聚焦透镜和加工环境对飞秒激光加工镍基合金的影响

针对飞秒激光加工镍基合金材料,研究了4种数值孔径的聚焦透镜和3种加工环境(空气、真空和氩气)对飞秒激光加工效率和重铸层的影响。实验结果表明:聚焦透镜数值孔径越大,聚焦后激光能量密度越大,加工效率越高,而焦深越小,可加工材料厚度越小。在空气、真空和氩气3种加工环境下,镍基合金飞秒激光加工的重铸层厚度随着脉冲个数的变化规律相似,在相同脉冲个数下,3种加工环境中加工深度差距不大。     

非晶合金超快激光去除行为和切割质量试验研究

采用脉冲宽度为250fs激光对厚度为70μm的Zr–21Cu–4Al–1Ti(ZT1)非晶态合金进行表面去除、切割加工等试验。结果表明,超快激光与ZT1非晶合金交互作用有非热熔性和热熔性两种去除机制,两种去除机制对应的去除阈值分别为0.17J/cm~2和2.15J/cm~2。切割质量与能量密度密切相关,在激光能量密度超过热熔性去除阈值的较大参数范围(2.2J/cm~2F_012.8J/cm~2),可以获得无附带损伤的切割边缘,这与超快激光高斯能量分布特征和去除材料的阈值密切相关。     

SiC/SiC复合材料纳秒激光和皮秒激光制孔质量的对比研究

采用纳秒激光和皮秒激光在厚度3mm的碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(SiC/SiC)上进行了制孔试验,并对这两种不同脉冲宽度激光制孔的质量进行了分析.结果表明:纳秒激光在SiC/SiC复合材料上制孔存在热影响区,导致加工区域附近产生重铸物、分层、热影响区和微裂纹等热缺陷.与纳秒激光制孔相比,皮秒激光在SiC/SiC复合材料上制孔质量有明显提高,加工区域附近几乎不存在热影响区,且不存在重铸物、分层、微裂纹等缺陷.     

二次法激光加工小孔技术

为了提高激光加工航空发动机气膜冷却孔质量,介绍了一种采用焦耳级脉冲能量毫秒激光在镍基高温合金上快速加工初始通孔,再采用毫焦耳级脉冲能量纳秒激光扩孔的二次加工小孔方法。通过该方法试图消除毫秒激光加工小孔产生的再铸层以及解决纳秒激光直接加工几乎无再铸层小孔效率低、深度有限的问题,从而实现更高效率加工高质量气膜冷却孔。试验研究结果表明,该方法可以有效去除毫秒激光加工小孔孔壁的再铸层,改善孔壁表面质量,与纳秒激光直接加工小孔比较,在加工1mm左右深的小孔时可以提高加工效率,但加工2mm以上深度的小孔时,对提高加工效率的作用不明显。基于试验结果及分析,对二次法加工小孔提出了改进措施。     

脉冲激光输出模式对介质薄膜损伤的影响

采用单横模(TEM01)和多模横向激励高气压(TEA)脉冲二氧化碳激光器和不同焦距的透镜对10.6μm的增透膜进行了破坏实验,对破坏样品进行了显微分析,研究了不同激光模式和不同焦距透镜对薄膜破坏的影响。实验结果表明,在短焦距透镜聚焦时,相同能量密度的单横模激光脉冲焦距前比焦距后更容易造成薄膜的损伤,破坏阈值相差5 J/cm2;使用长焦距透镜聚焦时,在单模激光脉冲和多模激光脉冲幅照下薄膜的损伤阈值基本相同,但比使用短焦距单模激光测量到的损伤阈值高。     

微细小孔的超短脉冲激光加工方法研究

针对航空发动机燃油喷嘴等微细小孔的精密高效加工要求,采用双温方程研究超短脉冲(皮秒)激光加工机理,模拟得出材料内电子和晶格的温度分布,开展皮秒激光加工工艺参数研究,分析烧蚀阈值、扫描速度、激光偏振态等因素对加工质量的影响规律,进行镍基高温合金和钛合金材料的激光脉冲冲击制孔和振镜扫描环切制孔实验研究,为超短脉冲激光制孔时工艺参数的选择提供理论指导及实验依据。     

