The Structure of the Chromosphere Properties Pertaining to Element Fractionation

We review the structure and dynamics of the solar chromosphere with emphasis on the quiet Sun and properties that are relevant to element fractionation mechanisms. Attention is given to the chromospheric magnetic field, its connections to the photosphere, and to the dynamical evolution of the chromosphere. While some profound advances have been made in the “unmagnetized” chromosphere, our knowledge of the magnetically controlled chromosphere, more relevant for the discussion of element fractionation, is limited. Given the dynamic nature of the chromosphere and the poorly understood magnetic linkage to the corona, it is unlikely that we will soon know the detailed processes leading to FIP fractionation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

PISA在聚丁二烯系固体推进剂中的应用

本文通过癸二酸-α·W-二(α-甲基氮丙啶-1)加成物(简称PISA)的合成及在固体推进剂中的应用研究、证明了PISA对于改善高固体含量丁羧、丁羟推进剂的力学性能和加工工艺性能,效果明显,是一种有效的添加剂.     

An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Some Martian Regolith Simulants with Respect to the Surface Properties at the InSight Mission Landing Site

In support of the InSight mission in which two instruments (the SEIS seismometer and the \(\mbox{HP}^{3}\) heat flow probe) will interact directly with the regolith on the surface of Mars, a series of mechanical tests were conducted on three different regolith simulants to better understand the observations of the physical and mechanical parameters that will be derived from InSight. The mechanical data obtained were also compared to data on terrestrial sands. The density of the regolith strongly influences its mechanical properties, as determined from the data on terrestrial sands. The elastoplastic compression volume changes were investigated through oedometer tests that also provided estimates of possible changes in density with depth. The results of direct shear tests provided values of friction angles that were compared with that of a terrestrial sand, and an extrapolation to lower density provided a friction angle compatible with that estimated from previous observations on the surface of Mars. The importance of the contracting/dilating shear volume changes of sands on the dynamic penetration of the mole was determined, with penetration facilitated by the \(\sim1.3~\mbox{Mg/m}^{3}\) density estimated at the landing site. Seismic velocities, measured by means of piezoelectric bender elements in triaxial specimens submitted to various isotropic confining stresses, show the importance of the confining stress, with lesser influence of density changes under compression. A power law relation of velocity as a function of confining stress with an exponent of 0.3 was identified from the tests, allowing an estimate of the surface seismic velocity of 150 m/s. The effect on the seismic velocity of a 10% proportion of rock in the regolith was also studied. These data will be compared with in situ data measured by InSight after landing.     

修理问题中层压板特性的工程估算方法

研究了层压板修理中对无损、开孔以及具冲击损伤情况下力学性能的简便工程计算方法。根据自行设计的试验及其相关文献的试验结果,采用Heslehurst关于层压板弹性常数及强度的估算方法时数据进行了分析,同时把其对开孔板得到剩余强度的估算方法推广到合冲击损伤在内的损伤结构剩余强度。多种材料体系和铺层方式组成的层压板的试验和计算对比表明,该工程算法给出的精度大都在20%以内。因此可以用该算法来确定结构的修理容限的下限。     

Properties of the interstellar gas inside the heliosphere

Methods and results of investigations of the interstellar gas inside the heliosphere are summarized and discussed. Flow parameters of H and He and the relative abundances of H, He, N, O, and Ne in the distant heliosphere are given. Charge exchange processes in front of the heliosphere affect the flow of hydrogen and oxygen through the heliopause. The speed of hydrogen is reduced by 6 km/s, and screening leads to a reduction of the O/He and H/He ratios in the neutral gas entering the heliosphere. When the screening effect and the acceleration processes leading to the anomalous cosmic rays (ACR) are sufficiently understood, abundances in the LIC can be derived from measurements inside the heliosphere. Since isotopic ratios are virtually not changed by screening or by EUV and solar wind ionisation, relative abundances of isotopes in the gaseous phase of the LIC can be determined with no or minor correction from investigations of the neutral gas, pickup ions and ACR particles.     

