Recent advances in the aerothermodynamics of spiked hypersonic vehicles

Among a variety of design requirements, reducing the drag and aeroheating on hypersonic vehicles is the most crucial one. Unfortunately, these two objectives are often conflicting. On one hand, sharp slender forebodies design reduces the drag and ensures longer ranges and more economic flights. However, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic heating. On the other hand, blunt forebodies produce more drag, however, they are preferred as far as aeroheating is concerned. In addition, in the context of hypersonic vehicles, blunt geometries are preferred over slender ones for practical implications such as higher volumetric efficiency, better accommodation of crew or on-board equipment.In principle, a blunt vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds generates a strong bow shock wave ahead of its nose, which is responsible for the high drag and aeroheating levels. There have been a number of efforts devoted towards reducing both the drag and the aeroheating by modifying the flowfield ahead of the vehicle's nose. Of these techniques, using spikes is the simplest and the most reliable technique. A spike is simply a slender rod attached to the stagnation point of the vehicle's nose. The spike replaces the strong bow shock with a system of weaker shocks along with creating a zone of recirculating flow ahead of the forebody thus reducing both drag and aeroheating.Since their introduction to the high-speed vehicles domain in the late 1940s, spikes have been extensively studied using both experimental facilities and numerical simulation techniques. The present paper is devoted to surveying these studies and illustrating the contributions of the authors in this field. The paper also raises some of the areas in the field that need further investigations.     

有侧壁干扰的机翼半模型风洞实验的N-S方程数值模拟

应用三维可压、雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟了机翼半模实验风洞侧壁干扰和三维机翼半模与安装侧壁结合部流场。计算采用中心有限体积多步Runge-Kutta时间步长格式,将Baldwin-Lomax两层代数紊流模型扩展应用于三维拐角区流动。用本文方法计算了3个算例 ,并与国外的有关实验数据进行比较,计算和实验吻合良好。     

一种低副瓣波纹喇叭天线的设计与实现

文章设计了一种高斯分布的波纹喇叭天线,具有增益高、转换效率高、交叉极化低、相位中心不随频率变化的特点。该天线采用正交馈电,结构简单紧凑,以双线极化或圆极化方式工作。根据天线设计参数,建立了天线模型,进行了优化设计。仿真和实测结果表明,天线在频率34～36 GHz范围内,增益大于20dBi,方向图在E面和H面具有良好对称性,副瓣电平不大于-26 d B,驻波比小于1.5,整体性能满足工程应用要求。     

低声爆静音锥设计方法研究

 声爆精确预测及低声爆设计方法已成为新一代军民用超声速飞机研制过程中必须解决的关键难题之一。基于计算流体力学(CFD)、波形参数法以及MARK-VII方法构建了高精度声爆预测方法,利用该方法对低声爆静音锥的设计展开研究。研究结果表明,静音锥的设计存在临界长度,静音锥长度小于临界长度时,静音锥产生的激波在传播过程中与机头弓形激波合并,静音锥无法起到降低声爆的作用;静音锥长度大于临界长度时,声爆水平也会略有上升。静音锥临界长度随飞行高度和飞行马赫数的变化而变化,可以根据实际飞行状态采用可伸缩设计,达到最佳的低声爆效果。多级静音锥利用多道弱激波取代机头强弓形激波,其声爆水平较单级静音锥也更低,同样,多级静音锥每一级的长度也要达到临界长度。不同静音锥头部形状产生的脱体激波形状不同,脱体距离也不同,导致阻力系数以及静音锥壁面温度有所不同,但静音锥头部形状对远场声爆信号的影响并不明显。采用静音锥的低声爆方案与原始方案比较,声爆水平得到大幅降低,阻力系数略有上升。     

硬脆材料光滑表面超精磨削的研究

利用自行研制的专用小电流低电压脉冲/直流电解电源和非线性弱电解水基磨削液,在MM712OA精密平面磨床上制作了一套ELID磨削装置,对硬脆材料的ELID光滑表面磨削技术进行了系统的研究,获得了砂轮修整参数及磨削参数与光滑表面磨削粗糙度之间的关系。     

侧向喷流与飞行器三维绕流干扰流场特性的DSMC/EPSM数值模拟

采用DSMC/EPSM混合算法,研究了带有侧向喷流的复杂外形高超声速飞行器稀薄区和连续区三维混合流场的干扰特性。采用一种飞行器物面网格与DSMC计算域网格分别标识的方法,通过判断模拟分子与表面碰撞来完成飞行器物面网格与DSMC计算域网格间的信息传递和信息存贮,对于复杂外形飞行器的精确描述的物面网格不需做进一步处理,直接应用于不依赖于飞行器外形的DSMC计算的通用子程序中。引入碰撞数做为混合参数,对流动区域进行划分,并通过网格中碰撞数的统计和处理,有效地将DSMC和EPSM方法结合在一起。仿真计算了三维复杂外形飞行器带喷流流场压力、热流分布量,飞行器表面气动力、气动力矩和气动热参数,对喷流与高超声速空气绕流相互作用以及它们与物面之间的相互扰动进行了分析,证明了采用的方案和技术的有效性。     

