On near wall measurements of wall bounded flows—The necessity of an accurate determination of the wall position

The present review paper is an account on the experimental determination of the wall position relative to the probe in wall-bounded turbulent flow studies. A thorough review on common measurement techniques as well as correction methods reveals, that there are a number of pitfalls, that—when not accounted for—can lead to wrong conclusions about the wall position and thereby also on the near-wall behaviour of mean and turbulence quantities. Employing the state-of-the-art databases from direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows various indirect methods have been tested and assessed in terms of their robustness and accuracy. It is also demonstrated that accurate measurements reaching the viscous sublayer are necessary in order to ensure a correctly deduced wall position, and dependent quantities as for instance the near-wall scaling of mean (e.g. Reynolds number dependence of the buffer region or the log law constants) and turbulence (e.g. the near-wall peak location of Reynolds stresses) quantities.In experiments using hot-wires near the wall it is well known that heat conduction between the hot-wire and the wall gives errors and mean velocity data from the viscous sublayer can usually not be used to determine the wall position. In this paper we introduce a new method which takes advantage of the similarity of the probability density distributions (pdf) in the near wall region. By using the high velocity data of the pdf, which is shown not to be affected by heat conduction, the heat conduction problem can be circumvented.Extensive appendices are included, describing the history and present knowledge about the scaling of the mean velocity in the near wall and overlap regions in wall bounded turbulent flows.     

Predicted performance of a rotating modulation collimator for locating celestial x-ray sources

A method of determining the position of celestial X-ray sources which utilizes a modulation collimator rotating about a fixed axis is presented. The signal from each source in the field of view is modulated by a frequency which is fixed by the radial distance from the intersection of the rotation axis and the celestial sphere. The phase of the modulation is determined by the angular distance of the source from a reference line on the celestial sphere. Thus, the modulation function for each source is unique. The data are reduced by the technique of Fourier analysis. Synthesized experimental data for the cases of a single source and for five sources in the field of view are analysed. The ability to distinguish and accurately locate each source in a multiple source field is a major achievement of this method. Sources can be located with an accuracy which is competitive with other methods. An experiment based on this method can be lifted on an Aerobee 150 system.This work was supported by grant NsG-386 from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

Adaptive resolution of mainlobe and sidelobe detections using model order determination

This work presents the development and performance evaluation of a methodology for distinguishing between mainlobe and sidelobe detections that arise in adaptive radar systems operating in adverse environments. Various adaptive detection test statistics such as the adaptive matched filter (AMF), the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), and adaptive coherence estimate (ACE), and combinations of these, have been previously analyzed with respect to their sidelobe rejection capabilities. In contrast to these methods which are based on detecting a single target with known direction and Doppler, the present method uses model order determination techniques applied to the AMF or GLRT data observed over the range of unknown angle and Doppler parameters. The determination of model order, i.e., the number of signals present in the data, is made by using least-squares model fit error residuals and applying the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Comprehensive computer simulation results are presented which demonstrate substantial improvement in sidelobe rejection performance and detections of multiple sources compared with previous methods.     

Cooperative fault detection and recovery in the GNSS positioning of mobile agent swarms based on relative distance measurements

Relative measurements are exploited to cooperatively detect and recover faults in the positioning of Mobile Agent(MA) Swarms(MASs). First, a network vertex fault detection method based on edge testing is proposed. For each edge, a property that has a functional relationship with the properties of its two vertices is measured and tested. Based on the edge testing results of the network, the maximum likelihood principle is used to identify the vertex fault sources. Second, an edge distance testing...     

超声速混合层燃烧研究进展

超声速混合层燃烧研究是解决超声速燃烧难点的有效途径,对于超燃冲压发动机的发展具有重要意义。这一领域在过去20多年中开展了大量工作,需要对此进行总结。由于无反应超声速混合层流动特性研究是超声速混合层燃烧研究的基础,因此,首先综述了该流动特性,包括瞬时流场结构和时均统计特性;其次,讨论了着火特性,包括着火距离和着火过程;再次,综述了火焰特性,特别是火焰结构;然后,关注了熄火特性;接着,对释热和可压缩性影响进行了总结;最后,给出了燃烧不稳定性的研究进展。通过综述可知,超声速混合层燃烧研究仍需开展大量工作。在着火特性、火焰特性和熄火特性方面,后续研究可重点采用湍流数值模拟和详细反应机理,研究着火过程、火焰传播过程和熄火过程,以及流动参数、热力学参数、组分参数和外界因素对着火距离、火焰结构和熄火位置的影响;在释热和可压缩性影响方面,后续研究可采用高精度数值或实验方法,重点研究高释热和高可压缩性条件下有反应超声速混合层的瞬变特性和统计特性;燃烧不稳定性方面,后续研究可采用高精度数值或实验方法,重点研究超声速混合层燃烧不稳定性产生的普遍准则及其内在机制。     

Very Long Baseline Interferometry: Dependencies on Frequency Stability

Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a differential technique observing radiation of compact extra-galactic radio sources with pairs of radio telescopes. For these observations, the frequency standards at the telescopes need to have very high stability. In this article we discuss why this is, and we investigate exactly how precise the frequency standards need to be. Four areas where good clock performance is needed are considered: coherence, geodetic parameter estimation, correlator synchronization, and UT1 determination. We show that in order to ensure the highest accuracy of VLBI, stability similar to that of a hydrogen maser is needed for time-scales up to a few hours. In the article, we are considering both traditional VLBI where extra-galactic radio sources are observed, as well as observation of man-made artificial radio sources emitted by satellites or spacecrafts.     

