柔性后缘自适应机翼的概念设计

对H.P.Monner提出的 “可转动翼肋”自适应机翼概念进行运动学研究,推导了驱动位移量和偏转变形量之间的对应关系。这种可变形翼肋可简化为由平面连杆机构组合而成的单自由度系统,能使机翼后缘柔性偏转的同时保持翼面光滑连续。提出了基于曲线逼近原理根据后缘中弧线偏转轨迹优化转轴点布局的翼肋机构设计方法。对悬臂梁型、圆弧型和反悬臂梁型3种偏转距离相等但偏转轨迹不同的柔性后缘进行了方案设计和分析,从翼肋机构的实现、承载能力以及气动特性3方面进行了建模计算和比较研究。结果表明,圆弧型是3种柔性后缘中最佳的设计方案;柔性后缘自适应机翼的设计分析方法是切实可行的,可根据实际需要设计出满足任意后缘偏转要求的自适应机翼。     

太阳能飞机翼肋结构拓扑优化设计

太阳能飞机翼肋结构轻薄且数量众多,其结构形式的合理性对于结构减重、机翼刚度设计等具有重要意义。基于现有太阳能飞机翼肋的结构形式,提出一种翼肋拓扑优化设计方法:首先,应用双向渐进结构优化法(BESO),以单元应力为判断指标,对太阳能飞机典型翼肋进行结构拓扑优化;其次,基于拓扑优化结果对翼肋进行结构细节设计;最后,通过有限元计算,验证翼肋的结构强度、刚度和静稳定性。通过本文方法,能够得到太阳能飞机翼肋更为合理的结构布局。     

基于仿生学的机翼结构刚度和强度设计研究

探讨仿生学及结构仿生学的理论基础,研究将其应用到飞机机翼的结构设计中以提高机翼的结构刚度和强度的方法。主要包含两个方面:一是对肋、梁等零件进行仿生设计分析;二是对承力系统进行整体结构的仿生设计分析。研究内容包含:分析机翼结构受力和传递路径,探讨与机翼结构相似的特定生物系统特征,以确定机翼结构形式、并计算应力、变形等参数,和原型机翼进行比较,最终择优选择设计方案。     

基于参数化分析的柔性后缘优化设计

介绍了一种自适应柔性机翼后缘变形控制优化设计方法,该方法采用了由单个驱动器驱动的单块式分布柔性结构。该方法的关键在于设计一种合适的柔性后缘结构拓扑形式,使该自适应柔性机翼后缘能够达到精确的变形。阐明了柔性结构拓扑优化设计的数学模型,针对自适应柔性机翼后缘概念设计提出了基于参数化分析的拓扑优化设计方案,并进行了工程化圆整和尺寸优化。最终,通过非线性有限元分析和功能测试,验证了本文提出的柔性后缘优化设计方法的合理性。     

扑翼机翼气动力和惯性力对翼杆结构变形研究

通过有限元方法探究了机翼上气动力和惯性力对结构变形的影响.研究表明扑翼机翼产生的气动力和惯性力大小在同一量级.机翼惯性力对机翼结构变形具有不可忽视的影响.当机翼处于水平位置时机翼气动力对结构变形贡献最大,同时合力产生的最大变形也出现在机翼水平位置.仿生扑翼机翼结构变形研究为高升力、低能耗扑翼机翼的设计提供了理论指导.      

基于应力约束的翼肋拓扑优化和软件二次开发

翼肋主要作用是维持机翼外形,对于机翼的总弯曲刚度贡献较小,但是翼肋的重量却在翼盒的结构重量中占有相当大的比例（一般为8％～12％）,因此有必要通过一定的结构优化方法减轻翼肋的结构重量。在MSC．PATRAN平台上二次开发了应力约束全局化的拓扑优化方法,并首次将该方法应用于翼肋的拓扑优化;采用了一套工程估算方法,可用于翼肋的初步设计和快速重量估算。结果表明：在满足稳定性要求的情况下,经过拓扑优化的翼肋结构减重效果明显。     

一种新的柔性蜂窝结构及其在变体飞机中的应用

变体色机要求机翼结构可以光滑连续地变形.机翼的蒙皮要有足够大的面内伸缩变形能力,同时还要有足够的面外承载能力.本文针对后缘变弯度机翼,设计出一种新的柔性蜂窝结构.研究了该柔性蜂窝的面内变形能力和形状参数的关系.仿真分析和试验验证表明,该柔性蜂窝结构具有足够的面内变形能力,变形后仍保持良好的面外承载能力,满足后缘变弯度机...     

一种新的基于ANSYS的机翼挠曲变形建模方法

针对传递对准中机翼挠曲变形建模方法适用性差的问题,提出了一种基于有限元分析的不同挂点处弹载子惯导系统的机翼挠曲变形建模方法。以柔性较大的大展弦比机翼为研究对象,建立了薄蒙皮、双翼梁、多肋板式机翼模型。通过绕流分析得到的机翼上、下表面压力分布云图,在此基础上对机翼结构进行气动载荷的加载。根据ANSYS瞬态动力学分析,获取了机翼挠曲变形角的随机过程序列,并利用AR(n)模型代替ARMA(p,q)模型进行建模。采用一种改良卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数进行估计,并利用信息准则对模型的适应性进行检验。根据参数辨识的结果,最终得到了机翼的挠曲变形模型。     

