7085铝合金残余应力及加工变形的数值仿真与试验

毛坯残余应力的测量以及零件的加工变形分析是航空整体结构件数控加工工艺研究的难题。应用MSC.Marc软件对某型飞机主起支撑接头的7085铝合金锻件毛坯的淬火-压缩工艺进行了数值仿真,获得了毛坯残余应力分布趋势;应用X射线衍射法与钻孔法测量了毛坯表层残余应力分布,提出了基于系数修正法的毛坯残余应力分析方法,通过最小二乘法（LSM）拟合仿真值与试验值以获得应力修正系数,并对毛坯残余应力分布的仿真结果进行修正,获得了实际毛坯的残余应力分布;由此进行了主起支撑接头缩比零件加工变形仿真与验证试验。研究结果表明：7085铝合金块状毛坯残余应力数值仿真结果与测试结果的趋势吻合,为应力修正提供了物理基础;相对于未修正的应力分布,基于修正后的应力分布仿真获得的变形结果精度提高了50%;7085-T7452铝合金的毛坯残余应力是导致主起支撑接头加工变形的主要因素。     

X射线法测试钛合金结构件残余应力的适用性研究

利用四点弯曲机加载的钛合金板材试样及高应力钛合金标样模拟结构件表面测试状态,研究X射线法测试复杂钛合金构件表面残余应力的适用性。结果表明:表面曲率及β角扫描范围对测试结果影响不显著;径向测试面倾角大于20°时测试重复性急剧变差,超过30°时结果不可使用,轴向测试面测试结果随倾角增大而减小,30°时减小超过20%。     

材料表面残余应力测试技术研究

在生产、处理或加工材料的过程中,由于材料的局部区域的不均匀塑性变形,产生了残余应力。残余应力对疲劳强度、抗蚀性、尺寸稳定性、相变、硬度等均有影响;提高表面塑变抗力,降低表层的有效拉应力,可以抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,提高疲劳强度。本文主要以结构钢、不锈钢类材料为研究对象,应用x射线衍射原理测定表面残余应力,讨论x射线法测残余应力的要点,分析能够影响测定结果的技术因素、材料因素及被测件的几何因素,并找出应力分析仪最佳的测试参数。     

不同工件超光滑表面残余应力的测试研究

通过对玻璃、陶瓷、金属3个试件进行超精密加工,使试件表面粗糙度达到纳米级,采用非破坏性的X射线衍射sin2ψ法测量原理对不同试件的残余应力进行了测试研究。结果表明:在本试验条件下,3个试件都只存在残余压应力,并且陶瓷的残余压应力最大,金属残余压应力最小。     

基于云纹干涉与钻孔法的等离子热障涂层残余应力实验研究

应用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合的光测力学实验方法,研究了等离子热障涂层基体材料镍基高温合金DZ125的残余应力。通过实验和计算获得了等离子喷涂工艺下基体DZ125的残余变形场、残余应变场和残余应力,并描述了其主要特征。结果表明,采用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合测定热障涂层残余应力具有全场测量和高灵敏度等优点,这对于采用光学手段研究热障涂层残余应力有着积极的意义。     

304奥氏体不锈钢喷丸引起的组织转变和两相残余应力测定

采用X射线衍射技术研究了304奥氏体不锈钢喷丸过程所引起的组织结构变化以及两相组织中每相的残余应力。试验结果表明,喷丸强化可使亚稳态304奥氏体材料表面发生γ→α转变,在相同的喷丸强度下转变量与喷丸弹丸种类规格关系很大,而且与喷丸时间有关;表面两相组织γ和α相各自的残余应力可采用X射线衍射应力仪进行测定,两相的残余应力数值相差很大。     

冷挤压强化对GH4169合金孔结构室温低循环疲劳寿命影响

对GH4169合金中心孔板材试样进行冷挤压强化,测试了挤压前后GH4169中心孔板材试样在663 MPa/20℃条件下的低循环疲劳寿命;分别采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射残余应力仪、表面轮廓仪分析了疲劳断口、疲劳过程中残余应力场的演化以及表面形貌。结果表明:冷挤压强化后孔结构的疲劳寿命提高为原始试样的2.6倍。冷挤压强化对孔壁的强化效果使得冷挤压试样疲劳源萌生于倒角处单源,而原始试样萌生于孔壁多源。经过50000周次疲劳实验,冷挤压强化残余压应力有所松弛,但进口端与出口端的表面残余应力分别保持了55%和75%。冷挤压后孔壁表面粗糙度R_a由0.354μm减小到0.297μm。     

