离散跟踪微分器在着舰导引滤波中的应用

介绍了自动着舰导引系统的工作原理及其滤波问题。为了抑制着舰导引系统跟踪雷达的高频噪声,并且克服常用的滤波器采用有限差分法求微分估计的弊端,采用两个二阶离散跟踪微分器串联起来,对含有噪声的雷达测量值进行滤波,并且提取其一二阶微分信息。结果表明,在仿真中使用白噪声模拟雷达噪声,跟踪微分器的滤波效果令人满意。     

粒子滤波联合目标跟踪分类算法

针对现有联合目标跟踪分类(JTC)算法计算量大实时性差的缺陷,本文在JTC求解中引入粒子滤波,替代数值积分,大大缩短了计算时间;利用低分辨率常规雷达(LRR)提供的目标运动学信息和电子支援措施(ESM)提供的目标电磁设备信息,同时提高了目标的识别概率和跟踪性能。仿真验证了粒子滤波联合目标跟踪分类算法的实时性和有效性。     

多坐标系下目标跟踪的联合滤波

针对雷达目标观测和处理在不同的坐标系下完成，本文提出了联合滤波算法来跟踪机动目标。该算法以卡尔曼滤波器为基础，直角坐标系下和极坐标系下的算法相联合，不仅克服了两种坐标系下滤波算法的不足，而且对机动目标有很好的跟踪效果。仿真实验结果表明了该算法的有效性。     

关于雷达副瓣跟踪

一、前言雷达跟踪系统在正常工作条件下,其电轴自动对准目标,并测出目标的位置座标(R、E、A、R)。在某种条件下,往往会发生错误的跟踪,使目标位于某一副瓣指向位置。这时会给出错误的角信息,用作引导雷达时会给出错误的引导数据,从而使协同工作的一系列设备都不能正常工作。另外,雷达的正常收敛跟踪条件和最大跟踪范围,也是跟踪系统的重要指标,它会影响到设备的角捕获范围及跟踪成功概率。本文分析研究了雷达的跟踪收敛条件和最大跟踪范围,并研究了副瓣跟踪的条件和特点,预见了可能出现的副瓣跟踪点的角位置。对几种跟踪系统进行了分析计算,其结果与相应的实验结果是一致的。同时还提出了一种利     

基于当前统计模型的变结构制导律

将变结构制导律应用于空空导弹的末制导段,在获得被动雷达角度测量信息的基础上,用基于弹目相对信息的自适应当前统计模型进行滤波得到距离、速度等信息。在滤波过程中采用自适应扩展kalman滤波改善测量方程线性化带来的误差,将自适应当前统计模型与自适应扩展kalman滤波相结合设计目标跟踪滤波器,提高传感器对目标的跟踪性能。仿真结果表明该方法对目标具有良好的跟踪性能。     

一种新的基于机动检测的机动目标跟踪算法

针对Kalman滤波跟踪机动目标发散和目前多数自适应Kalman滤波算法对运动模型适应性不强的问题,提出了一种新的基于机动检测的机动目标跟踪算法,通过实时自适应的改变滤波模型提高对机动目标跟踪精度。对这种方法与Kalman滤波算法进行了计算机仿真比较,结果表明,该方法计算量小,可实时精确地自适应匹配目标的运动模型,可实现对机动目标稳定可靠的跟踪。     

高动态雷达接收机的最佳距离和速度跟踪

普通雷达接收机难于对高动态飞行器捕获和跟踪。本文提出一种最佳跟踪接收机（OTR），它能对高动态飞行器实现快速捕获和精密跟踪。这种OTR是将最大似然估计与卡尔曼滤波相结合具有计算机反馈的数字化接收机。本文介绍它的工作原理、实现方法和跟踪性能。     

机载电子设备地面仿真检测系统

 本文讨论机载电子系统地面仿真检测系统的系统功能,硬件软件结构,给出一个实际的仿真检测系统,它由11台不同类型微机通过8端光纤通信网络连成一个分布式仿真测试网,能够模拟雷达运动目标信号,导航计算机、大气数据计算机、导弹控制计算机信息,能够进行实时数据处理、绘制目标运动曲线,打印测试参数报表等。     

雷达多目标回波信号瞬时频率的测量

雷达多目标回波信号频率的测量要采有谱分析法。本文对谱分析方法之一的Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ预测滤波谱估计法进行了介绍。模拟试验表明，Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ谱估计法能对雷达多目标回波信号的瞬时频率进行精确测量。     

基于均值漂移无味粒子滤波的地面运动目标变结构交互多模型跟踪(英文)

为了跟踪地面运动目标,本文提出在变结构交互多模型基础上使用均值漂移无味粒子滤波的算法。模型滤波中,通过均值漂移将无味粒子滤波产生的采样粒子向目标状态最大后验密度估计方向移动。"停止"模型基础上,提出了"遮蔽"模型:出现地形遮蔽时,使用上一时刻的预测代替下一时刻的测量,且保持道路模型与遮蔽前一致。仿真实验采用地面运动目标指示雷达,考虑地面运动目标的三种常见场景:进入或离开道路、经过道路交叉点以及无测量值。使用了RMSE和ANEES两种评价指标,实验结果表明本文算法有效地提高了目标改变行驶道路时的跟踪精度;且目标速度过低或被遮蔽时,可以避免轨迹中断。     

