涡轮基组合动力与火箭的耦合特性分析及匹配优化设计

基于高斯伪谱航迹优化方法,建立了"火箭辅助型涡轮基组合动力"的飞行器/推进系统匹配分析方法,针对地面水平起降、以马赫数5巡航的高超声速飞行器,以巡航航程最远为目标,完成了涡轮基组合动力（TBCC）与火箭的耦合特性分析及匹配优化设计。研究结果表明：对于可行的TBCC方案（起飞推重比为1.0）,引入合适推力的火箭有助于提升加速爬升段的总效率并降低质量消耗,且对巡航航程有着一定的提升（4%起飞重量推力火箭可增加航程0.97%）;对于不可行的TBCC方案（起飞推重比为0.8）,引入火箭不仅可实现推进系统方案的收敛,且其巡航航程相比可行的TBCC方案最多可增加7.9%。考虑到TBCC较大的"死重"和较低的单位迎面推力对巡航性能的不利影响,结构质量占比为25%的巡航型飞行器建议采用"13%起飞重量推力火箭辅助起飞推重比为0.7的TBCC "推进系统。相比之下,结构质量占比为55%的加速型飞行器建议采用" 5%起飞重量推力火箭辅助起飞推重比为0.98的TBCC"推进系统。     

涡喷／涡扇飞机巡航段航程估算方法

给出了涡喷／涡扇飞机定高定速巡航段航程的两种估算方法，考虑了机翼弯度和耗油率变化的因素，并进行了数值计算。与传统方法的计算结果进行比较表明：平板机翼和耗油率为常数的传统计算方法会导致巡航优化马赫数估算值过高，航程偏短。     

巡航导弹总体参数优化方法研究

提出了巡航导弹总体参数优化方法,并建立了用于喷气式巡航导弹总体设计的综合模型及相应的计算机软件。该方法以巡航导弹的发射质量最小为目标,以最大速度、最大稳定盘旋过载、单位剩余功率、最大射程为设计约束,对弹翼面积、弹翼展弦比、弹翼尖削比、弹翼后掠角及弹翼平均相对厚度进行优化。     

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计软件及其应用

为满足现代大型飞机先进增升装置多目标综合最优的设计目标,本文结合气动、机构并行设计思想,基于VB、Qt和Catia二次开发环境搭建了增升装置气动、机构综合设计软件。其中包括翼身组合体、巡航构型、起降构型和机构设计四个设计模块,用户可从不同翼身截面数据点,通过拉伸组合成用户所设计的干净构型;利用NURBS曲线使干净构型快速切割出带增升装置的曲面外形;根据缝道参数经验值和机构约束将所切增升装置偏转并设计出合适的起飞、着陆卡位模型,并配以对应卡位设计机构。本文通过对多架、多类别大型客机进行设计并按照预期设计完成切割,完成不同固定翼机型以及翼身组合体机型的切割。经过大量的设计实例验证,软件具有广泛的通用性,能够实现对任意飞机的增升装置进行快速设计。     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

雷诺数对大型客机低速气动特性影响的试验研究

在哈尔滨气动院FL-9 增压风洞进行了某大型客机低速高雷诺数半模测力测压风洞试验,来流马赫数为0.2,增压范围为1~4个大气压。基于模型机翼平均气动弦长的雷诺数从2.9×106 到11×106。以此为基础主要分析了雷诺数对机翼纵向气动力特性的影响,结果发现雷诺数对升力线斜率、最大升力系数、失速攻角和失速特性都有影响。相对于增升装置打开后的高升力构型,雷诺数对巡航构型的影响更明显。     

民用客机可变弯度机翼优化设计研究

远程宽体客机在实际飞行状态下,机翼变弯度有效减阻能够提升客机性能和飞行品质。以全机配平构型为研究对象,基于襟翼、扰流板偏转建立变弯度模型;采用 RANS 方程实现阻力的精确求解并建立响应面模型,对不同升力系数、马赫数的多个飞行状态进行变弯度减阻优化;在此基础上,对实际飞行过程中变弯度操作需求及综合减阻性能进行分析,并采...     

机翼结霜和薄冰的危险性分析

近年来随着飞机的使用越来越广泛,机翼积冰现象已经成为飞机起飞及运行阶段需要着重解决的问题,虽然霜和薄冰也属于积冰,但机翼结霜和薄冰往往容易被人们忽略.首先列举了机翼积冰所导致的飞行事故的案例,总结了机翼积冰现象的研究背景、国内外研究现状,讨论了积冰的影响因素,分析了积冰对飞行的影响,根据CCAR-25部对起飞速度的适航规定,利用公式推导,运用风洞实验数据从理论上分析了CRJ-200机翼积冰是如何导致飞机失速的.针对机翼结霜和薄冰的现象,列举了一些防/除冰方法,并对飞机在不同状态下积冰时应采取的措施提了几点建议.     

