An approach to forming the design performance of the attitude control system for small spacecraft

The elements for various types of attitude control systems used in a number of small spacecraft are considered. An approach for assessment of such system effectiveness based on design requirements for spacecraft purpose and restriction in accuracy, mass and energy is proposed.     

Attitude coordination for spacecraft formation with multiple communication delays

Communication delays are inherently present in information exchange between spacecraft and have an effect on the control performance of spacecraft formation. In this work, attitude coordination control of spacecraft formation is addressed, which is in the presence of multiple communication delays between spacecraft. Virtual system-based approach is utilized in case that a constant reference attitude is available to only a part of the spacecraft. The feedback from the virtual systems to the spacecraft formation is introduced to maintain the formation. Using backstepping control method, input torque of each spacecraft is designed such that the attitude of each spacecraft converges asymptotically to the states of its corresponding virtual system. Furthermore, the backstepping technique and the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method contribute to the control law design when the reference attitude is time-varying and can be obtained by each spacecraft. Finally, effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by the numerical simulations of a spacecraft formation.     

Confluence of navigation, communication, and control in distributedspacecraft systems

This research details the development of technologies and methodologies that enable distributed spacecraft systems by supporting integrated navigation, communication, and control. Operating at the confluence of these critical functions produces capabilities needed to realize the promise of distributed spacecraft systems, including improved performance and robustness relative to monolithic space systems. Navigation supports science data association and data alignment for distributed aperture sensing, multipoint observation, and co-observation of target regions. Communication enables autonomous distributed science data processing and information exchange among space assets. Both navigation and communication provide essential input to control methods for coordinating distributed autonomous assets at the interspacecraft system level and the intraspacecraft affector subsystem level. A technology solution to implement these capabilities, the Crosslink Transceiver, is also described. The Crosslink Transceiver provides navigation and communication capability that can be integrated into a developing autonomous command and control methodology for distributed spacecraft systems. A small satellite implementation of the Crosslink Transceiver design is detailed and its ability to support broad distributed spacecraft mission classes is described     

航天器控制系统智能健康管理技术发展综述

健康管理作为智能自主控制亟待突破的关键技术之一,是提升航天器安全可靠稳定运行能力的有效手段。结合人工智能技术的发展趋势,基于前期已建立的新型航天器智能自主控制系统通用架构,详细综述航天器控制系统的智能健康管理技术现状与发展趋势。首先,根据现有航天器设计、研制和在轨的具体情况,梳理出航天器控制系统健康管理技术所面临的挑战;然后,分别从故障预警、故障诊断和寿命评估3个方面,详细阐述基于人工智能的健康管理技术研究现状及其在航天领域的应用情况;最后,提炼出航天器控制系统健康管理技术的发展方向。     

Spacecraft Application of Expert Systems

Artificial Intelligence (AI) will play a major role in future spacecraft operation. Because the technology has not matured, knowledge-based systems will be incorporated in an evolutionary manner, with increasing responsibility as their performance is proven. Internal research at Boeing Aerospace Company has demonstrated that AI software development techniques, knowledge-based systems in particular, can be used to provide limited spacecraft subsystem automation. This capability represents a first step toward an evolutionary path to spacecraft automation. A likely progression will proceed to integrated subsystem control, automated planning and scheduling, plan execution, anomoly handling, and eventually to autonomous spacecraft operation. Although this paper is written in the context of Space Station the ideas and techniques identified should be easily transferable to spacecraft automation in general.     

Optimal Estimation and Attitude Control of a Solar Electric Propulsion Spacecraft

Established procedures of linear, quadratic, Gaussian optimal estimation and control are developed and interpreted for their application ion to the problem of attitude control of spacecraft with dycallyamially significant elastic appendages. Results are presented both in general terms and for specific application to a solar electric spacecraft. aft. Comparisons are made between alternative coordinattems, systems, and a realistic range of design parameters is considered. For single axis control, system evaluation is accomplished by simulation of a fifteenth-order spacecraft plant with alternative second-order, fourth-order, and sixth-order constant gain estimators. Results point out the importance of modeling errors.     