论精品课程建设应具有的共性

基于精品课程建设的意义、任务和目的,从综合性、示范性、公益性、规划性、针对性和创新可持续性等多侧面分析解读精品课程建设的共性。为各级各类教育精品课程建设正确理解和准确把握精品课程的精髓、树立精品意识。把精品课程打造成真正的精品,更好地服务于社会。     

Thermodynamical Properties of the ICM from Hydrodynamical Simulations

Modern hydrodynamical simulations offer nowadays a powerful means to trace the evolution of the X-ray properties of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) during the cosmological history of the hierarchical build up of galaxy clusters. In this paper we review the current status of these simulations and how their predictions fare in reproducing the most recent X-ray observations of clusters. After briefly discussing the shortcomings of the self-similar model, based on assuming that gravity only drives the evolution of the ICM, we discuss how the processes of gas cooling and non-gravitational heating are expected to bring model predictions into better agreement with observational data. We then present results from the hydrodynamical simulations, performed by different groups, and how they compare with observational data. As terms of comparison, we use X-ray scaling relations between mass, luminosity, temperature and pressure, as well as the profiles of temperature and entropy. The results of this comparison can be summarised as follows: (a) simulations, which include gas cooling, star formation and supernova feedback, are generally successful in reproducing the X-ray properties of the ICM outside the core regions; (b) simulations generally fail in reproducing the observed “cool core” structure, in that they have serious difficulties in regulating overcooling, thereby producing steep negative central temperature profiles. This discrepancy calls for the need of introducing other physical processes, such as energy feedback from active galactic nuclei, which should compensate the radiative losses of the gas with high density, low entropy and short cooling time, which is observed to reside in the innermost regions of galaxy clusters.     

Biased Estimation Properties of the Pseudolinear Tracking Filter

Estimation bias in the pseudolinear filter applied to bearings-only target tracking is discussed. Approximate expressions for the pertinent error terms are developed and subsequently used to predict tracking performance under realistic operating conditions. It is shown that once own-ship executes a maneuver, only the estimated range vector remains biased; the corresponding velocity vector becomes asymptotically unbiased. Further investigation reveals that this range bias is highly dependent upon geometry and can be altered by additional own-ship maneuvers. Experimental data are presented to support these findings.     

电子封装用Sip/Al复合材料的热物理性能研究

采用挤压铸造法制备了Sip/A l复合材料。材料组织致密,增强体颗粒分布均匀。热物理性能研究表明,复合材料的热导率大于90 W/(m.K),线膨胀系数可在(7.48~9.99)×10-6/K范围内调整。增加基体合金中的Si含量有利于降低材料的线膨胀系数,但同时也会使热导率降低。对复合材料进行退火处理可有效降低其线膨胀系数,提高热导率。Sip/A l复合材料作为新型环保复合材料已经基本满足电子封装高导热、低膨胀的使用要求。     

空间光学结构用改性氰酸酯树脂及其复合材料性能

以空间光学结构应用为背景,对新研制改性氰酸酯树脂低温固化体系开展评价研究,包括树脂体系的固化特性、力学性能、耐湿热性以及工艺性能等;与HS40高模量碳纤维复合制备了复合材料,对其主要力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,改性氰酸酯树脂催化体系具有优异的固化反应特性,起始固化温度为101.2℃,较未催化的氰酸酯树脂降低了97.4℃;拉伸性能以及弯曲性能均有提高,同时其沸水饱和吸水率仅1.3%左右,明显低于双马（4%）和环氧树脂（5.8%）;树脂的工艺性良好,适合热熔法制备预浸料;应用热熔浸渍法制备的HS40碳纤维/氰酸酯树脂预浸料经层合固化后力学性能优异：纵向拉伸强度和模量分别为2 244.5 MPa和248.0 GPa。     

PW-1模料的性能研究

研究了有机高分子聚合物PX为添加剂的PW-1模料,在不同的压注温度下的性能:如抗弯强度、线收缩率、热稳定性,也测定了其熔点和灰分作为参考。     

氧化铝陶瓷的理化性能对其防弹性能的影响研究

利用半水基注凝成型工艺制备了92瓷(A92)、96瓷(A96、A96T)和99瓷(A99)四种不同成分的氧化铝陶瓷防弹板.通过理化性能的分析以及防弹性能的表征,研究了不同理化性能的陶瓷对其防弹性能的影响.研究结果表明,在同样的打靶试验参数下,氧化铝含量越高,打靶试验中45#钢背板的凹陷越小,抗弹能力越强,但是由于密度也在增大,A99的防护系数反而变小.在氧化铝含量相同的情况下,断裂韧性高密度小的抗弹性能更好.     

Dust Properties in the Local Interstellar Medium

Ulysses measurements yield reliable in-situdetection of large dust particles which stem from the interstellar medium (ISM) and which are not observed in interstellar extinction data. Both current models of large grains in the ISM: core-mantle grains as well as composite grains, are in agreement with dust properties implied by the Ulysses results. However, the size of particles detected by Ulysses still exceeds the size of the large grains that are predicted for the ISM. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Volume Properties for the Wideband Ambiguity Function

It is shown that the volume under the wideband ambiguity function is close to the square of the signal energy. The ambiguity volume is asymptotically conserved as the signal approaches the narrowband case. The narrowband ambiguity volume is a lower bound for the volume of the wideband ambiguity function.     

