基于SUWPT的正弦信号滤波算法

针对航天测控DOR(差分单向测距)信标信号等侧音信号的滤波问题,借鉴扩频系统窄带干扰抑制领域中的SUWPT(频移非抽取小波包变换),提出了一种逆向算法。该算法通过最佳频移将信号移至各子带中间,然后选择能量较大的子带进行分解,通过记录的位置信息选择不同的重构滤波器,从而达到最佳滤波效果;最后将该滤波算法应用于航天测控侧音信号的差分相位提取过程。仿真结果表明,该算法比小波变换滤波、小波包滤波具有更好的滤波性能;滤波后差分相位提取精度相对滤波前提高3~4倍,有利于提高系统的测量精度。     

多目标测量技术

多目标测量一直是航天器试验和鉴定的一个难点。在前期多目标预研成果的基础上，本文介绍了一种基于“码分多址区分多目标、扩频伪码作单向测距信号、多站距离差定位、单星共视定时”体制的综合测量系统。该系统由6套跟踪测量站组成，能够完成空域内10个目标的遥测和外测。经过试验检验，其站间距离差精度小于5m，站间速度差精度小于0．2m／s，具有广阔的应用前景。     

三向测量技术在深空探测中的应用研究

较详细地介绍了三向测量技术（包括三向测距和三向测速）,阐述使用三向测量的工程背景和重要意义,给出利用三向测量数据进行实时定位的数学推导,并分别对三向测距和三向测速原始数据的误差进行了分析;最后给出在＂嫦娥一号＂试验轨道段采用三向测量技术得到的残差分析结果。结果表明,在未进行站间时间同步的情况下,＂嫦娥一号＂卫星100km×100km环月轨道段三向测距误差约200m,三向测速误差约2cm/s,利用三向测量数据可以单独进行轨道确定,验证了我国后续深空探测中应用三向测量技术的可行性。     

USB测距电离层延迟误差分析

在微波统一测控系统中，地面对航天器的跟踪主要是通过无线电波传播来完成。电波在穿过电离层时，其传播速度和角度都要发生变化，从而影响外测精度。载波相位在电离层中以相速度传播，而调制信号以群速度传播。根据群速度和相速度的关系，对统一S波段测控系统（USB）测距测速数据进行分析处理，从而提出了测距的电离层延迟误差的分析方法。     

脉冲超宽带信号测量性能分析

超宽带技术是一项新兴的无线通信技术,具有极其广阔的发展前景,但目前仅用于室内短距离通信,少见用于航天测控系统。为了将超宽带技术应用于测控系统中,以模糊函数为工具,对脉冲超宽带信号的测量性能进行分析。首先推导矩形脉冲串信号和载波调制矩形脉冲串信号的模糊函数,并对其模糊特性进行仿真分析。在此基础上,主要针对用于测控系统的伪码调制脉冲超宽带信号,利用其模糊函数分析其测距测速性能。结果表明:该超宽带信号具有良好的测距测速性能,其最大无模糊距离为1个伪码周期,最大无模糊多普勒频率为脉冲重复频率的倒数;单脉冲宽度越窄,其测距性能越好而测速性能越差。     

连续波测速技术述评

速度是弹道和轨道的重要测量参数之一。过去和现在,在弹道的精密测量中,广泛地使用连续波雷达进行速度测量。在航天器轨道测量中,五十年代末期到六十年代初期,主要采用了单向无线电测速系统。到六十年代中后期,美国着手研制和使用连续波雷达进行双向测速。典型的有阿波罗统一S波段系统和哥达德距离和距离变化率测量系统等。各连续波系统在技术实施方案上各有不同,体制上也各有差别。这些体制各有利弊,下面试图对各种连续波测速技术及有关问题作一些粗浅的评述。具体而言,将从单向和双向测速系统;双向测速系统;终端和数据处理方法等几个方面进行叙述。     

近距-1协议在星间测距中的应用

针对近距航天器测距的需要,将CCSDS(空间数据系统咨询委员会)近距-1协议的定时业务与微波双向单程测距法相结合进行测距。该法以直序扩频技术来获得高精度传输帧ASM(附属同步标识)最后1位下降沿的时刻,并以时间码形式,通过帧数据域在测距星之间相互对传,综合考虑协议给出的信号物理特性,对所给出的方法进行了误差分析。分析表明,航天器之间距离不远,相对速度不大时,该法具有较高精度,且与数据通信共用1套设备,降低了成本。     

干涉测量宽带相关处理算法与验证

阐述了一种用于航天器精确角位置测量的干涉测量宽带相关信号处理算法,通过仿真验证了算法的有效性,并搭建卫星干涉测量实验系统,采集某地球同步卫星信号进行宽带相关信号处理,获得清晰干涉条纹,准确估计出反映测站与卫星位置关系的时延观测量。结果表明宽带相关信号处理的估计时延与卫星信号链路标定时延、测距时延组成系统时延闭合回路,初步验证了干涉测量实验系统的有效性,为后续飞行任务中航天器高精度干涉测量积累了技术和经验。     