大型航天器SGCMG系统基于模糊决策的操纵律设计研究

作为航天器制导、导航和控制系统的执行部件，单框架控制力矩陀螺是较为理想的大型航天器姿控系统的选择，但是单框架控制力矩陀螺系统（ＳＧＣＭＧ）存在严重的奇异现象，增加了操纵律的设计与开发的难度。本文对ＳＧＣＭＧ系统的奇异性进行了分析，利用模糊决策的思想确定了奇异测度，根据奇异测度梯度搜索法设计了基于模糊决策的ＳＧＣＭＧ系统操纵律。仿真试验表明该方法有效地保证了系统能够回避可避的奇异状态，为大型航天器操纵律设计提供了新的思路。     

基于干扰观测器的天基观测航天器姿态控制设计

与地基空间目标监视系统相比,天基观测系统具有监视范围广,不受国界限制,观测精度高等优点,是未来空间目标观测技术的重要发展方向。但天基观测航天器工作时,相机转台的运动,太阳能帆板挠性部件的弹性振动与航天器的姿态运动相互影响,构成强耦合的非线性系统,传统的控制方案无法实现对这类天基观测航天器的高精度姿态控制。文章针对某一空间观测航天器的任务要求,设计了基于干扰观测器的前馈补偿航天器姿态控制系统,仿真实验结果表明:姿态角控制精度小于 0.06°,姿态角速度精度小于 0.03(°)/s,达到了精度要求。     

Design and testing of spacecraft power systems using VTB

A study is presented on the design and testing of spacecraft power systems using the virtual test bed (VTB). The interdisciplinary components such as solar array and battery systems were first modeled in native VTB format and validated by experiment data. The shunt regulator and battery charge controller were designed in Simulink according to the system requirements and imported to VTB. Two spacecraft power systems were then designed and tested together with the control systems.     

空间飞行器大角度姿态跟踪机动问题研究

研究了姿态跟踪机动问题。通过引入视线坐标系,将时变终端条件的控制问题转化为定边界的控制问题。建立了飞行器相对于视线坐标系的四元数姿态运动学模型,提供了由已知信息计算姿态四元数的函数关系,引入了气度欧拉角变换,基于拟欧拉角信号设计了跟踪机动控制律。通过对空间预警卫星监视低轨道飞行器问题的仿真,验证了设计的正确性。     

卫星轨道变化规律的综合分析

对于航天工程而言,无论是航天器的发射,卫星轨道设计,地面测控系统的跟踪、定轨和预报．还是卫星在轨运行过程中的轨道控制策略等,均需了解卫星轨道变化的规律。为此,本文对人造卫星(包括中心天体为快自转天体和慢自转天体两种引力源的绕飞轨道器)的轨道变化特征以及轨道寿命进行系统的综合分析。为各种应用提供简明信息。     

Rotational maneuver of nonlinear uncertain elastic spacecraft

The question of attitude control and elastic mode stabilization of a spacecraft (orbiter) with beam-tip-mass-type payloads is considered. A three-axis moment control law is derived to control the attitude of the spacecraft. The derivation of the control moments acting on the spacecraft does not require any information on the system dynamics. The control law includes a reference model and a dynamic compensator in the feedback path. For damping out the elastic motion excited by the slewing maneuver, an elastic mode stabilizer is designed. The stabilization is achieved by modal velocity feedback using force and torque actuators located at the payload end of the elastic beam. Collocated actuators and sensors provide robust stabilization. Simulation results are presented to show that rotational maneuvers and vibration stabilization can be accomplished in the closed-loop systems despite the presence of model uncertainty and disturbance torque in the system     

基于有向图的航天器编队飞行自适应姿态协同控制

在有向通信拓扑下研究了编队航天器自适应姿态协同控制问题。针对航天器编队飞行系统中存在外部扰动和模型不确定性的情况,通过选取包含相对姿态误差和绝对姿态误差的辅助变量,提出了一种鲁棒自适应控制策略。提出了自适应律估计转动惯量矩阵和扰动上界等未知参数,并且利用Lyapunov稳定性理论分析了闭环系统的渐近稳定性。与滑模控制等传统鲁棒控制不同,所设计的鲁棒自适应控制器是连续的,更便于航天器编队飞行系统的实现。最后通过仿真验证了该控制策略能够实现高精度的编队飞行跟踪控制。     