三角翼机翼摇滚主动控制多学科耦合数值模拟

细长机身和大后掠机翼气动构型的飞行器大攻角飞行时,由于缺少横向阻尼,易发生以绕体轴滚转振动为主的摇滚运动,飞行安全受到严重威胁。针对三角翼摇滚问题,采用动网格技术,建立了气动、运动和控制多学科耦合的数值模拟方法。通过耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程、刚体运动方程和经典控制律,采用控制面差动偏转的方式对三角翼摇滚主动控制过程进行了数值模拟,并分析了不同控制状态下三角翼受控滚转的运动特性。在来流马赫数为0.3的条件下,实现了80°后掠三角翼摇滚现象的有效控制。     

悬停状态倾转旋翼噪声试验及数值计算

结合消声室试验和数值计算研究了悬停状态倾转旋翼气动噪声特性。消声室试验采用孤立倾转旋翼模型,测试了不同总距角和桨尖马赫数状态的气动噪声数据。数值计算基于CFD(computational fluid dynamic)结合FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学方程的方法,采用试验数据验证了计算模型的可靠性。分析了倾转旋翼的噪声传播特点以及拉力系数和桨尖马赫数对噪声总声压级的影响,并对比了孤立旋翼和双旋翼状态的气动噪声特性。结果表明:倾转旋翼噪声随着拉力系数和桨尖马赫数的增加均有所增加,维持旋翼拉力不变时降低桨尖马赫数虽然使得拉力系数增加,旋翼噪声水平仍然降低;倾转双旋翼噪声相对纵向平面对称分布,在多个方位角区域存在着局部最大值,这和双旋翼噪声传播时的相互叠加以及双旋翼间气动干扰相关。      

新型无尾联接翼布局气动特性研究

提出一种上下错开的无尾联接翼,即前翼或者后翼上反一定角度,使得前后翼垂直方向的相对距离从翼根处开始到翼梢处逐渐增大,以达到减小前后翼气动干扰的目的,搭接的小翼具有翼梢小翼作用,可有效减小诱导阻力。采用基于RANS方程的数值方法,研究了前后翼分别上反10°,20°和30°时对总体气动特性的影响,结果表明,当前翼上反且上反角为30°时其联接翼系统气动性能最佳。对该联接翼布局在Ma=0.85,0.95和1.20下进行了数值分析,结果表明,其升力系数变化较小,阻力系数在Ma0.85后才急剧增大,有应用于未来跨声速/超声速客机布局的潜力。     

飞机最优巡航条件的确定

续航性能是飞机的主要战术技术指标之一。从飞机巡航段航程的基本公式出发，利用导数求极值的性质，推导出确定飞机巡航爬升和平流层内最佳巡航条件的方程，证明了最优巡航马赫数出现在飞机阻力增加区段，最优巡航高度存在于飞机阻力最小处。最后以某型飞机的巡航爬升条件和平流层平飞最优马赫数和高度的确定作为算例，说明用此方法确定飞机巡航条件，将使飞机获得最大航程。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

High-speed wind tunnel test of the CAE aerodynamic validation model

For the purpose of establishing and validating aerodynamic performance predictions at transonic Mach numbers, a wind tunnel test was conducted in the High-Speed Tunnel (HST) of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels. The test article is the aerodynamic validation model from the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, which is a full-span scale model representation of a business jet aircraft. The wind tunnel test comprised of parallel deployments of balance, pressures, infrared thermography, and model marker measurement techniques. Dedicated investigations with a dummy support were conducted as well, in order to derive and correct for the interference that the support system imposed on the overall model loads. This enabled the establishment of a comprehensive dataset in which the steady overall model loads, the wing load distribution, the state of the wing boundary layer, and the aeroelastic wing shape were quantified for conditions up to and beyond the cruise Mach number of 0.85.     

Study on the lift and propulsive force shares to improve the flight performance of a compound helicopter

To investigate the effects of lift and propulsive force shares on flight performance, a compound helicopter model is derived. The model consists of a helicopter model, a wing model and a propeller model. At a low speed of 100 km/h, the Lift-to-Drag ratio(L/D) of the compound helicopter is improved when the wing provides 20.2% of the take-off weight. At high speeds, the L/D can be improved when the propeller provides the total propulsive force. Lowering the main rotor speed increases the wing lif...     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

计入螺旋桨干扰的倾转机翼飞行器气动特性研究

倾转机翼飞行器不仅拥有直升机固有的垂直起降能力,还具备传统固定翼飞行器特有的高速巡航的特点,是目前军民用飞行器研究的热点之一。针对传统倾转机翼飞行器存在螺旋桨气动效率低、倾转机构复杂的问题,提出四发串列式倾转机翼垂直起降布局形式,对该布局飞行器进行总体设计,完成螺旋桨周围流场特性、螺旋桨间干扰特性、螺旋桨和机翼之间干扰特性的研究分析,并制作验证机进行验证。结果表明:该布局很好地解决了螺旋桨气动效率低、传动机构复杂的问题,具有较强的可实现性及实用性。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

支线飞机的非常规/常规融合布局研究

为了在支线飞机设计中利用非常规布局的优势提高其性能,同时避免其所带来的问题,提出基于飞翼的非常规/常规融合布局。首先介绍运输类飞机非常规气动布局飞翼的突出优势和面临的问题,然后提出非常规/常规融合布局,最后通过设计方案的逐步迭代改进和优化,得到气动性能优于新一代支线飞机的非常规/常规融合外形布局方案,其中巡航升阻比提高了约7.5%、阻力发散马赫数提高了约2.5%、巡航效率因子提高了约7.5%,同时确保了飞机具有良好的机场适应性。基于飞翼的非常规/常规融合布局方案具有进一步提升性能的潜力,同时避免飞翼的其他一些不利方面,为未来非常规布局运输飞机的研究奠定一定的基础。     

飞机噪声预测和分析

根据中国民航规章中有关飞机适航噪声审定的要求和噪声预测原理建立了飞机噪声预测系统软件。该软件除可预测飞机适航噪声审定的起飞、进场和边线有效感觉噪声级外,还可计算巡航过程机体表面声压分布。各种噪声源的声功率在软件中均可单独计算,因此改变发动机和飞机参数可以考查这些参数对声功率的影响;对发动机和飞机设计有参考价值。通过算例计算出的起飞、进场和边线有效感觉噪声级与实测结果符合较好,能很好地满足工程应用需要。