比相测距系统的天、地零值校准（下）

4 比相测距系统相位匹配(相位色散值)的校准 比相测距系统,不论采用伪码或侧音测距,都是将测距信号按一定方式(调相或调频)调制在载波上经天线发射到空间,再由目标应答机转发回地面接收系统,最后用测量收、发测距信号(伪码或侧音)的相位移(时延)来测定空间目标的距离。由于这种比相测距系统是以测相来实现测距的,测距信号在传输过程(地面→空间→应答机→空间→地面)任何一个环节上所产生的相移都将直接转换为距离测量值。因此,必须采用前节所述的方法首先将应     

航天器DOR信号本地相关处理的建模与仿真

详述了DOR（差分单向测距）信号的本地相关处理方法。首先根据轨道预报确定先验时延模型值,利用高精度频率估算方法估计航天器DOR信号的星上发射频率,然后通过时延模型值与频率估计值构造DOR本地模型信号,再将此模型信号分别与测站接收的DOR实测信号进行互相关运算,提取相关相位,解算高精度时延观测量。推导了DOR信号本地相关处理的数学模型,通过信号仿真验证了该方法的有效性,在仅考虑系统噪声影响与轨道预报误差的条件下,仿真时延测量精度达到0.1 ns,为深空航天器精密轨道测量提供了一种可借鉴的技术方法。     

Gravitation and celestial mechanics investigations with Galileo

The gravitation and celestial mechanics investigations during the cruise phase and Orbiter phase of the Galileo mission depend on Doppler and ranging measurements generated by the Deep Space Network (DSN) at its three spacecraft tracking sites in California, Australia, and Spain. Other investigations which also rely on DSN data, and which like ours fall under the general discipline of spacecraft radio science, are described in a companion paper by Howard et al. (1992). We group our investigations into four broad categories as follows: (1) the determination of the gravity fields of Jupiter and its four major satellites during the orbital tour, (2) a search for gravitational radiation as evidenced by perturbations to the coherent Doppler link between the spacecraft and Earth, (3) the mathematical modeling, and by implication tests, of general relativistic effects on the Doppler and ranging data during both cruise and orbiter phases, and (4) an improvement in the ephemeris of Jupiter by means of spacecraft ranging during the Orbiter phase. The gravity fields are accessible because of their effects on the spacecraft motion, determined primarily from the Doppler data. For the Galilean satellites we will determine second degree and order gravity harmonics that will yield new information on the central condensation and likely composition of material within these giant satellites (Hubbard and Anderson, 1978). The search for gravitational radiation is being conducted in cruise for periods of 40 days centered around solar opposition. During these times the radio link is least affected by scintillations introduced by solar plasma. Our sensitivity to the amplitude of sinusoidal signals approaches 10^-15 in a band of gravitational frequencies between 10^-4 and 10^-3 Hz, by far the best sensitivity obtained in this band to date. In addition to the primary objectives of our investigations, we discuss two secondary objectives: the determination of a range fix on Venus during the flyby on 10 February, 1990, and the determination of the Earth's mass (GM) from the two Earth gravity assists, EGA1 in December 1990 and EGA2 in December 1992.     

Galileo radio science investigations

The radio science investigations planned for Galileo's 6-year flight to and 2-year orbit of Jupiter use as their instrument the dual-frequency radio system on the spacecraft operating in conjunction with various US and German tracking stations on Earth. The planned radio propagation experiments are based on measurements of absolute and differential propagation time delay, differential phase delay, Doppler shift, signal strength, and polarization. These measurements will be used to study: the atmospheric and ionospheric structure, constituents, and dynamics of Jupiter; the magnetic field of Jupiter; the diameter of Io, its ionospheric structure, and the distribution of plasma in the Io torus; the diameters of the other Galilean satellites, certain properties of their surfaces, and possibly their atmospheres and ionospheres; and the plasma dynamics and magnetic field of the solar corona. The spacecraft system used for these investigations is based on Voyager heritage but with several important additions and modifications that provide linear rather than circular polarization on the S-band downlink signal, the capability to receive X-band uplink signals, and a differential downlink ranging mode. Collaboration between the investigators and the space-craft communications engineers has resulted in the first highly-stable, dual-frequency, spacecraft radio system suitable for simultaneous measurements of all the parameters normally attributed to radio waves.     

一种基于参数控制的低轨星载接收机载波跟踪算法CSCD

低轨星座接收机面临大多普勒频移及频繁快速换星等设计约束,对其载波跟踪环路设计提出了较高的动态适应性与跟踪精度要求。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法。该算法引入环路控制因子参数,将环路滤波器分为牵引和跟踪两阶段。基于理论建模推导环路控制因子的最优参数配置原则,指导实现牵引和跟踪两种状态滤波器的协同配合,在牵引阶段有效引导大多普勒信号快速入锁,在跟踪阶段精确估计载波频移参数,实现基于低轨星载平台的GNSS信号快速准确跟踪。理论与仿真结果均表明基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法能够有效提升环路的动态适应性与跟踪精度,满足低轨星载接收机的设计需求。与传统算法相比,该算法在保证信号跟踪精度的同时,能够将收敛时间缩短78%,且环路设计简单,易于硬件实现。     

