多级轴流压气机湍流和二次流径向掺混的简单统一模型及其应用

本文构造出一套新的统一表示湍流和二次流径向掺混作用的多级轴流压气机子午通流流场的模型方程组。除了掺混系数外,新的方程组没有其它的未知关联项,使得含径向掺混的多级轴流压气机子午通流的计算简单得多,相应计算机程序的计算时间只是无粘计算机时的约1.5倍。新方程组的数值结果与试验结果以及与则Gallimore掺混理论结果比较,表明新方程组的合理性和优越性。新方程组有严格的理论基础,不仅能用于亚音压气机,还可能用于跨音和超音压气机。      

分析计算航天飞机气动系数的边界元局部方法

空间运载工具设计阶段为分析比较不同外形高超音速各流动领域的性能,广泛应用局部方法。在其原始形式下,形状函数计算繁复,并限于简单几何外形组成的轴对称体。用边界元局部方法进行形状函数计算,可免去原局部方法面积分的繁复和藉助表格的局限。对STS-1轨道飞行器外形进行计算得到丁形状函数,并根据实验数据确定领域系数。由此计算出飞行器的法向力、轴向力和俯仰力矩系数,计算结果与实验数据相符。     

Sensitivity Analysis of Finite-Lag Receivers

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a class of receivers called finite-lag receivers, introduced by the authors in [1] through [3]. Since these receivers are based on the use of fixed-lag smoothing techniques, algorithms for the calculation of large-scale and small-scale sensitivities of fixed-lag smoothing are derived using a state augmentation approach. Steady-state analysis of these algorithms shows that an explicit relation can be obtained between sensitivity coefficients of fixed-lag smoothing and filtering. The specific case of sensitivity to variations in the measurement (channel) noise is considered as an example. These results are applied to study the sensitivity performance of the finite-lag receivers for analog communication. It is shown, for example, that finite-lag receivers for AM signals, besides being superior in performance [1]-[3], [11], in terms of output SNR or error variance, are also much less sensitive to the additive noise power level, compared to zero-lag receivers.     

Comments, with reply, on `Parallel resonant converter with LLC-typecommutation'

In a recent paper by C.Q. Lee et al. (ibid., vol.25, no.6, p. 844-7, Nov. 1989), the authors analyzed a DC-DC converter that they termed the LLC-type PRC (parallel resonant converter). Its resonant network contains three active components-two inductances and a parallel capacitance-and as a consequence the converter might be expected to have third-order dynamics. But Lee et al. employed a matrix transformation to show that the behavior of the circuit may be represented as a state-plane trajectory, as for a second-order circuit. The purpose of this contribution is to show that the converter has a zero-frequency eigenvalue, associated with undesirable circulating DC. The second-order dynamics exhibited by the third-order converter are explained by an application of Thevenin's theorem. Some aerospace applications of the LLC-type parallel resonant converter (PRC) are discussed. In their reply, the authors show that the circulating direct current does not exist in the practical converter circuit     

层板内部压力分布及流阻特性实验

在冲击雷诺数为1×104~6×104条件下,针对不同气膜孔开孔率两种层板模型,实验研究了靶面、冲击面、扰流柱面压力系数分布以及冲击射流、绕流、溢流的局部损失和整体损失系数.结果表明:靶面由于滞止区加速流动向着壁面射流区减速流动过渡,压力系数出现二次峰值.两股冲击射流在靶面相汇形成低压力系数区,相汇后翻卷回冲击面形成低压力系数区.距离冲击孔较远的两排扰流柱表面压力系数分布受雷诺数影响较大.雷诺数Re≤3×104时,压力分布表现为横掠单管的绕流特征.雷诺数Re≥4×104时,压力分布表现为翻卷绕流特征.溢流损失系数最大,绕流损失系数次之,冲击射流损失系数最小.开孔率减小一半,冲击射流损失和绕流损失变化较小,气膜孔溢流损失升高至少4倍.      