高体积分数SiCp/Al激光诱导氧化辅助铣削研究

为了解决高体积分数的SiC_p/Al复合材料在常规切削加工中存在切削力大、刀具磨损快、表面完整性差等问题。本文针对高体积分数SiC_p/Al材料开展激光诱导氧化辅助铣削技术研究，通过激光辐照铣削区域形成易于去除的疏松氧化层提高切削性能，同时开展氧化层调控策略及激光诱导氧化辅助下的铣削参数优化工艺研究，研究不同激光能量密度、辅助气体对氧化层质量的影响及铣削参数优化。结果表明随激光能量密度的增大热影响区宽度和烧蚀沟槽深度随之增加，在氧气辅助下易形成疏松且易于去除氧化层。选取较高的激光能量密度可获得较好的氧化效果，而使用PCD金刚石铣刀，主轴转速为10 000 r/min，在每齿进给量为7.5 μm /s可获得最佳表面质量。     

冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

熔石英光学元件激光阈值提升仿真与工艺研究

为实现熔石英光学元件的高激光损伤阈值加工,研究了磁流变抛光+HF酸洗工艺提升阈值的过程。通过磁流变抛光+HF酸洗加工实验、测量表面缺陷形貌演变和有限时域差分算法(FDTD)仿真,认为该工艺改善破碎型缺陷,减弱光场调制作用,实现阈值的提升。     

纤维复合材料激光加工进展及航天应用展望

纤维增强复合材料(FRPs)因其优异的力、热、电磁、化学等性质被广泛应用于航天、航空等领域。作为一种各向异性、非均质的难加工材料，纤维复合材料的传统加工方式存在精度、损伤及效率等问题，为其激光加工技术的快速发展提供了机遇。综述了激光加工技术在实验研究、理论与仿真等基础研究方面的进展，分析研究热点和发展趋势，指出纤维复合材料超快激光加工存在的问题及挑战；报告了纤维复合材料在激光切割与制孔、激光铣削、激光表面处理和连接技术、激光辅助成形等方面的研究及应用进展；针对航天器(特别是空间飞行器)先进制造应用，提出了纤维复合材料产品激光宏观加工和激光微细制造技术的潜在应用方向，展望了实现应用所需发展的工艺装备，以期为后续该类材料产品的激光加工应用提供参考。     

定向凝固镍基高温合金上激光熔覆Inconel 738的裂纹敏感性研究

针对定向凝固镍基高温合金叶片的强化与修复需求,研究了在定向凝固镍基高温合金基体上激光熔覆Inconel 738的裂纹敏感性问题.在定向凝固镍基高温合金基体上激光熔覆Inconel 738合金对裂纹非常敏感,所产生的裂纹为热裂纹,由定向凝固基体晶界处引发并穿过界面向熔覆层发展;多层熔覆过程中熔覆层间也会产生热裂纹,热裂纹沿晶界纵向扩展.定向凝固高温合金基体晶界处的低熔共晶成为主要的裂纹源.严格控制激光熔覆过程中的热输入量可以显著降低裂纹敏感性.选择适当的熔覆工艺方法和参数可以在定向凝固镍基合金基体上形成良好冶金结合且无裂纹的基本保持定向凝固特性的熔覆层组织.     

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Laser Drilling with Jet Electrochemical Machining

As two kinds of defects, recast layers and spatters, commonly accompanied by laser-drilled holes always prevent the laser drilling technique from extending its applications in aerospace and aircraft industries, therefore, a novel hybrid process incorporating laser drilling with jet electrochemical machining (JECM-LD) has been developed to solve these problems as well as improve the overall quality of laser-drilled holes. It is executed by directing an electrolyte jet coaxially aligned with a laser beam onto the workpiece surface. During the process, the electrolyte jet produces electrochemical reaction with the surface material, effective cooling of it and carries away the process scraps. A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the shape of the holes machined by JECM-LD. The model is verified through comparison between the results from simulation and those from experiments conducted on the test pieces made of 321 stainless steel 0.5 mm thick processed by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser at second harmonic wavelength. An examination of the experimental results under an optical microscope discovers that, by contrast with the laser drilling in air, the JECM-LD has effectively removed the recast layers and spatters, but its efficiency dropped by about 30%.     

喷射液束电解-激光复合加工工艺试验研究

 喷射液束电解 激光复合加工是一项新探索的加工技术，其特点是既发挥激光加工的高效率，又借助喷射电液束的冷却、冲刷、电解作用而实现在线去除再铸层。基于该加工原理的分析，在对激光电解液中衰减特性研究的基础上，研制了试验系统并对不锈钢片进行了打孔工艺试验。试验结果表明，应用液压1.5 MPa、浓度18%的NaNO₃电解液的喷射液束电解-激光复合加工可实现再铸层减少90%以上。通过对打孔形貌的对比以及加工工艺规律的初步分析，揭示了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工以激光加工为主，电解加工辅助去除再铸层的加工原理，证实了该复合加工工艺的可行性，可望在航空航天领域得到广泛工程应用。     