半球谐振陀螺用石英玻璃性能及湿法刻蚀特性

熔融石英玻璃是半球谐振陀螺的关键核心材料。针对半球谐振陀螺用石英玻璃及湿法刻蚀减薄工序,分析了石英玻璃种类、性能指标差异,研究了熔融石英玻璃湿法刻蚀过程表面缺陷及形态变化。结果表明,熔融石英玻璃机械加工残留的亚表面缺陷在湿法刻蚀过程中会发生形态和大小变化,对熔融石英玻璃的均匀刻蚀影响较大。基于上述研究结果,给出了半球谐振陀螺的选材和球壳湿法刻蚀减薄工艺参考。     

阻燃钛合金Ti40的热物理性能及力学性能

作为一种功能性钛合金,Ti40阻燃钛合金的热物理性能数据首次被报道。采用真空自耗电弧熔炼技术制备的Ti40合金铸锭成分均匀,利用热挤压开坯+包套保护锻造方法制备的板坯组织均匀。性能测试结果表明:Ti40合金的室温抗拉强度为950 MPa级,且在500℃下具有良好的热暴露性能、高温蠕变性能和高温持久性能。在室温到600℃范围内,合金的杨氏模量和剪切模量随着温度的升高呈线性下降,泊松比随着温度升高而缓慢增加;线性热膨胀曲线随着温度升高呈抛物线增加,平均线膨胀系数随着温度的升高呈线性增加。     

PBO/MSA体系的溶液性质研究

运用Ubbelohde式粘度计测定PBO/MSA溶液的粘度,采用稀释外推法对溶液浓度和粘度的关系进行了分析,结果发现当溶液浓度不太低时,PBO高分子链在溶液中存在聚集现象;当溶液浓度极低时,PBO/MSA溶液粘度随着浓度的降低而急剧增大,呈现"聚电解质效应";同时研究了PBO的重均分子量与特性粘数的关系,结果显示用半刚性聚电解质链模型来关联两者关系比刚性棒状模型更合适.     

离轨帆弹性桅杆力学性能分析

采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS分析弹性桅杆几何参数对其力学性能的影响,为离轨帆弹性桅杆设计提供一定的理论依据。结果表明:增加壳体厚度、保持弧长不变,减小曲率半径以及增大壳体截面圆心角都能有效提高离轨帆自动展开能力及弹性桅杆支撑刚度;弹性桅杆的弯曲内部应力只与材料属性、曲率半径、缠绕半径以及壳体厚度有关;曲率半径减小、壳体厚度增加都会增大弹性桅杆的弯曲内部应力,有可能会导致弹性桅杆在缠绕时发生塑性变形。因此,在对弹性桅杆设计时,需综合考虑弹性桅杆几何参数对其展开能力以及缠绕性能的影响。     

卫星构件用M40J/ BA204 复合材料性能

针对卫星构件的不同需求,开发了一种芳香胺固化的环氧树脂BA204.研究了无溶剂及溶剂法成型的M40J/BA204复合材料力学、真空放气性能和管件在模拟温度交变条件下的性能变化情况.结果表明:两种方法制备的复合材料力学性能均能满足卫星构件要求,无溶剂法制备的复合材料力学性能优于溶剂法.采用无溶剂法制备的M40J/BA204复合材料其真空质损率为0.23％,可收集挥发性凝聚物为0.009％;复合材料管件经200次热循环冲击后力学性能变化不大,表明M40J/BA204复合材料具有良好的热稳定性.     

不同腐蚀介质对高锰钢摩擦学性能影响机制的研究

考察了高锰钢在H2SO4、HCl、NaOH、NaCl和FeCl3等不同腐蚀介质条件下的摩擦学性能,并对各种腐蚀介质对摩擦学性能的影响机制进行了讨论.结果表明:腐蚀磨损过程伴随着气泡产生,高锰钢在磨损过程中发生了产生气体的反应,由于腐蚀介质自身的黏性以及反应膜的润滑作用,高锰钢在FeCl3中的摩擦系数最低.在FeCl3中,受Fe3 强氧化性的作用以及Cl-对反应膜的破坏,高锰钢的腐蚀磨损率最高;由于腐蚀介质相对较弱的氧化作用以及自身良好的润滑性,高锰钢在H2SO4和NaOH中的磨损率最低.