Tracking and data acquisition for space exploration

The tracking and data acquisition systems provide the key link between the remote spacecraft and the scientific experimenter on the ground. The operation of the space experiment takes place through the links of command, telemetry and tracking. The evolution from the early very simple spacecraft missions toward more complex and sophisticated missions has been paralleled by a similar evolution in the tracking and data acquisition systems. The early Minitrack interferometer tracking system still carries the major tracking workload for space missions; however greater tracking accuracy requirements for more recent missions, such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and the Apollo mission, have brought about the development of unified tracking and data acquisition systems which utilize hybrid pseudo-random code/sidetone ranging techniques. The data acquisition has evolved from analog telemetry systems to the present day heavy use of PCM digital telemetry. Likewise the command systems have evolved from early simple on/off command systems into PCM digital command data systems. The trend is toward greater real time control of more complex functions on board the spacecraft. Newer spacecraft are incorporating computer-type systems in the spacecraft which require programming and memory load through the ground command link. The most attractive concept for the next generation network for tracking and data acquisition is a network consisting of synchronous-orbit Tracking and Data Relay Satellites for covering launches and low-orbit earth satellites plus a few selected ground stations for supporting spacecraft in high earth orbit and lunar orbit.     

中国航天器新型热控系统构建进展评述

热控是由工程热物理与航天技术相互促进发展而形成的一门交叉学科，直接影响着航天器的总体设计水平。随着中国航天事业的飞速发展，对热控设计提出了越来越高的要求，并已成为制约中国航天器设计水平的关键瓶颈技术之一。本文综合评述了中国航天器新型热控系统构建的最新研究成果和进展，具体包括：针对载人航天、探月工程等不同任务需求，构建出了相应的新型热控系统，开发出了以泵驱单相流体回路、重力驱动两相流体回路、环路热管与水升华器等为代表的一批新型热控产品。在此基础上，结合中国航天工程实际需求，指出了今后的主要研究方向。     

基于单故障叠加的航天器故障数据仿真方法

针对测试故障诊断系统可靠性的问题,在传统基于对故障航天器的参数估计模拟的故障数据仿真基础上,提出一种基于单故障叠加模型的航天器复杂故障数据仿真方法,新型数据仿真方法能够在有限次迭代的情况下逐次逼近仿真航天器故障数据,对航天器故障的仿真实验证明,该方法可广泛应用于各类航天器故障诊断系统的测试过程。     

克服旋转飞行器螺旋运动的方法研究

旋转飞行器虽然具有内在稳定性，但在飞行过程中一些不确定因素会导致飞行器产生螺旋运动，而非理想的关于角动量矢量纯粹的旋转运动。结合旋转飞行器自身的特点，借鉴自旋卫生的被动章动阻尼的方法，提出了一种通过主动控制飞行器内部质量块的运动使得飞行器碑的惯量主轴发生偏移，惯量矩阵由原来的对称阵变为含有非零非对角元素的矩阵，从而改变飞行器的姿态角运动来克服螺旋运动的方法，这将有助于提高旋转飞行器的资态控制精度。以某型旋转飞行器为背景进行仿真研究，计算结果证实了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Nonlinear decoupling sliding mode control and attitude control ofspacecraft

Control of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems which can be decoupled by state-variable feedback is considered. A variable-structure-control (VSC) law is derived so that in the closed-loop system the output variables asymptotically track given output trajectories in spite of any uncertainty in the system. On the basis of this result, a control law is derived for the attitude control of an orbiting spacecraft in the presence of uncertainty using reaction jets. The controlled outputs are the three Euler angles which describe the orientation of the spacecraft relative to an orbital frame. Simulation results are presented to show that, in the closed-loop system, precise attitude control is accomplished in spite of the uncertainty in the system     

Spacecraft formation-containment flying control with time-varying translational velocity

This paper investigates the problem of Spacecraft Formation-Containment Flying Control (SFCFC) when the desired translational velocity is time-varying. In SFCFC problem, there are multiple leader spacecraft and multiple follower spacecraft and SFCFC can be divided into leader spacecraft’s formation control and follower spacecraft’s containment control. First, under the condition that only a part of leader spacecraft can have access to the desired time-varying translational velocity, a velocity estimator is designed for each leader spacecraft. Secondly, based on the estimated translational velocity, a distributed formation control algorithm is designed for leader spacecraft to achieve the desired formation and move with the desired translational velocity simultaneously. Then, to ensure all follower spacecraft converge to the convex hull formed by the leader spacecraft, a distributed containment control algorithm is designed for follower spacecraft. Moreover, to reduce the dependence of the designed control algorithms on the graph information and increase system robustness, the control gains are changing adaptively and the parametric uncertainties are handled, respectively. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.