透射式激光烧蚀PVC冲量耦合性能实验

激光烧蚀推进是激光推进中最有应用前景的研究分支,吸引了国内外大量学者的关注。为了研究透射式激光烧蚀条件下靶材厚度和激光能量对冲量耦合性能的影响,以二极管激光器作为能量源,玻璃作为透射层,对不同厚度、不同入射激光能量条件下,掺碳质量分数为2%的PVC薄膜进行了透射式激光烧蚀实验研究。冲量耦合系数最高为65.78μN/W,与国内外相关报道的数据相比较,结果规律一致性较好。研究结果证明了双层结构靶材的透射式激光烧蚀可以提高冲量耦合系数,入射激光能量与靶材厚度对冲量耦合性能影响较大。     

模拟过载条件下EPDM绝热层烧蚀实验

用一种粒子浓度、速度和角度可调的高过载模拟烧蚀发动机,开展过载条件下粒子冲刷对EPDM绝热层烧蚀特性影响的实验研究。实验结果表明:(1)存在一个临界速度,当冲刷速度低于临界速度时,粒子浓度,速度和角度对炭化烧蚀率影响较小,而当冲刷速度高于临界速度时,炭化烧蚀率随速度的增加而急剧增加,角度影响也较大。(2)弱冲刷条件下的炭化层表面平整,而粒子沉积条件下的炭化层表面附着有很多大粒径的粒子,炭化层结构也更加疏松,而强冲刷条件下,粒子由于速度较高而不易在炭化层表面沉积。(3)当低于临界速度冲刷时,炭化层的孔隙结构分布不均匀,存在致密/疏松分层结构,而高于临界速度冲刷时,炭化层结构则更为致密。(4)通过多元回归得到了炭化烧蚀率与粒子冲刷速度,浓度和角度的经验关系式。     

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

材料对激光多层涂覆定向凝固显微组织的影响

利用316L不锈钢和Ni35两种合金粉末在定向凝固镍基高温合金基材上进行激光多层涂覆实验,并对涂层内部的凝固显微组织形成机理进行研究。结果表明在本文的实验条件下,利用316L不锈钢材料可以得到晶体取向良好的定向凝固涂覆层。而对于本身容易形成等轴晶的Ni35自熔合金,尽管实验在定向凝固的基材上进行,涂层中的凝固显微组织仍趋向于等轴晶形态。     

Effect of no-load rate on recast layer cutting by ultra fine wire-EDM

Via material erosion in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), recast layers form on the surfaces of workpiece. In addition, ultra fine Wire-EDM can be usually cut once. To reduce the thickness of the recast layer as much as possible, the wire electrical discharge-electrochemical machining (WEDCM) method was proposed, which is based on the micro conductivity of the dielectric and microelectrolytic characteristics by adjusting the no-load rate of the pulse in the machining process. Furthermore, a state discrimination and servo control system based on discharge current was designed. The experiment results of different no-load rates show that the electrolytic effects increase as the no-load rate increases, and the main machining process is spark discharge erosion with a no-load rate in the range of 10% to 80%. At 90% no-load rate, the amount of recast layer formation in the forward direction of the wire electrode is almost the same as that of electrolytic dissolution, and it can be practically processed without a recast layer. Compared with 10% no-load rate, the kerf width only increases by 7.5%.     

MACH2 simulations of a micro laser ablation plasma thruster

In this work the detailed physical processes occurring in the high density plasma that is ejected from the solid propellant surface in a small laser ablation thruster are simulated using MACH2. Qualitative results of the laser ablation process that leads to propellant erupting from the surface and leaving behind a crater in a solid Teflon® propellant are presented. Simulations were conducted for a 0.5 μs laser pulse (FWHM) at 935 nm with laser pulse energy ranging from 20 μJ to 2 mJ. Simulation results indicate that crater diameter and depth increase with pulse energy. The impulse bit also increases with pulse energy. Specific impulse follows the opposite trend and decreases with laser pulse energy. The simulated impulse bit for a 2 mJ, 0.5 μs laser pulse over-predicts that reported in the literature for a 2 mJ, 2 ms laser ablation thruster pulse by approximately one order of magnitude and under-predicts the specific impulse by approximately one order of magnitude.     

Potentials of manufacture and repair of nickel base turbine components used in aero engines and power plants by laser metal deposition and laser drilling

IntroductionExpensive turbine parts like HPT(HighPressure Turine)blades or vanes are replaced bynew parts in case of damage.For example theburn through of the inner side of a blade or vane(Figure 1)is a frequently appearing damage,which cannot be repaired…