A Design for Thick Film Microcircuit DC-to-DC Converter Electronics

The design concept for thick film microcircuit dc-to-dc converter electronics used in the power subsystem of the Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft is presented. Microcircuits have been used in low power logic circuits for nearly ten years, but only recently have these techniques been applied to power subsystem circuits which operate at higher power levels. Thick film microcircuit techniques have been utilized in a dc-to-dc converter reducing weight by 70 percent, volume by 80 percent, and interconnections by 75 percent. The close piece-part spacing allowed short interconnections and lower dissipation, and reduced noise coupling. The developed microcircuit handled total power levels from one watt to twenty-five watts.     

大型飞机增升装置气动噪声研究进展

对于现代大型商用飞机而言,在飞机进场和降落阶段,由于飞机发动机处于低功率状态而起落架和增升装置全部打开,此时的机体噪声十分明显,在飞机总的噪声中所占的比重不容忽视。近几十年的大量研究,已经对增升装置的气动噪声特性和机理有相当程度的认识,并在流动控制和降噪技术方面取得丰硕成果。本文主要介绍国内外在大型飞机增升装置气动噪声领域所取得的研究成果和最新进展。增升装置的噪声主要是由前缘缝翼凹槽产生的低频离散噪声、襟翼侧缘的中频宽带噪声和前缘缝翼尾缘涡脱落的高频离散噪声三部分组成。目前,降噪技术主要分成被动流动控制降噪技术和主动流动控制降噪技术两类,被动降噪技术有前缘凹槽遮挡、前缘凹槽填充、前缘下垂等;主动流动控制手段有吹吸气、等离子体激励器等。     

带输出轴的直升机进气道设计改进

利用自主软件NAPA对典型带输出轴的直升机进气道进行了三维流场数值分析,通过修正进气道输出轴迎风侧的管道曲率半径、在背风侧增添优化的尾锥,改进设计了原型进气道并进行了模拟.结果表明,原型进气道由于输出轴堵塞了流道,使输出轴背风侧存在很大的分离,同时迎风侧存在转弯损失,导致出口面流场畸变严重.改型进气道减小了输出轴背风侧的分离和迎风侧的转弯损失,使其既保持了高总压恢复系数,且畸变指数最大降低了74％.      

Control technique for high power factor multilevel rectifier

Three control techniques for a high power factor multilevel pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier are proposed. The proposed rectifier is based on series connection of full-bridge cell to achieve a high power factor, low current distortion, low voltage stress of power semiconductors and two balanced output voltages. The look-up table is used in the proposed control schemes to reduce the hardware circuit. A capacitor voltage compensator is used to balance two dc capacitor voltages in order to obtain high quality PWM voltage pattern. Based on the proposed control schemes, two-level or three-level PWM pattern can be generated on the ac side of the adopted rectifier. The proposed techniques for a high power factor multilevel rectifier illustrate its validity and effectiveness through the respective simulations and experiments. According to the measured results, the current harmonics drawn from the mains meet the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1000-3-2 limits     

带减阻杆高超声速飞行器外形气动特性研究

采用高超声速风洞测力试验方法测量钝头飞行器头部减阻杆的高超声速气动特性,研究减阻杆的气动减阻原理,分析了多组不同构型减阻杆的减阻效果。结果表明,减阻杆显著减少了钝头飞行器高超声速的阻力,最大的减阻率达到60％之多;减阻效果与减阻杆构型和迎角状态密切相关;减阻杆会诱发稳定性、“热斑”以及非定常脉动等不利问题。     

Surveillance through walls and other opaque materials

The Department of Defense (DoD) has funded a dazzling array of “high tech” solutions for many of the problems facing our military forces. Many of these “solutions” have been effective for long range mass destruction but have not been applicable for the close-in hand-to-hand combat that is on our streets. Our goal at the Hughes AET Center has been to convert “high tech” DoD capabilities into cost effective tools to help law enforcement agencies do their jobs better. Surveillance systems presently used by law enforcement officers make extensive use of television, infrared and other Line-of-Sight (LOS) surveillance systems. However, these systems cannot tell what is happening on the other side of a wall, behind bushes, around the corner, in the dark or through a dense fog. A new sensor has been developed that uses technology developed by the DoD for missile warhead fuzing. This small, light weight, low power “Radar” is based upon the fact that radio waves can penetrate nonmetallic materials. This new surveillance capability can help provide information about what is in a wall, ceiling or floor or on the other side of a door or concrete wall. Real field scenarios are used in this paper to show how this radar works and how field users can tell if someone is moving inside a building, even from remote locations     