Velocity changes of the Giotto spacecraft induced during the flybys of the comets P/Halley and P/Grigg-Skjellerup

The Giotto Radio-Science Experiment (GRE) was designed to measure the reaction of the spacecraft to its close encounters with the comets P/Halley and P/Grigg-Skjellerup. Radio frequency and signal level data of the downlink carrier signals at X- and S-band, recorded at many ground-based tracking stations, were used for the previous analysis. These signals were transmitted in “one-way” mode (Giotto - Earth) during a few hours about closest approach and in “two-way” mode (Earth - Giotto - Earth) during the adjacent pre-encounter and post-encounter tracking intervals. Unexpectedly large differences for the comet-induced Doppler shift residual of the Giotto signal were implied by the one-way versus the two-way data, a discrepancy which was attributed to instabilities of the on-board oscillator during the encounter. The analysis to date assumed that the two-way Doppler shift residual is exactly twice the one-way residual. As shown in this note, this is not generally the case. The spacecraft's change in velocity, which is measured in a rotating (non-inertial) system, must first be determined in the non-rotating frame by applying the appropriate coordinate transformation. The GRE results should be reinvestigated to account for this previously unrecognized effect.     

INMARSAT integrity channels for global navigation satellite systems

The transmission of integrity information using a signal format compatible with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and relayed through a geostationary satellite repeater, which will be critical in achieving high integrity and availability of global navigation by satellite is discussed. The inclusion of navigation repeaters designed to fulfil this function, the next generation of INMARSAT spacecraft, INMARSAT-3 is examined. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) integrity channel (GIC) will employ pseudorandom codes in the same family as, but distinct from, the codes reserved by GPS. The data format of the basic integrity channel is designed to convey user range error information for 24 to 40 satellites. A closed-loop timing compensation technique will be used at the uplinking Earth station, to make the signal's clock and carrier Doppler variations identical to those that would result from an onboard signal source. Therefore, the INMARSAT-3 satellites will increase the number of useful navigation satellites available to any user, and can also function as sources of precise timing. There is also a possibility that wide area differential corrections can be carried on the same signal     

异地遥测对接可行性探究

针对现有飞行器测控系统遥测对接试验周期长、效率低的不足,提出一种异地遥测对接方法.通过构建异地遥测对接系统结构,得到异地遥测对接信号链路模型.基于系统时钟抖动的频率、相位和采样时间表达形式,对异地遥测对接链路中的信号进行了具体推导.在此基础上,从频率和相位2个方面,定量分析了系统时钟抖动对异地遥测对接信号相参性的影响.分析结果表明：对于Ka频段信号,当应答机端异地遥测对接系统的时钟短期频率稳定度优于1×10^-11时,异地遥测对接系统引入的频率抖动△f≤0.6 Hz,相位抖动△φ≤0.075 rad,可认为异地遥测对接信号的相参性不受影响,异地遥测对接可行.     

深空网伪码测距技术研究

介绍了NASA深空网所采用的伪码测距的基本原理,讨论了深空航天器应答机相干转发或再生所采用伪码序列的两种形式,对再生测距系统中的具体序列产生和相关、以及用中国剩余定理解算距离的实现方法和技术途径进行了分析,并计算分析了测距精度、捕获时间等系统关键指标,以对我国深空网的建设提供技术理论参考.     

增益幅度不同时信号二维方向角和多普勒频率的盲估计

 在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,提出了一种起伏目标的二维方向角和多普勒频率盲估计的新方法。此方法在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,仍可获得很好的估计性能,并能应用于各个信号的频率相同的场合。且具有对噪声不敏感,不需进行谱峰搜索,适用范围广等特点。仿真结果表明了此算法的有效性。     

Carrier loop architectures for tracking weak GPS signals

The performance of various carrier recovery loop architectures (phase lock loop (PLL), Doppler-aided PLL, frequency lock loop (FLL), and Doppler-aided FLL) in tracking weak GPS signals are analyzed and experimentally validated. The effects of phase or frequency detector design, oscillator quality, coherent averaging time, and external Doppler aiding information on delaying loss of lock are quantified. It is shown that for PLLs the metric of total phase jitter is a reliable metric for assessing low C/N performance of the tracking loop provided the loop bandwidth is not too small (~> 5 Hz). For loop bandwidths that are not too small, total phase jitter accurately predicts carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) at which loss of lock occurs. This predicted C/N is very close to the C/N predicted by bit error rate (BER). However, unlike BER, total phase jitter can be computed in real-time and an estimator for it is developed and experimentally validated. Total phase jitter is not a replacement for BER, since at low bandwidths it is less accurate than BER in that the receiver loses lock at a higher C/N than predicted by the estimator. Similarly, for FLLs operating at small loop bandwidths, it is found that normalized total frequency jitter is not a reliable metric for assessing loss of lock in weak signal or low C/N conditions. At small loop bandwidths, while total frequency jitter may indicate that a loop is still tracking, the Doppler estimates provided by the FLL will be biased.