气冷叶片表面局部对流换热系数的数值计算

本文提出了联立求解二维可压缩边界层方程组和稳定导热方程的迭代法,从而修正了文献[1]假定物体表面温度等于来流总温的局限;同时提供了用这种方法计算气冷叶片表面局部对流换热系数的完整的FORTRAN程序。文中用近似积分法求解边界层方程组,用有限元素法计算叶片的稳定温度场。算例的结果与有关的理论及实验结果相接近。     

Stochastic Dynamic System Suboptimal Control with Uncertain Parameters

The control of a linear system with random coefficients is studied here. The cost function is of a quadratic form and the random coefficients are assumed to be partially observable by the controller. By means of the stochastic Bellman equation, the optimal control of stochastic dynamic models with partially observable coefficients is derived. The optimal control is shown to be a linear function of the observable states and a nonlinear function of random parameters. The theory is applied to an optimal control design of an aircraft landing in wind gust.     

变系数飞行器系统气动系数辨识计算与应用

本文研究了变系数飞行器系统气动系数的辨识算法。变系数系统的辨识计算通常是非常困难的。本文依据飞行试验中实际测量,通过对飞行器变系数微分方程组中系数变化趋势的分析,转方程中变系数为一个变化规律已知的函数与未知常数的乘积,把这些未知常数当作待定系数,然后推广Newton-Ra-phson法到变系数微分方程组中,通过迭代法求这些待定系数,这样就使得复杂的变系数飞行器系统的辨识计算得以实现。为了证明这种算法的有效性,本文从飞行器的一次不稳定飞行的测量数据,计算了该飞行器的气动系数,并讨论了辨识计算所得气动系数的可信度,计算结果与实际符合较好,在改进飞行器的飞行试验中起了一定作用。     

Performance analysis for DOA estimation algorithms: unification,simplification, and observations

Subspace based direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation has motivated many performance studies, but limitations such as the assumption of an infinite amount of data and analysis of individual algorithms generally exist in these performance studies. The authors have previously proposed a unified performance analysis based on a finite amount of data and achieved a tractable expression for the mean-squared DOA estimation error for the multiple signal classification (MUSIC). Min-Norm, estimation of signal parameters using rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT), and state-space realization algorithms. However, this expression uses the singular values and vectors of a data matrix, which are obtained by the highly nonlinear transformation of the singular value decomposition (SVD). Thus the effects of the original data parameters such as numbers of sensors and snapshots, source coherence and separations were not explicitly analyzed. The authors unify and simplify this previous result and derive a unified expression based on the original data parameters. They analytically observe the effects of these parameters on the estimation error     

深空探测器飞行动力学计算与参数优化分析

根据航天(宇航)动力学理论,建立了深空探测器在空间复杂力场作用下的动力学方程;编制了探测器与空间各星体间相对位置和相对运动的管理软件;对空间各星体的引力进行了实时分析与计算;并以土星探测器为例,研究了其飞行参数的优化设计以及飞行轨道的计算机仿真。仿真结果与国外某土星探测器的飞行轨道及飞行时间基本吻合,从而证明所建立的计算模型是正确的,数值计算方法和程序是可行的。     

The capital, energy, and time economics of an automated, on-demandtransportation system

Many transit and rail planners believe that the only way to decrease the capital and operating cost of rail and transit systems is to decrease the size and weight of the vehicles. The authors discuss the requirements of such a downsized transportation system and the benefits to be gained by decreasing the size of the operational vehicles. Not only can the capital and operating cost of the system be dramatically decreased, but the operational requirements of a system involving the use of smaller vehicles permits its use as an on-demand system, further increasing system utility to the passenger and system operator. The capital cost, energy economics, and the economics of the CyberTran transportation system are reviewed     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coefficients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods: wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method,due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods.First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was presented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coeffcients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods:wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method, due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods. First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was pre-sented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the pro-posed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