Design of a practical tracking algorithm with radar measurements

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) has been widely used as a nonlinear filtering method for radar tracking problems. However, it has been found that if cross-range measurement errors of the target position are large, the performance of the conventional EKF degrades considerably due to nonnegligible nonlinear effects. A new filtering algorithm for improving the tracking performance with radar measurements is developed based on the fact that correct evaluation of the measurement error covariance is possible in the Cartesian coordinate system. The proposed algorithm may be viewed as a modification of the EKF in which the variance of the range measurement errors is evaluated in an adaptive manner. The filter structure facilitates the incorporation of the sequential measurement processing scheme, and this makes the resulting algorithm favorable to both estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method offers superior performance in comparison to previous methods. Moreover, our developed algorithm provides some useful insight into the radar tracking problem     

Tracking an incoming ballistic missile using an extended interval Kalman filter

The important tracking problem by radar of an incoming ballistic missile system, which contains uncertainty in modeling and noise in both dynamics and measurements, is studied. The classical extended Kalman filter (EKF) is no longer applicable to such an uncertain system, and so a new extended interval Kalman filter (EIKF) is developed for tracking the missile system. Computer simulation is presented to show the effectiveness of the EIKF algorithm for this uncertain and nonlinear ballistic missile tracking problem.     

Tracking a ballistic target: comparison of several nonlinear filters

This paper studies the problem of tracking a ballistic object in the reentry phase by processing radar measurements. A suitable (highly nonlinear) model of target motion is developed and the theoretical Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) of estimation error are derived. The estimation performance (error mean and standard deviation; consistency test) of the following nonlinear filters is compared: the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the. statistical linearization, the particle filtering, and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The simulation results favor the EKF; it combines the statistical efficiency with a modest computational load. This conclusion is valid when the target ballistic coefficient is a priori known.     

采用自适应滤波技术的机载雷达跟踪系统

 一、引言 机载雷达跟踪系统的基本功能是提供我机与目标间相对距离矢量有关变量的估值,并保持系统跟踪能力的最佳化。机载大控系统则利用这些估值来形成武器的制导指令,进而完成对目标的截击任务。 过去,机载雷达跟踪系统的设计采用经典伺服机构理论。为了提高系统的跟踪精度,     

Streamlining measurement iteration for EKF target tracking

The estimation problem is defined, and a review of how the linear estimation approach of Kalman filtering is extrapolated to form an extended Kalman filter (EKF), applicable for state estimation in nonlinear systems is presented. A mechanization of an EKF variation known as an iterated EKF, offering improved tracking performance, is treated. A streamlined version of an iterated EKF that has a lesser computational burden (fewer operations per cycle or time step) than prior formulations is offered. A nonlinear filtering application example, to be used as a testbed for this new approach, is described, and the detailed modeling considerations as needed for exoatmospheric random-variable radar target tracking are discussed. The performance of the streamlined mechanization is illustrated in this radar target tracking example, and comparisons are made with the performance of an EKF without measurement iteration     

Sequential nonlinear tracking using UKF and raw range-rate measurements

The three-dimensional (3D) converted measurements filtering (CMF) with both converted position and raw range-rate measurement is proposed to solve the Doppler radar target tracking, where the error between radar-target range and range rate are correlated. Firstly, not using pseudomeasurement constructed by product of range and range rate to reduce the high nonlinearity, the raw range-rate measurements are utilized by unscented Kalman filter (UKF), where the converted errors of the position and the range rate are decorrelated, then linear part (position measurements) and nonlinear part (range-rate measurement) are sequentially processed by Kalman filter (KF) and UKF. Secondly, based on the assumption of small measurement error, the mean and covariance of converted measurement errors are derived by second-order Taylor series expansion. Finally, the influence of the correlated coefficient rho between the range and range rate, and the range-rate noise deviation sigma_r are taken into account and extreme values of rho and sigma_r are used in Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the proposed method is, in a sense, effective and practical     

基于变分贝叶斯的星载雷达非线性滤波

星载雷达由于其探测范围广、距离远、全天候等优点，在预警防御系统中占有十分重要的地位。然而，由于观测平台的高速运动以及摄动干扰、传感器观测非线性等问题，使得星载雷达目标高精度跟踪带来严峻挑战。针对星载雷达非线性状态估计问题，采用一种基于变分贝叶斯的非线性滤波方法，该方法通过将非线性状态估计问题转化为优化问题，通过迭代优化获得了闭环解析解。此外，针对坐标变换中俯仰角量测缺失问题，提出了一种基于先验目标高度的俯仰角估计方法。通过数值仿真，验证了所提方法较传统非线性滤波方法，如扩展卡尔曼滤波、不敏卡尔曼滤波、转换量测卡尔曼滤波，具有更好的估计精度。     

False alarm effects on estimation in multitarget trackers

An analysis of false alarm effects on tracking filter performance in multitarget track-while-scan radars, using variable correlation gates, is presented. The false alarms considered originate from noise, clutter, and crossing targets. The dimensions of the correlation gates are determined by filter prediction and measurement error variances. Track association is implanted either by means of a distance weighted average of the observations or by the nearest neighbor rule. State estimation is performed by means of a second-order discrete Kalman filter, taking into consideration random target maneuvers. Measurements are made in polar coordinates, while target dynamics are estimated in Cartesian coordinates, resulting in coupled linear filter equations. the effect of false alarms on the observation noise covariance matrix, and hence on state estimation errors, is analyzed. A computer simulation example, implementing radar target tracking with a variable correlation gate in the presence of false alarms, is discussed     

Transient Response of Tracking Filters with Randomly Interrupted Data

The transient responses during the initialization phase of a first-order ?-? tracking filter and a second-order Kalman filter are evaluated as a function of radar measurement accuracy and the probability of receiving valid data at the prescribed intervals. Monte Carlo simulation results are complemented by analysis of the filtering processes and curves are presented which clearly define the deterioration in filter performance attributable to reduced probabilities of data acquisition. In addition, the responses of ?-? and Kalman filters are shown to be identical when the ?, ? gains are selected optimally.