基于云纹干涉法与钻孔法的等离子热障涂层残余应力实验

应用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合的光测力学实验方法,研究了等离子热障涂层基体材料镍基高温合金DZ125的残余应力.通过实验和计算获得了等离子喷涂工艺下基体DZ125的残余变形场、残余应变场和残余应力,并描述了其主要特征.结果表明,采用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合测定热障涂层残余应力具有全场测量和高灵敏度等优点,这对于采用光学手段研...     

铝锂合金激光焊T型接头残余应力分布特征

分别采用激光焊、激光填丝焊、MIG焊等焊接方法对5A90铝锂合金T型接头进行焊接,然后采用X射线衍射法对其进行残余应力测量,获得了T型接头垂直于焊缝方向不同位置处的残余应力分布,并分析了不同焊接方法对其残余应力分布规律的影响。     

基于轮廓法测试铝合金拉弯成形残余应力研究

以2026-T3511铝合金T形结构件的拉弯成形件为研究对象,首先采用线切割将T形结构件分割成两块具有T形截面的试样,然后基于轮廓法测试应力原理应用激光位移传感器分别测试两个分割截面的轮廓变化,进而将两个截面的测量值拟合平均后与有限元模型结合以计算该试样的初始残余应力,从而获得该T形结构件的横截面法向应力并分析其分布特征。研究结果表明,基于轮廓法测得的应力分布与有限元仿真结果分布规律相近:峰值压应力为60MPa,峰值拉应力为40MPa;轮廓法在航空结构件应力测试中能够准确地获得其他测试方法无法获得的横截面完整的应力分布。     

Effects of in-situ TiB2 particles on machinability and surface integrity in milling of TiB2/2024 and TiB2/7075 Al composites

In-situ ceramics particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are favored in the aerospace industry due to excellent properties. However, the hard ceramic particles as the reinforcement phase bring challenges to machining. To study the effect of in-situ TiB₂ particles on machinability and surface integrity of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite, milling experiments were performed, and compared with conventional 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. In-situ TiB₂ particles clustered at the grain boundaries and dispersed inside the matrix alloy grains hinder the dislocation movement of the matrix alloy. Therefore, the milling force and temperature of the composites are higher than those of the aluminum alloys due to the increase of the strength and the decrease of the plasticity. In the milling of composites, abrasive wear is the main wear form of carbide tools, due to the scratching of hard nano-TiB₂ particles. The composites containing in-situ TiB₂ particles have machining defects such as smearing, micro-scratches, micro-pits and tail on the machined surface. However, in-situ TiB₂ particles impede the plastic deformation of the composites, which greatly reduces cutting edge marks on the machined surface. Therefore, under the same milling parameters, the surface roughness of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite is much less than that of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy respectively. Under the milling conditions of this experiment, the machined subsurface has no metamorphic layer, and the microhardness of the machined surface is almost the same as that of the material. Besides, compared with 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy, machined surfaces of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite both show tensile residual stress or low magnitude of compressive residual stress.     

热处理工艺对新淬火态硬铝合金薄板组织性能的影响

 为了研究新淬火态硬铝合金蜂窝面板的残余应力与力学性能在不同热处理工艺参数下的变化规律,以退火态2A12硬铝合金薄板为对象,设计了在不同的试件取样方向、加热温度、转移时间、介质水温下的淬火正交试验,并测量试件的力学性能和长度方向上的残余应力等考核指标。通过对薄板微观组织的观察及试验中测量数据的对比分析,表明对于新淬火态2A12硬铝合金薄板,水温变化对铝合金薄板的指标影响最为显著,而微观组织中的GP区和过渡相的相互作用对薄板性能起着重要作用。此外在兼顾各指标的情况下,对正交试验中所采用的工艺因素进行了优选。     