Aeroelastic scaling laws for gust load alleviation control system

Gust load alleviation (GLA) tests are widely conducted to study the effectiveness of the control laws and methods. The physical parameters of models in these tests are aeroelastic scaled, while the scaling of GLA control system is always unreached. This paper concentrates on studying the scaling laws of GLA control system. Through theoretical demonstration, the scaling criterion of a classical PID control system has been come up and a scaling methodology is provided and veri-fied. By adopting the scaling laws in this paper, gust response of the scaled model could be directly related to the full-scale aircraft theoretically under both open-loop and closed-loop conditions. Also, the influences of different scaling choices of an important non-dimensional parameter, the Froude number, have been studied in this paper. Furthermore for practical application, a compen-sating method is given when the theoretical scaled actuators or sensors cannot be obtained. Also, the scaling laws of some non-linear elements in control system such as the rate and amplitude sat-urations in actuator have been studied and examined by a numerical simulation.     

基于临界距离理论的TC4合金缺口试样 低循环疲劳寿命预测

对TC4合金缺口试样的临界距离和低循环疲劳寿命分别进行了分析和预测.研究了缺口临界距离与疲劳寿命、载荷比、应力集中系数的相关关系及其对寿命预测结果的影响.研究结果表明:TC4合金缺口试样的临界距离不仅与疲劳寿命有关,还与载荷比和应力集中系数相关.载荷比相同时,临界距离与疲劳寿命之间可采用幂函数经验公式来描述.载荷比为-1和0.1时,TC4合金缺口试样的临界距离-疲劳寿命曲线基本重合,当载荷比增大为0.5时,临界距离明显增大.载荷比和疲劳寿命相同时,临界距离与应力集中系数近似成反比关系.寿命预测结果表明:采用临界距离理论预测TC4合金缺口疲劳寿命时,要获得更准确的疲劳寿命预测结果,应同时考虑临界距离与疲劳寿命、载荷比以及应力集中系数等因素的相关性.      

Gamma-ray bursts and very high energy gamma-ray astronomy

The current status of gamma-ray burst astronomy is reviewed briefly, with emphasis on experiments which might determine the burster distance scale. Recent observations by the EGRET experiment aboard the Compton Observatory, indicating the presence of delayed, high energy emission, are summarized. It is shown that searches for TeV emission from burst sources are feasible, and may be fruitful. Detection of such emission might resolve the question of whether burst sources are at cosmological distances.     

Multiple hypothesis track maintenance with possibly unresolved measurements

In surveillance problems dense clutter/dense target situations call for refined data association and tracking techniques. In addition, closely spaced targets may exist which are not resolved. This phenomenon has to be considered explicitly in the tracking algorithm. We concentrate on two targets which temporarily move in close formation and derive a generalization of MHT methods on the basis of a simple resolution model.     

Measuring the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes

Supermassive black holes reside at the centers of most, if not all, massive galaxies: the difference between active and quiescent galaxies is due to differences in mass accretion rate and radiative efficiency rather than whether or not they have nuclear black holes. In this contribution, methods for measuring the masses of supermassive black holes are discussed, with emphasis on reverberation mapping which is most generally applicable to accreting supermassive black holes and, in particular, to distant quasars where time resolution can be used as a surrogate for angular resolution. Indirect methods based on scaling relationships from reverberation mapping studies are also discussed, along with their current limitations.     

High energy cosmic ray nuclei results on Ulysses: 1. Mission overview

The cosmic ray flux observed with the Kiel Electron Telescope on board the ULYSSES spaceprobe varies with solar activity as well as with heliospheric position. Determination of the latitudinal gradients requires a careful analysis of the influences of the current sheet tilt angle, the number of major solar flares, interplanetary shocks and interaction regions evolving in the expanding solar wind. In this paper we concentrate on nuclei with rigidity above 1 GV. We discuss the effects of the variable solar activity in the declining phase of the present solar cycle and the variation with radial distance as a basis for separating latitudinal effects. We show that during this phase of the solar cycle modulation of GV nuclei is ordered by temporal evolution, radial distance and negligible latitudinal effects even at latitudes between 30° and 50° South.     