基于拓扑和尺寸优化的翼肋类结构设计研究

开展了以机翼翼肋为模型的布局与尺寸优化设计,在结构优化的过程中,采用两级优化的设计方法。第一级采用拓扑优化,应用变密度法,由此得到了翼肋大致构形及其挖孔位置;第二级采用尺寸优化,将复合形法与NASTRAN的方向法相结合,分别优化出翼肋上杆的截面积和肋板各部分的厚度,两者相互结合,最终完成了翼肋结构的布局优化设计。对普通肋板和优化之后的肋板在性能参数上做了对比研究。结果表明：经过结构优化,结构材料的质量减少约30%（自定义约束条件）,同时,结构自身的刚度,强度等性能参数有很大改进,验证了文中算法在减重方面是可行和有效的。     

大尺寸飞机翼肋点阵刚性增强装配技术研究

为了提高大尺寸飞机翼肋装配位置准确度、减小装配变形并最终满足机翼翼盒装配过程中翼肋间距偏差要求,在深入分析大尺寸翼肋装配定位要求和位置不确定性的基础上,提出了一种点阵刚性增强装配技术,结合变形分析设计了一套全新的点阵刚性增强工装,实现了大尺寸翼肋保型定位和定位器多自由度调整、减小了翼肋变形、保证了翼肋间距,对于大尺寸飞机翼肋的实际装配有一定的指导价值。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

折叠机翼变体飞机非对称变形控制效率分析

折叠机翼变体飞机变形量大,变形引起的气动参数变化显著,提出一种将非对称变形作为操纵输入的控制方案,研究非对称变形的控制效率和有效区间。首先建立能够完整描述变形过程的非线性动力学方程和气动力模型;然后基于非对称变形控制方法建立一种非对称变形操纵模型;最后通过与常规操纵面效率对比和仿真的动态响应总结出非对称变形操纵的最大变形操纵有效区间。结果表明:在较低飞行速度下非对称变形操纵效率高,非对称变形操纵能够在基准折叠角度90°附近提供最高的滚转操纵效率。     

Transient aeroelastic responses and flutter analysis of a variable-span wing during the morphing process

To investigate the transient aeroelastic responses and flutter characteristics of a variablespan wing during the morphing process,a novel frst-order state-space aeroelastic model is proposed.The time-varying structural model of the morphing wing is established based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with time-dependent boundary conditions.A nondimensionalization method is used to translate the time-dependent boundary conditions to be time-independent.The time-domain aerodynamic forces are calculated by the reduced-order unsteady vortex lattice method.The morphing parameters,i.e.,wing span length and morphing speed,are of particular interest for understanding the fundamental aeroelastic behavior of variable-span wings.A test case is proposed and numerical results indicate that the flutter characteristics are sensitive to both of the two morphing parameters.It could be noticed that the aeroelastic characteristics during the wing extracting process are more serious than those during the extending process at the same morphing speed by transient aeroelastic response analysis.In addition,a faster morphing process can get better aeroelastic performance while the mechanism comlexity will arise.     

Integrated optimization design of smart morphing wing for accurate shape control

Smart morphing wing, which is equipped with smart materials and able to change structural geometry adaptively, can further improve aerodynamic efficiency of aircraft. This paper presents a new integrated layout and topology optimization design for morphing wing driven by shape memory alloys (SMAs). By simultaneously optimizing the layout of smart actuators and topology of wing substrate, the ultimately determined configuration can achieve smooth, continuous and accurate geometric shape changes. In addition, aerodynamic analysis is carried out to compare smart morphing wing with traditional hinged airfoil. Finally, the optimized smart wing structure is constructed and tested to demonstrate and verify the morphing functionality. Application setbacks are also pointed out for further investigation.     

Computational aerodynamic analysis on perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing

Abstract Implementing the morphing technique on a micro air vehicle （MAV） wing is a very chal- lenging task, due to the MAWs wing size limitation and the complex morphing mechanism. As a result, understanding aerodynamic characteristics and flow configurations, subject to wing structure deformation of a morphing wing MAV has remained obstructed. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of structural deformation, aerodynamics performance and flow formation on a pro- posed twist morphing MAV wing design named perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing. The numerical simulation of two-way fluid structure interaction （FSI） investigation consist of a quasi- static aeroelastic structural analysis coupled with 3D incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes and shear-stress-transport （RANS-SST） solver utilized throughout this study. Verification of numerical method on a rigid rectangular wing achieves a good correlation with available exper- imental results. A comparative aeroelastic study between PR-compliant to PR and rigid wing per- formance is organized to elucidate the morphing wing performances. Structural deformation results show that PR-compliant wing is able to alter the wing＇s geometric twist characteristic, which has directly influenced both the overall aerodynamic performance and flow structure behavior. Despite the superior lift performance result, PR-compliant wing also suffers from massive drag penalty, which has consequently affected the wing efficiency in general. Based on vortices investigation, the results reveal the connection between these aerodynamic performances with vortices formation on PR-comoliant wing.     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

变形飞机机翼折叠机构设计及折叠角度测量

针对变形飞机机翼变形机构的设计要求,设计由舵机、蜗轮蜗杆机构、平行四边形机构组合而成的机翼变形机构,并设计基于三轴加速度计和DSP处理器的机翼折叠角度的测量算法和控制系统。利用加速度计分别求得机身和机翼相对于参考坐标系的角度,相减即得机身平面与机翼的夹角,制作一架小型折叠翼飞机模型对测量算法进行验证。结果表明：机翼能够稳定折叠在任一给定角度,测量算法准确,机翼实际折叠角度误差在可接受的范围内。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

Prediction of transient responses of a folding wing during the morphing process

Accurate prediction of the structural dynamic characteristics of a folding wing during the morphing process is a prerequisite for performing transient aeroelastic analysis. In view of this fact, this paper develops a set of differential-algebraic equations that govern the time evolution of the folding wing during the morphing process by using the floating frame approach. Using the established equations of motion, the transient responses of the wing during the morphing process are computed. The developed equations can be further integrated with the CFD codes to carry out the transient aeroelastic analysis of the morphing wing.