Residual Stress Measurement for Ion-implanted NiTi Alloy by Using Moiré Interferometry and Hole-drilling Combined Method

Residual stresses in ion-implanted NiTi alloy are measured by a combined method of Moiré interferometry and hole-drilling. Oxygen ions are implanted into the NiTi alloy under a voltage of 30 kV by a dose of 1.0×1017 ions/cm2 for one hour. Subsequently, in order to avoid dimensional error, a hole is drilled exactly in the center of the sample. The distribution of residual stresses around the hole is measured. It is indicated that the method which combines the Moiré interferometry with hole-drilling is able to be used to measure residual stresses produced by ion implantation.     

Residual stress determination in friction stir butt welded joints using a digital image correlation-aided slitting technique

This paper presents an incremental cutting method for evaluating the longitudinal residual stresses in a butt welded thin plate via combining the traditional residual stress measurement methods and the advanced optical technique.The proposed approach,which can be called digital image correlation (DIC)-aided slitting technique,introduces a successive extension slot to a speci men and employs the DIC technique to measure the released displacement profiles of the cutting sections after each cutting increment.Then the displacement profiles are used to directly calculate the residual stress distributions up to the slot tip and hence,a stress distribution can be obtained after a cutting increment.Finally,all of the stress distributions are averaged to ultimately determine the original residual stress field.This method does not include any complex experimental operations or tedious derivation,and the resolution of stress variation is greatly improved by the continuous measurement of the released displacements.The presented method has been preliminarily verified by a specimen with residual stress introduced by a four-point bending test.The results show that residual stresses determined by the DIC-aided slitting technique agree well with those from finite element (FE) prediction.The residual stress in a friction stir welded aluminum specimen obtained by the presented technique is also consistent with the evaluations given by X-ray diffraction.Fur thermore,the residual stresses obtained by the DIC-aided slitting technique demonstrate higher accuracy and stability than the evaluations derived by the DIC-aided contour method.     

加工工艺对7075 铝合金紧固孔表面质量的影响

为确定最佳制孔工艺、获得理想表面特性,从表面完整性和疲劳寿命角度对7075铝合金飞机紧固孔表面质量进行了实验性和数值仿真研究.通过比较常规多步制孔和钻扩铰一步复合工艺(Winslow),发现钻扩铰多步慢进给工艺(DBM)和Winslow所产生的表面具有较小的Ra值,较少的加工缺陷、较大的残余压应力及较高的疲劳强度,而后者的Ra值低于前者60％,疲劳寿命高于前者23％;基于实验数据,建立了切削参数对表面粗糙度和残余应力影响的经验公式;应用数值仿真分析了加工过程中应变和切削温度的变化规律;探讨了Winslow工艺的强化机理;指出适当减少进给量、增加切削速度能够提高紧固孔的表面质量.     

激光冲击强化7075铝合金熔焊接头的疲劳性能

激光冲击强化（LSP）技术具有残余压应力场深、冷作硬化程度低和强化区域可控等优点,在焊接结构表面改性方面应用前景广阔。对2 mm厚度的7075-T6铝合金激光-电弧复合焊接接头实施了激光冲击强化处理,对比分析了强化前后接头的硬度、残余应力、疲劳寿命以及疲劳裂纹形核机制。结果表明,焊缝中心的最高硬度由强化前的152 HV提高到强化后的175 HV,有效强化层深度约为100 μm;经激光冲击强化后,焊缝区呈现残余压缩应力,最大残余压应力为-200 MPa;9组焊接接头试样的平均疲劳寿命为675 937周,约为强化前疲劳寿命（262 297周）的2.6倍;疲劳裂纹萌生位置从具有高度应力集中的表面缺陷转移至强化层以下的亚表面,进而有效地提高了疲劳裂纹的形核寿命。     

芳纶－铝合金胶接层板残余应力分析与测定

 分析了芳纶－铝合金胶接层板在固化过程中形成的残余应力以及预应力与残余应力的关系。为验证分析所得的表达式,采用应变片包理法测定了层板的残余应力,结果表明,层板纤维方向的残余应力实测值与分析值相吻合。