以1∶1∶1配比添加时,其7.0 MPa下的燃速可降至6.87 mm/s。     

复合固体推进剂细观结构建模及脱黏过程数值模拟

为研究复合固体推进剂损伤演化规律,基于分子动力学颗粒填充算法构建了HTPB(hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene)推进剂细观结构模型,通过在AP(ammonium perchlorate)颗粒/HTPB基体界面处引入黏接接触替代传统的黏接单元,并基于Hooke Jeeves的参数优化算法反演得到颗粒/基体界面处内聚力模型参数,利用双线性和自定义指数型损伤内聚力模型模拟了AP颗粒和HTPB基体黏接界面处损伤的萌生、发展、聚合直至宏观裂纹破坏的过程。通过数值仿真与实验结果对比发现,指数型损伤内聚力模型比双线性模型能更准确描述推进剂单轴拉伸过程中颗粒与HTPB基体界面间脱黏过程。最后对比了多阶段加载实验结果与仿真结果曲线,发现两者变化趋势基本一致,最大偏差仅为10%,验证了所建细观模型的可靠性及反演所得界面参数的准确性。      

组分对硝酸酯增塑聚醚推进剂燃烧性能的影响

通过对氧化剂AP含量及粒径、燃速催化剂种类及含量、铝粉粒度、交联剂及工艺助剂等的调整，对硝酸酯增塑聚醚推进剂的燃烧速度和燃速压强指数进行了研究，结果表明，燃速在7．7～16．7mm／s（7．0MPa）范围内可调，静态燃速压强指数稳定在0．5，最低可达0．41。     

聚三唑树脂的固化动力学模型

运用分段拟合法所得的固化动力学模型描述了一种新型聚三唑树脂的固化行为。研究表明,该树 脂体系在固化前期符合自催化模型,模型为dα dt =3. 78×1016exp(-10200/ T)α0. 653(1-α)2. 015;在固化后期符合n 级固 化模型,模型为dα dt =3. 34×1016exp(-10200/ T)(1-α)0. 927。聚三唑树脂的固化工艺为:RT→80℃→120℃→150℃。