基于两层POD和BPNN的翼型反设计方法

翼型优化过程需要大量的 CFD 分析,计算量大、耗时长。本文发展基于本征正交分解（POD）和反向传播神经网络（BPNN）的翼型反设计方法,该方法的优化过程如下：首先,通过 Hicks-Henne 参数化,在设计空间中构造翼型外形的样本库,并利用 Xfoil/Fluent 对样本翼型的流场进行求解;然后,对翼面压力系数和几何外形分别建立 POD 模型,即两层 POD 模型,并得到对应的基模态系数;最后,使用 BPNN 建立从压力系数的基模态系数到几何外形的基模态系数的映射,实现在给定压力系数下对几何外形的快速预测。通过算例分析,结果表明：在亚/跨声速状态,基于 200 个样本训练所得的两层 POD+BPNN 模型可以实现对具有目标压力系数分布的翼型的预测,其精度满足翼型反设计要求。     

A Comparison of Second, Third, and Fourth Order Phase-Locked Loops

This paper presents data describing various performance characteristics of phase-locked loops, which were obtained for the purpose of determining an optimum selection of system order in view of typical operating conditions. With the functions optimized with respect to particular performance characteristics, calculations of the integrated square error and peak error with polynomial inputs are presented in terms of the noise bandwidth; and the generalized error coefficients are also provided in terms of the bandwidth with consideration for the use of both perfect and imperfect integrators. With specific input functions as provided by signals transmitted from earth satellites, an improved performance is demonstrated with the use of the higher order loops, and experimental results verify the calculations and also demonstrate the feasibility of the fourth order loop design.     

Harmonic analysis of a parallel-loaded resonant converter

A method for calculating the harmonic components of the currents and voltages in a parallel-loaded resonant converter using frequency-domain techniques is presented. The converter is divided into an inverter section and a rectifier section. A harmonic model is developed for the resonant converter in which the rectifier section is treated as a voltage-dependent current sink. All voltages and currents in this model are represented by a Fourier series. The unknown coefficients in all Fourier series are calculated by using the harmonic model and Kirchhoff's laws. Because of the nonlinear nature of the rectifier section, an iterative technique must be utilized to find the unknown Fourier coefficients     

Sikkim's Teesta River fog, mist and dust particle monitoring using monostatic LIDAR

Fog, mist, and atmospheric dust particles, having the dimension of one micrometer or less, play an important role in the deterioration of visibility, as well as in causing local warming in the atmosphere. With an attempt to reduce the deterioration, a scientific approach has to be taken to determine their origins. A monostatic LIDAR may be one of the best instruments for such work. The authors are tempted to develop such a LIDAR for fog, mist, and dust particle monitoring over River Teesta at Sikkim. LIDAR is an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging. What can we do with LIDAR? Measure distance, measure speed, measure rotation, measure chemical composition and concentration, and measure cross-sections of the targets. The digital technique is always utilized for its development which results in better security, lower power consumption, higher power efficiency, higher reliability, lower transmitter power, lower multipath effect, higher interference suppression as compared to an analog system. The commercial systems like disdometer, rain radar, mobile robot, etc., utilizing LIDAR principles are operational in different parts of the world. The authors are highly motivated for such LIDAR development and their development effort follows.     

流变模型对航空润滑油拖动系数计算的影响

模拟航空发动机轴承多种工况,测量了润滑油的拖动系数,并利用多种流变模型对拖动系数进行了理论计算。结果表明：弹流工况下,航空润滑油在滑滚比较小时表现为黏弹性,滑滚比较大时表现为黏性;流变模型的选择对于拖动系数的计算结果具有重要影响;不适合采用牛顿模型来预测弹流工况下润滑油的拖动系数;目前为止,在整个工况范围内采用Johnson-Tevaarwerk模型预测润滑油的拖动系数精度较高,但热效应较显著时预测热效应区的拖动系数有较大误差,该模型还需进一步完善。     

Radar Waveform Synthesis by Mean Square Optimization Techniques

The synthesis of the phase-modulated waveform whose ambiguity function is the optimum estimate of some desired ambiguity function is accomplished by expanding the phase modulation in an orthogonal series. The ambiguity function x (?, ?d)|2 and the value of an arbitrary cost function defined on the (?, ?d) plane are then expressed in terms of the coefficients of the orthogonal series. The optimum waveform can then be determined by solving the variational equations for the coefficients. Numerical examples are presented for the case where it is desired to synthesize a desired ambiguity function x(?, ?d) for some rectangular region of the (?, ?d) plane.