二元波瓣喷管排气引射系统的试验研究

通过７种二元波瓣喷管排气引射系统的对比试验,研究了二元波瓣喷管的波瓣结构形状、排列方式和间距等参数对排气引射系统气动性能的影响。试验结果表明：错列二元波瓣喷管引射性能和强化混合性能比对列的好,但其压力损失系数比对列的大;波瓣内外间距相同的二元波瓣喷管比波瓣内间距为外间距两倍的气动性能好;波瓣切口错列的二元波瓣喷管的引射性能和强化混合性能最好,但其压力损失系数也最大。在各组合方案中,波瓣间距相同对列的二元波瓣喷管与带有多套环结构的混合管组成的排气引射系统综合气动性能最好     

波瓣喷管引射-混合器的数值研究与验证

对基于CFD数值预测波瓣喷管引射 混合器引射流量比的计算方法进行了探讨,在计算过程中,主流进口采用速度边界条件,二次流进口采用总压压力边界条件,混合流出口采用静压压力边界条件,两者均设置为环境大气压力,与相关实验数据的对比验证表明计算结果与实验结果仅相差10%左右;同时通过改变混合管结构参数,得到了混合管结构参数对引射 混合特性的影响规律,进一步揭示了波瓣喷管有利于强化引射 混合的内在机理。在波瓣喷管出口对应于波谷区域存在一个相对低的静压区,对于引射 混合器系统存在一个最优的性能设计点,计算结果符合物理过程本质。     

On combining adaptive nullsteering with high resolution angleestimation under main lobe interference conditions

When adaptive nullsteering is applied to attenuate interfering signals which are received via the main lobe, two limitations manifest themselves: the sidelobe level increases and the peak of the main beam shifts away from the desired look direction (squinted main beam). A two-step method is described which maintains angular accuracy even under main lobe interference conditions. In the first step, adaptive nullsteering is performed to enable the detection of targets; the distortion of the main beam is allowed. In the second step, high-resolution angle estimation techniques are used to obtain the angles of the target and the interference sources. The procedure requires prior knowledge of the number of interfering signals; an interference map can be used to provide this information     

Tests of the Gravitational Inverse Square Law at Short Ranges

A laboratory test and several geophysical tests conducted in the last decades of the 20th century suggested deviations from the inverse square distance dependence of Newton’s law of gravity. While further work has failed to substantiate these results, renewed interest in inverse square law tests of increased sensitivity has been stimulated by a wide range of new theoretical ideas. Of particular interest are tests at submillimeter ranges, which could reveal the existence of compact new dimensions accessible only to gravity. This paper reviews the current status of inverse square law tests, with emphasis on present and proposed experimental techniques.     

过渡领域三维绕流直接统计模拟位置元法的一种新方案

本文发展了ＤＳＭＣ方法计算三维绕流位置元方法的新方案，其总体方案和实施细节都是在分析和探索的基础上由我们自己提出的，特别还解决了除气动力、矩总体量以外的气动加热和压力分布等局部分布量的计算所提出的新问题。对于表面位置元的标识、分子的进入及与表面碰撞的判断、网格初始划分与调整、分布量计算对模拟过程及信息存贮所提的特殊要求等进行了分析和讨论，并通过与准确结果的比较证明了采用的方案和技术的有效性。     

波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能影响

依据某型涡扇发动机波瓣S型混合二元喷管,保持波瓣混合器长度、内扩张角、外扩张角以及宽高比不变,依次取波瓣混合器波瓣数为12,14,16,18,20,建立了一组具有不同波瓣数的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型.采用经过验证的CFD方法,研究了波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能的影响规律.结果表明:在波瓣尾缘截面至第1个S弯截面区域,波瓣数对流体混合程度产生很大影响,并且热混合效率近乎随波瓣数增加而增加.在第1个S弯截面至波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面区域,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的总压恢复系数始终最低,其余模型的总压恢复系数以及热混合效率没有明显差别.在波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面上,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的热混合效率最高,达到0.850,然而其总压恢复系数相对于该截面上最高值下降了0.289%.此外,波瓣S型混合二元喷管的渐缩型流道能够提高流向涡强迫混合效果,但同时也加速流向涡的耗散速率.      

UC3724／UC3725功率MOSFET驱动电路芯片组的应用

高电压、大电流N沟道MOSFET越来越广泛地应用于大功率的电力电子设备中。UNITRODE公司的UC3724／UC3725芯片组通过使用一种独特的调制技术－－通过小型的高频脉冲变压器同时传输信号和功率，实现简单高效的带有电气隔离的MOSFET驱动电路。此电路具有可工作在任意占空比下、实用性强、电路结构简单、响应速度快、输出阻抗小等特点。