用子波系数概率密度函数研究湍流多尺度结构的间歇性

用热线风速仪在充分发展平板湍流边界层中测量流向速度信号的时间序列并进行湍流多尺度结构统计特性的实验研究。用热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向速度分量的时间序列信号,用子波分析对湍流脉动速度信号进行多尺度分解,将推广的自相似性(ESS)应用于子波分析。用子波系数的概率密度函数验证了多尺度相干结构对间歇性的影响,并证明与距壁面距离有关。对比研究了提取湍流边界层多尺度相干结构前后湍流多尺度结构函数间歇性的变化规律及概率密度函数的变化规律,验证了多尺度相干结构是湍流边界层产生奇异标度律的原因。当这些相干结构被分离出后,由子波系数计算的ESS标度律就回到K olm ogorov线性标度律,这一现象在整个湍流边界层都是很明显的。      

基于不平衡加速响应信息的柔性转子双面平衡

模态平衡法和影响系数法是转子平衡中最常用的两类方法,它们都以转子的稳态响应为基础,因此称之为"稳态平衡方法"。针对当前转子稳态平衡方法中存在的不足,提出了利用不平衡加速响应信息进行柔性转子平衡的新方法。为了描述模态不平衡相对键相槽的角位置,首次引入了模态不平衡方位角的概念,并通过转子的不平衡加速响应信息对其进行了识别;在此基础上,结合转子的模态知识,添加合理的平衡试重组,利用各阶模态试重大小与对应阶模态不平衡响应幅度增量的线性关系,识别出校正质量组的大小,通过双面加重的方法实现了转子前两阶模态的平衡。仿真和实验结果表明,该瞬态平衡方法在有效降低转子不平衡振动的同时,减少了平衡过程中的起车次数。     

带有转轮的空间转轴起落架理论图设计原理

 <正> 1.前言 飞机采用空间转轴起落架一般有两种型式,其中之一为A型(图1(a)),支柱与机轮等构件相对位置保持不变,一起绕空间轴收入起落架舱;另一种为B型(图1(b)),它有两部分运动:一是支柱绕空间轴运动,一是机轮随支柱转动的同时,再相对支柱的转轮运动。     

两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法的比较

针对移动载体对姿态的需求,对两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法,即直接法和最小二乘迭代法进行了研究.分析了定姿的原理,给出了姿态解算模型.基于车载四天线GNSS的实测数据,分别用两种方法进行了姿态解算,并用同一运动平台高精度惯导给出的姿态作为参考值,对两种定姿方法的精度和可靠性进行了分析和比较.     

A chirp scaling approach for processing squint mode SAR data

Image formation from squint mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is limited by image degradations caused by neglecting the range-variant filtering required by secondary range compression (SRC). Introduced here is a nonlinear FM chirp scaling, an extension of the chirp scaling algorithm, as an efficient and accurate approach to range variant SRC. Two methods of implementing the approach are described. The nonlinear FM filtering method is more accurate but adds a filtering step to the chirp scaling algorithm, although the extra computation is less than that of a time domain residual compression filter. The nonlinear FM pulse method consists of changing the phase modulation of the transmitted pulse, thus avoiding an increase in computation. Simulations show both methods significantly improve resolution width and sidelobe level, compared with existing SAR processors for squint angles above 10 deg for L-band and 20 deg for C-band     

飞机机翼结冰计算方法与风洞试验研究概况

介绍了飞机结冰的数值计算方法,包括绕流流场计算、过冷水滴轨迹方程计算和结冰量计算,并给出冰层增长的两种模型;针对结冰风洞试验,指出液滴粒径和液态水含量的测量是试验的难点和重点,并总结上述两个结冰参数的测量方法;给出两种常规结冰缩比方法,并简单介绍混合缩比模型的设计方法。     

VLF Multirange Navigation Errors

The fix error, for long-distance XIF navigation systems in which the distances to two or three ground-based stations are determined, is a function of the "angles of cut" of the lines of position, the standard deviation of the errors in determination of the distances (ranges) to the stations, and the degree of correlation of these distance determinations. An analysis is made of the errors which occur in a range determination. n. Estimates, applicable when comparing constant-error contours (isograms), are given. The equations for the constant-error contours are derived (based on a spherical earth) as a function of baseline length (and orientation where three stations are used) and the angles of cut of the lines of position. n. Various error isograms were computed and plotted through the use of a digital computer. A number of examples are presented. A method for determining the area covered acceptably by two stations is given and three-station coverage characteristics are discussed.     

Impact of Distance Determinations on Galactic Structure. I. Young and Intermediate-Age Tracers

Here we discuss impacts of distance determinations on the Galactic disk traced by relatively young objects. The Galactic disk, \(\sim40~\mbox{kpc}\) in diameter, is a cross-road of studies on the methods of measuring distances, interstellar extinction, evolution of galaxies, and other subjects of interest in astronomy. A proper treatment of interstellar extinction is, for example, crucial for estimating distances to stars in the disk outside the small range of the solar neighborhood. We’ll review the current status of relevant studies and discuss some new approaches to the extinction law. When the extinction law is reasonably constrained, distance indicators found in today and future surveys are telling us stellar distribution and more throughout the Galactic disk. Among several useful distance indicators, the focus of this review is Cepheids and open clusters (especially contact binaries in clusters). These tracers are particularly useful for addressing the metallicity gradient of the Galactic disk, an important feature for which comparison between observations and theoretical models can reveal the evolution of the disk.